字幕列表 影片播放 列印英文字幕 >>Female Presenter: And I'm really excited to introduce our speaker for all you here today. His name is Bill Wallauer. And he's from the Jane Goodall Institute. So, let me tell you a few fun facts about Bill. All right, fact number one: For 15 years, Bill spent almost every day following chimpanzees in Tanzania and Africa. And during that time, he spent more time with chimpanzees than he did with humans. Fact number two: Bill has served as a cameraman and scientific adviser for more than 30 shows on the BBC, Animal Planet, and The Discovery Channel, including the very popular "Planet Earth" series. Fact number three: In the early 1990s, he successfully captured a video of wild chimpanzees giving birth on tape and got asked by Jane Goodall to join the Jane Goodall Institute. >>Bill Wallauer: So, thanks so much for coming out. My name is Bill Wallauer. And I think you can see from that video, I kinda like my job. So maybe next to a Google employee, I'm probably the most happily employed employee on the planet. [laughter] Yeah, I keep reading how this is the best place in the world to work. And I keep thinking, "They've never been in my forest." [laughter] Anyway, this next slide. Have any of you ever seen a Jane Goodall talk? A couple of you. And Jane, I got a message from Jane to send a greeting. And we've already heard that greeting. But let's hear it again. This is Jane with her classic chimp greeting to all of you. [Jane Goodall makes chimpanzee sounds] And that's that wonderful chimp call, which we've been hearing in the forest now. Me, for 20 years. Jane, for about 60 years, as we go through the forest. And that's just a chimp greeting to all of you from Jane. Thanks so much for coming out. So, a lot of people ask me now how do they get involved in this work? And I have really three people to credit, my mom on the left side. This is my mom as she was growing up. She was from the East Coast, a traveler, English teacher, very cultured, from Charlottesville. My father on the top right, he was a professional rodeo cowboy. Grew up in the mountains in California. And so, I got this great mix of both worlds. So, we'd be at a Shakespearean festival in Ashland one weekend and then Dad and I would go up to Northeastern Oregon and go fishing the next weekend. And so, I'm from Oregon originally. And so, I owe--. Is somebody from Oregon here? Yay. [laughter] A great state. And so, I owe them just so much for giving me that sense of wonder about both human culture and also about wildlife. And it's just been a wonderful ride. And then, of course, Jane Goodall, who always a hero. I met her as a Peace Corp volunteer in 1989, and instantly fell in love with her and her mission. Yeah, to find out more about that mission, I really encourage you to find out more about her. She is certainly a pioneer in more than just chimp research in conservation, in the way she views the world. She is a true living philosopher and visionary. So, from my background, climbing around these hills and mountains in Oregon gave me a very, very good background to do the same kind of work that Jane did in the early 1960s. And so, it's not such a different forest. Very different climate, but not such a different forest. So I just, with my two years in the forest as a Peace Corp volunteer and my knowledge of Swahili, I was the perfect fit for Jane. And this is what I looked like in, when I first went out. I was in my mid-20s. This is about '92. And very, very green around, green in the field; didn't know very much about chimps or very much about film-making. And within a year of the Jane Goodall workout, I had totally gone bush. [laughter] You've all heard the Jane Fonda workout? Well, that's got nothing on the Jane Goodall workout. [laughter] So, I totally got into it, went completely bush. And just Jane, I filmed this birth that Winnie talked about. And Jane said, "Well, why don't you just do this full-time? Let's get a research, visual imagery to go along with the long-term data," which they had been collecting at that point for 30 years. So, now we have a thousand hours of research footage of every aspect of chimp behavior. But then, film groups would come, film crews would come and they would realize, "Well, wow. This is really steep and really thick and our scientific adviser can actually get through this stuff just like a chimp can." And so, I would be keeping up with the chimps, trying to radio them, "Catch up, catch up. All this stuff's going down." And they would be a hundred yards behind me trying to keep up. And so, pretty soon they started giving me the camera and teaching me how to shoot for film-making, which is a very different art than doing chimp research home movies, which I was learning how to do. So, I got this great crash course in chimp behavior from the chimps and in film-making from these visiting film crews. So, as Winnie said, I worked on about 30, 35 films. And this pinnacle now is this; I think many of you have heard about the "Chimpanzee" film by Disney Nature. I was one of the cinematographers for that, which is, as a wildlife cameraman, just a dream job on so many levels. But particularly for me, because it gives me a platform to actually come to people like you and talk about not only how amazing chimps are, but the fact that within my lifetime, at the rate we're going right now with the Equatorial forest, the African forests, they could be gone in my lifetime. So, that also gives us a really amazing platform to talk about chimps and chimp conservation. So, Gaia still very much has my heart. And it was absolutely amazing when on my visits, I would be there for ten, eleven months out of the year, and you could imagine, like during the 90s, there was a lot going on technologically. You might be aware of that. I missed all that. [laughter] And I just heard rumors about this Google thing. I'm a real map person. I love my maps. I love being able to see where I'm going and see where I've been. And you could imagine my delight when I could get on Google Maps and mark the tree that Gaia was born in. I mean, is that cool or what? [laughter] So, you could go on Google Earth and check out the tree that Gaia was born in. That is absolutely intriguing. You hear about Jane's Peak. It was just off Jane's Peak in the tree that Gaia was born. But it's this tree. [laughter] For those of you who are scientist-minded, this is Parinari curatellifolia was the species of the tree that she gave birth in. [laughter] And this is Gaia now. This is now 19 years later. She has a baby of her own. And guess what we called the baby? We called it--. We have G-family, so Gremlin had Galahad and Gaia, and Goldy and Glitter. Do you see the pattern there? Fifi has Freud, Ferdinand, and Faustino. So, we named them through the female line by their--. And so we thought, "Well, what would be an obvious name to name another G-baby?" So, there we go. [laughter] [clapping] Born about June 4th, within a day or two of June 4th, 2009. So, Google, meet Google. [laughter] And like the chimps, the chimps are obviously aware that I am there, but don't think about me at all. But hopefully, you'll be involved and follow Google's life. And she will never be aware of you. So, it's a very one-sided relationship. But that's the way it has to be because that's one thing this movie has been able, something it's been able to do for me is like, be a voice for chimps. And so--. We talked a little bit about my background. Did you see the "Planet Earth" series? I mean, I haven't seen most of these series 'cause I spend all of my time in East Africa filming, but "Planet Earth" was one that I filmed, "Life of Mammals," both of which were produced and directed by Alastair Fothergill, who came to me with this Disney idea. And that was one of the shortest decisions of my life, next to saying "yes" to Jane, "Will I come to Gombe?" From 2008 to last summer, I got to spend on and off three years filming for this Chimpanzee project for Disney Nature, which was just wonderful. But what does it take to make it happen? They didn't tell me about this part. [laughter] I kind of pictured, 'cause often I'd get a shot list, which is the list of shots that a film crew wants. They don't even send a producer. They'll just send a camera and a shot list and a tripod and I'll start my work. We did that for "Planet Earth" and for "Mammals." And I did a couple BBC series. But in this case, I stopped by Bristol, England to pick up equipment and I thought it was gonna be a few boxes and bags. We had 22 hard cases plus our luggage plus all our carry-ons. We were, my wife and I, my wife has done this with me for about ten years now. She did the sound. So, when you go see the film, she did--. Just close your eyes once in a while and just listen to the wonderful sounds of the forest. That's all Kristin's sound. And she did the production stills as well for this film. But yeah, the initial shock at having to carry and be responsible for about 500,000 dollars' worth of boxes and bags and camera equipment was extraordinary. And then the other thing, we get to our field site and then we have to buy two months' worth of food to add another ten, twelve boxes to our boxes. And then, we'd also go to these wonderful open food markets where--. I mean, I just experienced your open food market, which was quite nice I'll have to say. [laughter] But there's nothing like an African open market with all the tropical fruit: the mangoes, the pineapples and just all the food that we can get. And we loaded up and happiness is seeing this city in my rear view mirror. You can imagine. Hit the open road and it's just extraordinary. That shot on the left, a beautiful lake in the middle of Africa, but not every scene we see is amazing. I mean, this is chimp's habitat and the distance in this upper right shot, but that's a tea plantation surrounding it. You get the same in all over West Africa: coffee, chocolate. There's a lot of unsustainable removal of these forests for the things that we in the West and East have a hugely high demand for. So, part of our messaging is as far as a conservation organization is make sure you know where you're buying and eating that stuff. Make sure you know where it comes from because if we don't, the result of that, like the African hardwood demand, which is pretty much developed country-wide, you can buy all kinds of African hardwood in this country. Just be sure you know where your wood's coming from when you need to build something. Obviously, we need to keep utilizing. We need to keep building. It's just a matter of sustainability. I have a feeling I'm preaching to the choir here, but it's still worth saying. And so, this is, as soon as we turn off the main road, this is what the road looks like. It is extraordinary getting to the field site, about a nine and a half hour drive. And then, we enter this forest, this magical kingdom of the chimps, which you'll see in the film. I hope you all plan on going. It's just an amazing, amazing place, this magical, 150-, 200-foot canopy. Layers of canopy unlike anything we see here anymore. It's still untouched, phenomenally beautiful and absolutely worth saving. And this is home sweet home. We lived in this tent, on and off. We have a little hut in Gombe National Park, where Kristin and I have lived for 12 years together. But in this field site, we just lived in this tent. And on the right is our technology base tent. So, I would have my computer, hard drive, HD screen. Kristin would have her stack of hard drives for all her sound and stills. We ran that off both solar and a little generator. And so, we would come back from ten, eleven hours in the field and then have to download 50 Gigs of data from our computers. And we could not have done this without the amazing crew, the field assistance there. So, I wanted to show you, this is our group, but Kristin's not in it because she's always taking the pictures. So, I finally got her in front of the camera for this one. This is just on a break during a shooting day in the forest. And this is our commute to work. [laughter] There's no traffic except for the occasional--. Occasionally, we would run into an elephant herd and that's like, serious traffic because you are stopped in your tracks for a long time because they will spread out. And if they run into you in this forest, it's like you can't see the traffic. It's stopping you because if you run head to head in a mom who has a kid, it can be really, really dangerous. But you would know they were there. You could hear them rumbling. They do this deep [elephant rumble noise]. You hear this sound in the forest like, "Oh, shh." [laughter] "What's gonna happen?" And so, you back off and look where you need to go and try to get around them. But I just thought this shot was fun. Can we get those lights? I didn't know those were so bright. Can we kill those? >>Male #1: Then we can't see you. >>Bill Wallauer: That's OK. Oh, it's not OK for you as a videographer. I have no sympathy for you. I was filming in a black forest. [laughter] Dark chimps in a black forest. Come on. Man up here. [laughter] Anyway, if there wasn't this light on me, you could see the--. Well, you can see on the left side. This is an elephant footprint. [tearing sound] All the way around here. I just love this because there's a chimp footprint in it. There's a baboon. Bush pig. And up at the top, just out of the frame, is a buffalo print. They also clog the road a little bit if there's a herd of buffalo. You stop and reroute. Your GPS says, "Rerouting." [laughter] "There's a baboon trail a hundred yards behind you and take a left." And we're also an all-weather crew. A lot of our work, it's not rain-dependent. And so, and you'll see in the sequence, actually we got some really, really amazing rain dances and rain displays as they were, as one community was being aggressive towards another. And so, it actually turned out to be really, really important stuff to be able to shoot in this kind of rain. And also, watch where you step. If you can't--. There are days that you can't find chimps. And you just walk and walk and search and search, but those days aren't boring 'cause you've run into people like this. This was about a seven-inch tall praying mantis and rather than scurrying away scared this thing--. I jumped out of my skin, I tell you, because I'm always aware of snakes, whatever might be on the ground. And this thing jumped up like this-- [laughter] and I jumped over there. Then, I walked towards it to take a picture and the thing came towards me like this. [laughter] It's like, "No way." So, I don't know. It's like everything in that forest is fascinating. [laughter] Even the snakes are fascinating. This is a rhinoceros viper. You can see the little, I think those must be like nose smell sensors that it's got. So, it has incredibly good sense of smell and feel. And it was hiding in the vegetation. And the chimps streamed right past it. You think the chimps are gonna be tuned in to all the dangers around them. Well, there was an estrous female there at the time. There's a very popular female. They didn't even see the snake at all. And they walked right past it. I saw it kind of move, so I got a few shots of it. And so, I told everybody there was a snake right there. Be really careful of that spot. And you could hardly see it. And then, the chimps started to compete over this female. And so what did I do? I pick up my camera and run right over here and start filming. [laughter] And it's only after the thing calmed down, all this aggression calmed down, that I realized I was standing right next to the snake, who just took pity on my stupidity and allowed me to live another day. Now, this guy came right into camp. I thought it was a lobster, but--. [laughter] It's a scorpion. Again, about six, seven inches long, extraordinary and actually probably less poisonous than the little tiny ones that crawl into your clothes. Kristin did get stung by one on the hand just going through paperwork. And it put her out for about three days. She hardly moved. Just moving her arm was agony for three days. It was just awful. But not everything in the forest is awful. I had to throw this in for the Disney talk just because of the Bambi effect of this little guy. We were listening for chimps one day and this little person came out of the forest and just looking around, looked a little bit lost, couldn't find mom and it's just adorable. So, a lot of the wildlife, the birds and the other wildlife, just fascinating as well. So, what do I carry on my commute? People ask me this all the time. And so, I decided to just spread invisible Bill out on a table. And so, I wear these big rubber boots to get through those swamps. Ankle braces on both sides. Knee braces on both sides. I've been doing this for 20 years. So, my joints are getting a little bit stiff. Usually wear shorts. And I take a little hand-held radio, so I can talk in Swahili to the field assistance there. Swiss Army knife, a pair of binoculars, GPS, compass. The GPS is amazing because I can figure out fig trees that are fruiting. And then, if the chimps are hitting even remotely there, then the next day I can swing and get around them, be at the fig tree before the chimps get there, being able to predict their behavior. So, that's another way technology really helps out. And I threw a slide in here about that later on and then, my camera. You can see the camera was about this big. So, just to put that to scale. And there's a rain cape underneath all that. There's plastic bags to keep everything dry, a headlamp because we leave at dark and often come back at dark, extra batteries. A little bit of food. And just some basic medical stuff and lots of blister stuff. Go ahead. >>Male #2: So, they just released a whole series of 4K cameras the size of SLR's. Don't you wish you shot this later? >>Bill Wallauer: You know, there's never a good time. That's a great question. And yes. And we did utilize some of the DSLRs for a lot of the scenic stuff. But in 2008, the Panasonic 3700 was the cream of the crop. I got the first one out in production in Europe. I used the--. The drawback on some of these cameras, like the Canon HJ series. So, I'm carrying around equipment that's worth more than my house-- [laughter] through the jungles of Africa day after day. So, it's kind of funny, but those are those lenses that are just absolutely to die for. And I don't even know if those smaller cameras can utilize those longer lenses because with the doubler, with the HJ 18, I think I can shoot at the equivalent of around 12 to 15 hundred millimeter, which--. We follow no closer than 20 feet just so we don't interfere with anything the chimps might be doing. So, we can't go in and get close. We have to bring the chimps to us with our long lenses. And that allowed us to get tight shots that we've just never been allowed to get before. But thanks for asking. And if somebody else has a question while I'm moving through this, shoot. Yeah. Go ahead. >>Male #3: So, Google, I've seen on Cliff bars and Cliffbuilders, things like that. >>Bill Wallauer: Why don't they just sponsor all of my work? That's what I wanna know. [laughter] >>Male #3: Do you get any of the bars, too, or are you foraging? >>Bill Wallauer: I am a foraging machine, yeah. [laughter] And it's really interesting 'cause I've lived in Gombe for all those years. And there's some season that the food's not very nice. And it's interesting. The chimps don't get that excited about it. When they get really excited it's over something super sweet. So, there's that, there's a real connection between us liking sweet and salty foods as well. They're pretty rare. And those are the ones in the forest I obviously like. It's the ones they like as well. Also, if you're high-ranking, you get the top of the tree because that's where, if you think about this, in your own backyard, if you have an apple tree, the juiciest, ripest fruit is gonna be the highest stuff in the tree because it's getting all the sunlight. So, it's ripening better. And so, if you're low-ranking, you're going to the lower parts of the tree eating the lower fruit. If you're high-ranking, you can be right in the top. But yeah, Ilove chimp food. It's funny that in certain times of year, I start craving. I think there's a real connection between what we used to eat just for nutrition and also for like, for medicine. There's a real correlation between that, because I really crave some of this food that I no longer get. There's something in arugula that's really similar to what Jane called "chimp spinach" all these years ago that I eat at the end of the day that chimps just stuff this stuff down at the end of the day. There's some chemical in it that when arugula start getting popular, it's like, "Oh, yeah. I feel like I'm at home now." [laughter] >>Male #4: What percentage of the overlap is it between what the chimps eat versus what you'll eat? I mean, is there certain things that they'll really go for that you don't? >>Bill Wallauer: There are. Their sense of bitter and sour, their ability to tolerate that, is off the scale. But if I went with you, mine would be off the scale compared to most people 'cause my wife--. >>Male #4: You could cook it and that cuts it though. >>Bill Wallauer: You could cook it. You could cook it, like some of the fruit. But I mean, some of it is to die for, like the wild plums there or, the woodland fruits. They are, I mean, better than anything we have here--really just amazing. And I would say that's probably less than 5%of the chimp food. And a lot of it is just like they're just eating because that's the only thing around. Go ahead. Great shirt, by the way. What's that? >>Male #5: Why are monkeys known to eat bananas? [laughter] >>Bill Wallauer: It's because people feed them bananas. [laughter] It's not a natural food for them. And so, I actually, it's sometimes to me, when I see chimps in captivity, when I see chimps dressed up, it's just heartbreaking to me because it's not where in my heart I know chimps belong. And so, that's why get that image because have shown them eating bananas on television and in pictures. But it's a not natural food for them. Good question, though, and I love your guy's shirts. You wanna stand up and show everybody your shirts? [laughter] Yeah. This is what we want. [clapping] And also, there is nothing like being side-by-side for all these years with the person I love, being able to film chimps in the wild. I mean, it's just absolutely the best job in the world. In answer to your question about the tight stuff that we can get. These are just screen grabs, so from my HD screen that--. You all know what a screen grab is, right? Like, you just--. Well, at your desk somebody didn't know what a screen grab was. I said, "I need to go on Google Earth and get a screen grab." And they said, "What's a screen grab?" So anyway a screen grab is like an image of the image you see on your screen. And as we were editing, I just threw some of these up. And I mean, that is detailed, is just extraordinary. That's over 20 feet away. In the bottom right, that face, half a chimp's face at 20 feet away. You'll see in the film these lovely, the hands moving through the hair as one male will groom another. It just gave me an opportunity I'd never had before with my little Sony camcorder, HD cameras. So then, we get into the characters. When you go and see the film, you'll meet this guy. And why is a chimp, if you look at this picture, look at that eye versus this one, why would I key, as a cinematographer, on this chimp? Any ideas? Check his eyes out. Look at the power of this shot when you can actually see exactly where he's looking. Isn't that cool? [laughter] So, he's one of our bad guys. We built this guy up as one of our enemies. And so,-- [laughter] as the chimps were moving through the forest and bearing down on Oscar and his family, poor Pincer gets cast as the villain. And it's simply because of his eyes, not because he's a mean guy. [laughter] And yeah, here's another one, Lofty on the right there. You'll see him in the film. He is such a stud. A big, prime example of a adult male chimp. And these guys are about five times our strength. And so, they're just extraordinary physical machines. Go ahead. >>Female #1: How do you keep track of who's who? >>Bill Wallauer: The same way you all keep track of who's who here. And it's really strange. The first time you get there, you think, "How can anybody tell all these chimps apart?" And now, I can hear their call from a half a mile away and I say, "That's Freud. That's Frodo. That's Apollo. That's Atlas." It's just like we do in our own culture, but it's interesting. I grew up in really rural Oregon and so, I hadn't had a lot of cultural diversity, not in the school that I went to. And so, when I first went to Africa, there was, I didn't have with African American faces, I didn't have, or African faces, I didn't have that ability to differentiate different traits. And this is true right across the board that we get used, in our own culture, the differentiating traits that are familiar to us. And I had to learn that about chimps as well, that though they all look the same, I need to use different cues that I'm used to using to recognize people. And you do see that Lofty has a dark beard there. But they both have black faces. So, in poor light conditions, you might get these two mixed up. But he has a little bit of a tattered ear. So, over time, you get more and more accustomed to figuring out who they are. And then after, like with this community, after being in Gombe for 15 years and then following these guys, I guess within 2½ weeks, I had 35 of the chimps down, committed to memory. So, and I'm not really very good with faces, human faces. [laughter] And I just threw this in just to shout out for my wife. My job is hard as a cinematographer, but I can always dial in some game and the chimps are moving. For her, to get chimps to stop at that slow shutter speed, if any of you are photographers or technicians, every once in a while all the elements come together. This beam of light came down onto Burg here. And she can get these wonderful shots of his beautiful amber eyes. But it's so hard. Her job is much harder than mine even. And then, here's our ultimate villain. [laughter] And you'll meet Scar in the movie. And this is Scar. He's a grumpy old man, who is the leader of the villains. [laughter] And so, my job, a big part of my job was to record this territorial behavior. So, we have Oscar and his group in the film. And then, we have Hair and the villains, who'd come in and that's very true about the nature of chimp society. Each community has a home range, which overlaps with three or four other home ranges. And they compete for no man's land, or no chimp's land, the overlapping territory. And if a strong community can, they will completely take over another community. So, in this case, these guys--. And they're no better conservationists than we've exhibited in the last 15, 20 years. These guys wiped out all of the colobus monkeys in the home range. They hunted them down and ate all of them. And so, they started going farther and farther out to patrol and search for monkeys, which means they move farther and farther into the neighboring communities' range but also after fruit and nut trees as well. The biggest challenge for me, though, was to actually get around them. So, they're moving in these beautiful long patrol-like lines. They stop calling. They stop exhibiting other behavior. It's very much like a military patrol. It's just extraordinary. And so, my job is to get them, and you'll see in the film, these shots as they're coming towards you. But that means I have to be traveling in faster-than-chimp speed, which at times seems like it's faster than light 'cause they move so quickly. But I did manage to get enough for this film to make a really powerful story. And another thing I--. Oh, go ahead. Do you have a question? >>Male #5: Would you say you had a story you create in the movie? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. >>Male #5: Or is this what you actually experienced out there? Would you say they end up playing each other's characters? >>Bill Wallauer: Yes. >>Male #5: Is not really there? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. >>Male #5: And a lot of times, Disney is criticized for doing the good versus bad, herbivores versus carnivores. >>Bill Wallauer: Absolutely. And I had to, as primarily a researcher and research videographer, I go to these conferences, the International Primate Behavioral Conferences. And so, I have a status as a behaviorist as much as I do as a filmmaker. And so, I have to make sure my films are true to science. And of course, when you're shooting a film, it isn't chronological. It doesn't happen just in the way. There's always going to be some license, but the line we can't cross is the line of changing chimp behavior. And of course, producers, who don't understand chimp behavior, are constantly saying, "Can we say this? Can we say that? Can we say it this way?" "No. No and no." So, I choose my battles. And if it's one over maybe a subtle vocalization, I might not fight that one as hard as I would as if they were like, completely changing chimp behavior. But when they built these villains up as villains, of course, in their own community they're not villains. They're the same guys that you'll see in Oscar's community, Freddie and the bunch. But to the neighboring community, they're very much. And those will be the guys that you see. Those are the chimps who you are going to be scared of as a neighboring community member. And so, it is telling that story of the way these overlapping communities defend and protect their territory and actually extend their own territory into another's. And as far as character base, we did take a little bit of licenses as far as Pincer is not the toughest chimp in the world. But does that matter as much as the demonstrating the behavior well? And that's more important to me. But it's a really good question. It's one we should rethink over and over. And I appreciate questions like that. So, how far should I push those bounds before we can say, "That's something I'm not proud of anymore." And I've actually taken my name off films in the credits because I came to such a split with the production team that I could no longer be proud and want my name on that production. >>Male #6: So--. >>Bill Wallauer: Yes. >>Male #6: How much of the narrative did Disney comes to and say, "This is the narrative. Can you go film it?" Where they said, "We wanna film chimpanzees. You film stuff and we'll figure out the narrative." >>Bill Wallauer: Luckily, we had our working team was the same people who do the "Planet Earth," "Blue Planet," "Life of Mammals" team. So, it wasn't a Disney-based idea. It was the three of us sitting down and figuring out, take chimpanzee behavior. What of chimpanzee behavior do we want to run? And put a script and time-line together, leaving room for things that might change. And sequences like this; the hunting sequence was something we could have never scripted. And guess what. After years of planning and putting this all together, within about a year, we had thrown two or three of the original scripts away just because of things that happened on the ground. And for me, it's just--. I'm just a documentarian. I'm gonna follow the strongest story that is going on. And so, the chimps really are the ones who tell the best story. And it's up to me to be able to follow and document that story. So, even though we did have an idea of what we wanted to do, in the end, at the end of the three years, we had a stronger story than anything we'd come up with. But thanks. That's a great question. Go ahead. >>Male #7: So, when I wanna shoot animals with dark fur and shadow detail and so on, it's very hard. >>Bill Wallauer: It is very hard, isn't it? >>Male #7: So, are the days that are like this just working and you can't shoot dark or like, Disney films only stop? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. And for a Disney film like this, every shot has to be a postcard if you can imagine. That was my mantra. So, there were days that I would get nothing that made the film. So, I mean, you could follow for--. 'Cause I think we'd do six days off or, yeah, sx days off and one day on. That's a pretty good schedule. [laughter] No, it's six days off and then one day on. You know what I'm saying. [laughter] So, in that six days of working, we would get, some days, almost nothing usable for the film. And it would simply be because of the light, because of something going on. And at the end of the third day, and you're thinking, "I just wanna go back home. It looks like it's gonna rain." You hang on for another two hours and then you'd get a sequence like this that just makes the film. And this was the African killer bees on Oscar. He just dug into this nest. And-- [laughter] I mean, it was scary, but this was within like, three or four days of wrapping the whole film and that's what I loved about chimp behavior. You never know what's gonna happen next. And so, you can just keep following and following. And yeah, I mean, if you're not as enthralled with your subject as I am, you do sometimes wanna just say, "This isn't worth the time I'm investing." 'Cause it is a huge--. I was shooting at something like 150-to-1 ratio, meaning for every minute that might make the film, probably even more, there's an hour and a half, yeah. Two and a half hours of footage sitting somewhere that's never gonna be seen. And that's the stuff that I did shoot. And so, imagine the ratio of time is just sub-fractional. Absolutely. And we just had to wait for the best light and wait for the best situations. Go ahead. >>Male #8: What was the most dangerous moment that you felt? >>Bill Wallauer: The most dangerous moment? >>Male #8: Yeah, with the chimps. >>Bill Wallauer: The most dangerous moment for me was the day that we got back to camp and it was the day that I'd run a whole herd of buffalo over my wife. [laughter] So, that was dangerous for me when I got back to camp. It's much more dangerous for her when she was in the field. But that was the scariest moment that I'm saying. We'd gone around this bend. Kristin was coming along behind us. And I was saying "this is where we are" and I was giving her some geographic marker of where we were. And right then, I heard this thundering to my left. And it was a herd of buffalo running from me. They'd winded me. And they ran straight in Kristin's direction. And they ran through a valley and could just come up the other side and run right into them. Luckily, they took the valley for cover. But they were really scared. She and James were really scared and they ran as fast as they could to get away. And I'm sure there's a few times that I don't even know about, like times that I stepped over a snake and didn't know. But that's probably the most dangerous stuff. And you pick up malaria a few times. What's that? >>Male #8: You never feel dangerous with the chimpanzee? >>Bill Wallauer: Never with chimps, never ever. They've been followed by the researchers for decades. And they're used to having people around. And even in the heart of those battles, I never feel like they're gonna do something to me. It's very humbling, though, when you see that kind of power that they'll just grab a branch and break a tree in two. It's just extraordinary. So, it's really humbling in that respect. And they have canines, extraordinary canines. They could do me in in seconds if they wanted to. And so, after 20 years, you feel like you have, hopefully, a certain report. Go ahead. >>Male #9: Did they ever acknowledge you? >>Bill Wallauer: They don't. I mean, my job is to be a fly on the wall both as a researcher and as a filmmaker. My best day is when no chimp even looks up at me when I'm filming. And you'll see as you're watching the film that there's very little eye contact between the chimp and the camera. They're very seldom looking at us. They're just doing their thing. So, this is the African killer bee sequence. So, the bees are buzzing around everywhere. And these guys are digging into this nest. It's just amazing. [laughter] Look at that honey. It's just amazing. But if that was me, I would probably survive about 30 seconds. That would just do a human in. But they are going to town. And then there's the fig-eating sequence that I went for two weeks. I stood in a three by three platform in the top of the next tree over from our big Mama Macuso fig tree. And just to get a different angle of the chimps. And so, this is that day's commute. This is my elevator. [laughter] And so, I took some self-portraits of myself as I'm going up. But look at the ropes going down into the abyss. [laughs] [pause] And so, I spent a couple weeks doing this. And this was my little, that was my place in the forest for about two weeks. But there is on the way down--. Oh, it's not supposed to, oh, yeah, I guess it is. Just to have that kind of angle and be able to shoot down and across as the chimps are in this frame was a really extraordinary experience. And one the way down, the first steps is a real doozy. [laughter] To be hanging like you're 120 feet up above the canopy is it's funny. You're tied in, but there's a real freedom to that, that you see the forest and hear sounds and experience smells that you're just not accustomed to down in the forest floor. So, it was a real treat to get to do this. And during this sequence, this guy actually made the film. And he so reminded us of that squirrel from "Ice Age" with his bug eyes. [laughter] And so, even if we didn't have chimps there, we had all kinds of other species at this fig tree to keep us company. That's a red-tailed monkey on the left and a grey-cheeked mangabey in the upper right. And you can get shots like this. [pause] And I was saying what I do on my GPS. Well, these are my way points. And it actually does make me a better filmmaker. I just grab this off Google Earth's site. You'll see areas like the elephant wallow up there. I'd always want to get there first before the chimps did so I can have them coming into this area. There were hunts right around in there, so if I know that they're heading towards area there are hunts, I'll go out in front, try to figure out where the colobus monkeys are so I can get a jump on the hunt. And so, as a tool, it's so much fun for me to come home and relive. I have a date on all of these way points. Relive on Google Earth all of my experiences out in the forest. I filled my entire GPS with way points [laughs] during the filming of "Chimpanzee." >>Male #10: You need to [inaudible] Street View trailer. >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah, I do. [laughs] And so, getting one of the luxuries of getting to shoot for Disney Nature is we had a huge budget and three years to do this film. So, really time was very, very much on my side for the making of this film. And sadly, as a juxtaposition, I can't say the same for chimps. Time is definitely not on their side. This is about what their range was, even within the last hundred or so years, this whole equatorial forest belt, incredibly wide, right across Africa. And just in 80 years of technology, chainsaws, demand for African hardwoods, these areas have been very, very much fragmented. That whole central area completely gone, fragments in the far West of Africa. And that's what we're all about now is doing everything we can do to preserve chimps and chimp habitat. During the 90s, I shot this video of Jane. And this was when she was realizing, and it's the history of her realizing that she's gotten so much from the chimps and it was time for her to do something for them. So, I'm gonna play this video. Again, I shot this, I guess around 1999, but it's still very relevant. [plays video] >>Jane Goodall: About seven years ago, I--. >>Bill Wallauer: That's just outside of Gombe National Park. >>Jane Goodall: And I was absolutely horrified at what I saw. So quickly it seemed the environment outside the National Park had been utterly destroyed. The trees had gone. When I came in 1960, you could go in a boat and go right up to Bolivia. It was chimp habitat. You could climb up the hills of [ ] and look eastward--chimp habitat as far as you could see. And that's gone. It's only within the 30 square mile path that the original forest remains. The question then was, when people are struggling to survive, how is it possible to protect the precious oasis of the Gombe forest with its very famous chimpanzees? And that's how TACARE came into being--a program to try and improve the lives of the local people and the villages surrounding the path and up and down the lake shore. [end video] >>Bill Wallauer: And so, that's our great work is when you're working with people who are absolutely destitute in a country that's arguably nine thousand miles away from the wealthiest country in the world, that is a real challenge. You're seeing the forest on the outside of the park disappear. You saw some of those shots. That was chimp habitat when Jane arrived in 1960. And so, our huge challenge now is to slow down that tide and actually turn it at some point. And Jane's visionary work not only was research in 1960, but realizing that absolutely you have to work with and have people benefit from conservation work. And that's her other great pioneering work. And so, we're not just a chimp conservation organization. We're very, very much both humanitarian and many, many, many programs that I very much encourage you to check our website out and look at Jane's vision. Read some of her books. But what are the threats to chimps? Certainly the global demand for African hardwoods and the lumber that comes out of these forests, unsustainable agriculture, slash and burn agriculture. The bush meat trade is also very, very devastating, has a very devastating impact on chimps. And the illegal animal trade as well has a huge impact on chimpanzee populations. And so, with this demand, these are local people are just struggling to make a living cutting down more forest, creating--. This is just outside of chimp habitat. Trying to farm in these areas. And then resulting in the soil washing down from the slopes and that all goes away. So, they start the whole process over again, time and time again. So, this TACARE program that we've started around Gombe, we're trying to emulate in sites right across Africa now. So, in Tanzania, we have Tanzanian nurses going out, do interfacing with local people. We'll go to a village and find out "What are your biggest needs?" "Well, we don't have a dispensary here." And so, we'll raise funds. We'll work with local people. We'll start a dispensary. And we have staff who are absolute experts in the field. We have a wonderful savings and credit scheme, so that we train women up who actually invest in their own scheme. A group of women will come and invest in their own scheme. We have a matching fund for that. And that very much empowers women to be gainfully employed using their own resources and their own businesses. In this case, this woman, fabulous woman, had started a grain grinding system in her own little village. And now, people are bringing grain to her and she's exporting that and she's making a lot of money where she wouldn't have had this opportunity before. Also, inexpensive ways to solve problems. Our team developed the Vetiveria grass, which is a bunch grass, which creates, when planted across these slopes like this, creates terrace agriculture, which, terrace agriculture, there's a real science, very difficult to do. This system is incredibly cheap, incredibly effective, and this field will now be used for decades rather than for two years. And also, once we start protecting the forests and start doing forest management, cash crop such as honey come into play in the villages. And so, we have this honey distribution system and honey bee program, which helps local villages to actually make money by having forest maintained and healthy. And also, I don’t know if you've heard about Jane's Roots and Shoots program, but this is an amazing program. It's now in 130 countries around the world. I encourage you to definitely look more into this. It's all about empowering kids to make the world a better place for people, animals, and the environment. And what better message in this day and age can you give kids? And it's got this global feel about it as well. So, kids in Tanzania, they could be chatting with kids in China. They can be chatting with kids in the US, all working towards those three main goals, which is just fabulous. And this story has a very local feel. A very good friend of mine, Deborah Simons, is a San Franciscan. And actually, she lives right around here. And she is a manager of the Wanda Bobowski Fund, which is a scholarship for young girls. And she came and visited Gombe years ago, fell in love with the place, saw that especially young women had a very rough time in the world there. And so now, over 200 young women have been issued these scholarship. And Yaku Pica here, the young woman on the left, was an orphaned destitute, had absolutely zero future and her headmaster identified her as a great student. She applied for the fund. She got a scholarship. She worked up through college. She got a position at a local elementary school. I was there. I filmed her teaching science to her kids and she was talking about the qualities of the magnet to these, I guess they would be about third grade kids. Just so much fun. So enthusiastic. When you think about, "Well, what impact could this possibly have?" Well, Yaku Pica's kids could grow up to be the next leaders of the generation. She could grow up to be a government leader. She could be the first woman president in Tanzania. You get a generation of kids thinking differently about the world, finding hope in the world, and you're really gonna have a major influence on the next generation's philosophical ideals and so forth. And it's so important in this day and age. And so, this is Yaku Pica's challenge. This is her classroom on the right. Its 70 kids who she teaches. So, it is an extraordinary challenge, but she's done a wonderful job. Some of you in Google Earth know Lillian Pintea, who's our IT guy and our GIS guy. And so, just for him, I threw a few slides in for his benefit as well. We work a lot with Google Earth. We have this new Open Data Kit program. So, we have forest monitors who take--. And you're involved with I don't know if anybody in this room is involved in this program, but Android phones, which can be through the Open Data Kit program. They turned into these incredible, incredibly powerful data collecting machines. And so, we have a whole bunch of forest monitors and patrollers who are traveling through the forest and through the areas of West Africa or of Western Tanzania. Oh, we have to wrap up pretty quick. Oh. Getting on this. What's the time? >>Female #2: It's two o'clock. >>Bill Wallauer: It's two o'clock now? Oh, gosh. 'Cause we have some Q and A, don't we? [laughter] So, anyway, we are doing some awesome work with Google and Lillian's going to shoot me because I didn't talk enough about this. [laughter] But anyway, these are our guys in the field doing awesome stuff with Google. Yeah, look some of that stuff up as well. But I would love to answer some questions. I'm sorry I've gone on too long, but should we go straight to some questions? Yeah? Anybody have any questions? Not so much. [laughs] Oh, go ahead. >>Male #11: So, would you say that it's groups of chimpanzees that will battle each other? >>Bill Wallauer: Yes. >>Male #11: For their territory? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. >>Male #11: You said they beat each other? >>Bill Wallauer: Really, they will kill one another. Yeah, the adults will kill one another for sure. Absolutely. >>Male #11: Anyway, do the tribes merge or groups merge? >>Bill Wallauer: The only genetic, as far as spreading genetics from one community to another, the females do that. So, at about age 12 or 13, when the females become reproductively active, they're likely to transfer from one community to another. So, they are the only accepted ones. If a male gets caught on that border trying, on that no chimp's land, he's definitely gonna get attacked. So, that's how genetic diversity is maintained is through the female transfer from one community to another. >>Male #12: If one group takes over another group's area, will they just wipe out the whole--? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. They will either be shifted to a much smaller area or they could be completely eliminated over time. And you might incorporate the females from that community into your group. Yeah. Yes, go ahead. >>Male #13: So, this may be more for your wife then, than you. But what percentage of the sound in a film like this is fully, or from other periods rather than actually being live sound? >>Bill Wallauer: As far as sync sound versus wild track or--? Yeah. I mean, we could do sync sound some of the time, but because I'm a noisy cameraman, she would have to go off with a different--. Within the community, there could be four or five or six different subgroups. And so, she would hang out with other chimps. And then, we'd sync sound up later. So, it's not, the sounds that you hear are often not true to the voice of the individual you're seeing. [laughs] But I think most people won't notice that, but there are some. [laughter] There are some sync sound shots, like the drumming display that you'll see Scar do, that was sync sound. But that was your question as far as the sync sound stuff? Yeah. Go ahead. >>Male #14: [inaudible] following bonobos. [inaudible] their behavior [inaudible] see one of them [inaudible]? >>Bill Wallauer: Bonobos live in such unstable parts of the world. And I've been a chimp person for so long, I don't even get to many of the other chimp sites. And so, I've never been south of the Congo in the Congo Basin to see bonobos. For those of you who don't know, bonobos are another one of our closest living relatives. They're very chimp-like, but they're not chimps. But they have their own different cultural repertoire and behavioral repertoire. They're very similar looking to chimps, but they are very different in behavior. And no, I haven't spent any time with them. I would love to. Absolutely love to. Any other questions? Go ahead. >>Male #15: Do you focus on a particular tribe or do you familiar with all of them? >>Bill Wallauer: There are about 12 study sites across Africa. I've spent quite a bit of time in three of those sites, but the vast majority of my work has been in Jane's Gombe National Park in Tanzania and so, yeah. Most of my work has been there, but for the film, just one or two sites for the film. Yep. Go ahead. >>Male #16: You talked about some of the things that you've doing with Google that are really great , particularly apps and some things that nobody's thought of? >>Bill Wallauer: That maybe none of you have thought of? Well, it would be fun to sit down and have a creative meeting. We were talking with Winnie before during lunch today. And you can imagine from a filmmaker's point of view, how much fun it would be to do live feeds. Like, you could get on Google Earth, double-click and it's Bill, right now, real time, following Gremlin and the twins. I mean, that would be unbelievable. And I was also brainstorming there. I mean to have a fig tree, like the one I showed you here, that has a 24/7 live feed to see who comes into that tree over the course of a day. We could also do really nice conservation work with it, too. So, I mean, I think there's some really interesting applications. It would be great to sit down with some Google minds and have some brainstorming sessions about how we could actually--. And that's my whole work is capturing people with chimps and chimp's behavior, but then going to the next level and saying, "Yeah. Chimps are seriously endangered. Let's see what we can do to get more and more people interested and engaged and involved." And that would be a wonderful goal if you wanna talk to me afterward. [laughs] Anything else? Anybody else? Yeah. Go ahead. >>Female #3: Are there estimates as to how many chimps are left in the world right now? >>Bill Wallauer: Yeah. That slide I showed. Around 1900, there were one to two million. Now, there are fewer than 300 thousand. So, we probably lost 60% of them in my lifetime. They could be completely gone. I always have this slide in here. Again, preaching to the choir, I'm sure you all are aware of this. Just be very, very sure of where your dollars are going. Check out our institute. Support the Jane Goodall Institute. It's very difficult to do conservation work nine thousand miles away from where people will ever have contact, the species you're trying to conserve. So, we have some really, really big challenges, but it's with people's support like yours that we will make it so the next generation so, these kids can maybe someday go to Africa with their kids and see chimps. And that's my goal, seven generations away. So anyway, thank you so much for your time and your interest. And thank you so much. [applause]
B1 中級 Green@Google:比爾-瓦勞爾,迪斯尼自然電影 "黑猩猩 "的攝影。 (Green@Google: Bill Wallauer, Photography for Disneynature movie "Chimpanzee") 149 4 阿多賓 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日 更多分享 分享 收藏 回報 影片單字