think about playing a game of Monopoly,

想像一下自己正在玩大富翁遊戲

except in this game, that combination

只不過在這個遊戲裡面

of skill, talent and luck

那些幫助你贏得遊戲的因素，比如技巧，才能和運氣

that help earn you success in games, as in life,

在此無關緊要

has been rendered irrelevant,

就像對於人生一樣

because this game's been rigged,

因為這個遊戲被操縱了

and you've got the upper hand.

而你已經佔了上風

You've got more money,

你有更多的錢

more opportunities to move around the board,

有更多在棋盤上移動的機會

and more access to resources.

以及更多獲得資源的機會

And as you think about that experience,

在你想像這個經歷的時候

I want you to ask yourself,

我想讓大家問一下自己

how might that experience of being

一個被操縱的遊戲裡面

a privileged player in a rigged game

作為優勢玩家的經歷

change the way that you think about yourself

會如何改變你思考自己和

and regard that other player?

對待對手的方式？

So we ran a study on the U.C. Berkeley campus

在加州大學伯克利分校，我們做了一個試驗

to look at exactly that question.

來研究這個問題

We brought in more than 100 pairs

我們招募了100多對

of strangers into the lab,

陌生人到實驗室

and with the flip of a coin

通過投擲硬幣的方式

randomly assigned one of the two

隨機選定一對中的一個

to be a rich player in a rigged game.

作為這個遊戲中佔上風的玩家

They got two times as much money.

他們拿到了兩倍的錢

When they passed Go,

當他們途徑起點的時候

they collected twice the salary,

他們拿到兩倍的工資

and they got to roll both dice instead of one,

而且他們可以同時擲兩個骰子而不是一個

so they got to move around the board a lot more.

所以他們可以在棋盤上移動更多

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And over the course of 15 minutes,

在接下來的15分鐘內

we watched through hidden cameras what happened.

我們通過隱藏的攝像頭觀察了現場情況

And what I want to do today, for the first time,

今天是第一次

is show you a little bit of what we saw.

我想和大家分享一下我們觀察到的

You're going to have to pardon the sound quality,

有的時候音質可能不太好，還請大家原諒

in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras.

因為畢竟是用隱藏的攝像頭

So we've provided subtitles.

所以我們加上了字幕

Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?

富玩家：你有多少張500塊？

Poor Player: Just one.

窮玩家：就一張。

Rich Player: Are you serious. Poor Player: Yeah.

富玩家：真的嗎？ 窮玩家：是啊。

Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs)

富玩家：我有三張（笑聲）

I don't know why they gave me so much.

不知道為什麼他們給了我那麼多。

Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players

保羅 - 皮夫：所以，玩家們很快就意識到

that something was up.

這個遊戲明顯有點奇怪

One person clearly has a lot more money

一個玩家比另一個玩家

than the other person, and yet,

明顯有更多的錢

as the game unfolded,

隨著遊戲慢慢展開

we saw very notable differences

我們觀察到兩個玩家

and dramatic differences begin to emerge

開始有一些

between the two players.

明顯不同的表現

The rich player

富的玩家

started to move around the board louder,

在棋盤上移動的聲音更大

literally smacking the board with their piece

移動的時候

as he went around.

幾乎是在狠狠砸棋盤

We were more likely to see signs of dominance

我們看到了富玩家們更多的

and nonverbal signs,

“霸主”信號，肢體動作

displays of power

權力的顯露

and celebration among the rich players.

以及互相慶祝

We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.

我們在旁邊放了一碗椒鹽捲餅

It's on the bottom right corner there.

就在右下角

That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.

這使得我們可以觀察玩家吃椒鹽捲餅的行為

So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.

我們就是看看玩家吃了多少椒鹽捲餅

Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick?

富玩家：這些椒鹽捲餅有什麼貓膩麼？

Poor Player: I don't know.

窮玩家：不知道啊。

PP: Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us.

保羅·皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家覺得有問題。

They wonder what that bowl of pretzels

起先他們好奇那一碗椒鹽捲餅

is doing there in the first place.

為什麼會在那裡

One even asks, like you just saw,

就像你剛才看到的，其中一個甚至問：

is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?

這碗椒鹽捲餅有什麼貓膩麼？

And yet, despite that, the power of the situation

但儘管如此

seems to inevitably dominate,

整個現場的主導形勢還是不可避免

and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

那些富的玩家開始吃更多的椒鹽捲餅

Rich Player: I love pretzels.

富玩家：我愛椒鹽捲餅。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

PP: And as the game went on,

保羅·皮夫：遊戲繼續進行，

one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns

我們發現了一個很明顯的

that we observed begin to emerge

有趣現象

was that the rich players actually

就是富玩家

started to become ruder toward the other person,

開始對另一個玩家表現得不友好

less and less sensitive to the plight

對那些可憐玩家的貧窮困境

of those poor, poor players,

越來越不敏感

and more and more demonstrative

開始越來越頻繁的炫富

of their material success,

開始越來越頻繁的炫富

more likely to showcase how well they're doing.

更喜歡展示他們正在做的一切

Rich Player: I have money for everything.

富玩家：我什麼都買得起

Poor Player: How much is that?

窮玩家：你有多少錢？

Rich Player: You owe me 24 dollars.

富玩家：你還欠我24塊

You're going to lose all your money soon.

你很快就要輸光了

I'll buy it. I have so much money.

我要買它，我太多錢了

I have so much money, it takes me forever.

那麼多花都花不完的錢

Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.

富玩家2 ：我要把整個棋盤都買下來

Rich Player 3: You're going to run out of money soon.

富玩家3 ：你很快就要沒錢了

I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

我已經差不多不可戰勝了

PP: Okay, and here's what I think

保羅 - 皮夫：下面是我覺得

was really, really interesting,

一個非常非常有意思的現象

is that at the end of the 15 minutes,

在15分鐘要結束的時候

we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.

我們請玩家談論他們在遊戲中的經歷

And when the rich players talked about

當富玩家談論

why they had inevitably won

他們在這個被操縱的遊戲裡面

in this rigged game of Monopoly --

為什麼必勝的時候

(Laughter) —

（笑聲）

they talked about what they'd done

他們提到了自己

to buy those different properties

為了買到不同地產

and earn their success in the game,

和贏得遊戲所做的努力

and they became far less attuned

而他們忽略了

to all those different features of the situation,

這個遊戲一開始的不同形勢

including that flip of a coin

也就是投擲硬幣

that had randomly gotten them into

隨機決定了他們

that privileged position in the first place.

哪一個獲得優勢

And that's a really, really incredible insight

而這對我們理解大腦如何看待優勢

into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

提供了非常好的啟發

Now this game of Monopoly can be used

我們可以用這個大富翁的遊戲作比喻

as a metaphor for understanding society

來理解我們的社會以及社會分層

and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people

也就是有的人

have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,

有大量的財富和地位

and a lot of people don't.

而很多人沒有

They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status

他們僅有很少的財富和地位

and a lot less access to valued resources.

以及很少獲得寶貴資源的機會

And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing

我和我的同事在過去的7年裡一直在做的

is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.

就是研究這些不同層次的影響

What we've been finding across dozens of studies

全國范圍內的

and thousands of participants across this country

大量研究都表明

is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,

當一個人的財富增加時

their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,

他們的同情心和同理心下降

and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,

而他們的優越感增加

and their ideology of self-interest increases.

也更注重個人利益

In surveys, we found that it's actually

在調查中，我們發現

wealthier individuals who are more likely

富有的人更可能

to moralize greed being good,

把貪婪定義為好的

and that the pursuit of self-interest

把對個人利益的追求

is favorable and moral.

定義為有利的，道德的

Now what I want to do today is talk about

今天我想談的就是

some of the implications of this ideology self-interest,

這種個人利益思維的影響

talk about why we should care about those implications,

談談為什麼我們應該關注這些影響

and end with what might be done.

以及我們能做些什麼

Some of the first studies that we ran in this area

我們在這一領域最初做的一些研究

looked at helping behavior,

觀察了助人行為

something social psychologists call

社會心理學家稱之為

pro-social behavior.

親社會行為

And we were really interested in who's more likely

我們很想知道什麼人更傾向於

to offer help to another person,

給其他人提供幫助

someone who's rich or someone who's poor.

富人還是窮人

In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor

其中一個研究，我們把一個社區的富人和窮人

members of the community into the lab

都帶到了實驗室

and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.

給了每個人10美元

We told the participants

我們告訴他們

that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,

他們可以把這10塊錢給自己用

or they could share a portion of it,

也可以把其中一部分拿出來分享

if they wanted to, with a stranger

如果他們願意的話

who is totally anonymous.

跟一個陌生人分享

They'll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them.

一個永遠不會再相遇的陌生人

And we just monitor how much people give.

我們觀察人們給了多少

Individuals who made 25,000 sometimes

那些年收入為25000

under 15,000 dollars a year,

甚至低於15000美元的人

gave 44 percent more of their money

和那些年收入為15萬

to the stranger

甚至20萬的人比起來

than did individuals making 150,000

多給了44 ％

or 200,000 dollars a year.

多給了44 ％

We've had people play games

我們還讓人們玩遊戲

to see who's more or less likely to cheat

看看什麼人更可能

to increase their chances of winning a prize.

為了贏得一個獎品而作弊

In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer

其中一個遊戲，我們其實操縱了電腦

so that die rolls over a certain score

使得某些數字

were impossible.

不可能出現

You couldn't get above 12 in this game,

這個遊戲裡面，你不可能超過12

and yet, the richer you were,

然而，越富有的人

the more likely you were to cheat in this game

越有可能在這個遊戲中作弊

to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize,

去爭取那個最終能夠贏取50美元現金的分數

sometimes by three to four times as much.

可能性甚至高達3到4倍

We ran another study where we looked at whether

我們還做了另一個實驗

people would be inclined to take candy

觀察人們是否會

from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified

從糖罐裡面拿糖

as being reserved for children --

糖罐上清楚地寫著：給小朋友預留......

(Laughter) —

（笑聲）

participating -- I'm not kidding.

我是認真的

I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.

我知道這聽上去像我在講笑話

We explicitly told participants

我們明確地告訴了參與者

this jar of candy's for children participating

這一罐糖是給隔壁發展中心的

in a developmental lab nearby.

小朋友準備的

They're in studies. This is for them.

他們在實驗中，這是給他們的

And we just monitored how much candy participants took.

然後我們觀察這些參與者拿了多少糖果

Participants who felt rich

那些感覺富有的參與者

took two times as much candy

比那些感覺貧窮的參與者

as participants who felt poor.

多拿了兩倍的糖果

We've even studied cars,

我們還研究了汽車

not just any cars,

不只是汽車

but whether drivers of different kinds of cars

而是不同類型汽車的司機

are more or less inclined to break the law.

誰更傾向於做一些違法的事情

In one of these studies, we looked at

其中一個實驗，我們觀察了

whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian

司機在碰到行人（我們安排的）過馬路時的

that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.

停車行為

Now in California, as you all know,

在加州，大家都知道

because I'm sure we all do this,

因為我相信我們都有這樣做

it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.

法律規定碰到行人要過馬路，我們必須停車

So here's an example of how we did it.

下面我告訴大家我們是怎樣做的

That's our confederate off to the left

左側是我們的研究人員

posing as a pedestrian.

裝作一個行人

He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.

他正要過馬路，這時候紅色的卡車停了下來

In typical California fashion, it's overtaken

當然這是在加州

by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.

很快一輛巴士呼嘯而過，差點要撞倒我們的行人

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now here's an example of a more expensive car,

這是一輛比較貴的車

a Prius, driving through,

一輛普銳斯開過來

and a BMW doing the same.

一輛寶馬車也一樣

So we did this for hundreds of vehicles

幾天內

on several days,

我們測試了幾百輛車

just tracking who stops and who doesn't.

記錄誰停了誰沒有停

What we found was that as the expensiveness

我們發現

of a car increased,

隨著車價的增加

the driver's tendencies to break the law

司機違法的傾向

increased as well.

也增加了

None of the cars, none of the cars

而在我們的廉價車系裡

in our least expensive car category

沒有一輛車

broke the law.

做出違法行為

Close to 50 percent of the cars

而在我們的昂貴車系裡

in our most expensive vehicle category

有接近50 ％的車

broke the law.

都違法了

We've run other studies finding that

我們還做了其它研究並發現

wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations,

越有錢的人越有可能在談判中說謊

to endorse unethical behavior at work

贊同工作中的不道德行為

like stealing cash from the cash register,

比如從收銀台偷現金

taking bribes, lying to customers.

受賄，忽悠顧客等

Now I don't mean to suggest

我並不是說

that it's only wealthy people

只是有錢人

who show these patterns of behavior.

會表現出類似的行為

Not at all. In fact, I think that we all,

完全不是，事實上，我覺得我們每個人

in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,

在我們日常的分分秒秒中

struggle with these competing motivations

都要跟這些動機作鬥爭

of when, or if, to put our own interests

什麼時候以及是否把我們的利益置於

above the interests of other people.

他人的利益之上

And that's understandable because

這很容易理解

the American dream is an idea

因為美國夢告訴我們

in which we all have an equal opportunity

每個人都有同等的機會

to succeed and prosper,

可以成功，發達

as long as we apply ourselves and work hard,

只要我們足夠努力

and a piece of that means that sometimes,

而這也意味著有的時候

you need to put your own interests

你需要把自己的利益

above the interests and well-being of other people around you.

置於你周邊人的利益和幸福之上

But what we're finding is that,

但是我們的發現是

the wealthier you are, the more likely you are

你越有錢，則越有可能

to pursue a vision of personal success,

去追求一種個人的成功

of achievement and accomplishment,

個人的成果和成就

to the detriment of others around you.

這可能是建立在對旁人的損害之上

Here I've plotted for you the mean household income

這裡我為大家畫出了

received by each fifth and top five percent of the population

在過去20年裡

over the last 20 years.

每個的1/5和最高5 ％人口的平均家庭收入

In 1993, the differences between the different

1993年

quintiles of the population, in terms of income,

每個的1/5之間的收入差異

are fairly egregious.

還是相當大的

It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.

我們不難看出其中的差別