what are practices? Practices are the skills and the knowledge required to do work. And

什麼是實踐？實踐是指從事工作所需要的技能和知識。而

so it all begins with asking questions and defining problems. In fact these are the first

所以一切都要從提出問題和定義問題開始。事實上，這些都是第一個

steps in science and engineering. And before we talk about asking questions, we should

科學和工程的步驟。而在我們談論提問之前，我們應

really define what science is. Science is the study of the universe. It's the study

真正定義什麼是科學。科學是對宇宙的研究。它是研究

of everything. It's the study of phenomena. At the level of the universe, but also at

的一切。它'是對現象的研究。在宇宙的層面上，但也在。

the level of the planet or the ecosystems or the humans or the DNA or the atoms that

地球或生態系統或人類或DNA或原子的水準。

make up that DNA. Or even the particles that make up the atoms that make up everything.

組成了DNA，甚至是組成萬物的原子的粒子。甚至是組成萬物的原子的粒子。

And so basically it's the study of the phenomena. It's the study of how things work. And we

所以基本上它是研究現象的。它是研究事物如何運作的。而我們

try to explain everything in science. Everything scientific. What's engineering then? Engineering

試圖解釋科學中的一切。一切科學的東西。那什麼是工程？工程學

is going to be solving human needs. Or fulfilling human needs. Solving problems. And so an engineer

是要解決人的需求。或滿足人類的需求。解決問題。所以一個工程師

is going to solve the problem of how I get in Montana at point A to point B in New York

是要解決我如何在蒙大拿州的A點到紐約的B點的問題。

City. And there are a number of different ways that could solve that problem. They could

城市。有很多不同的方法可以解決這個問題。他們可以

put me on a jet. They could put me on a train or in a car or on a motorcycle. Or they could

把我放在飛機上他們可以把我放在火車、汽車或摩托車上。或者他們可以

even design a nice pair of shoes so I can walk my way across the country. And so they're

甚至設計一雙漂亮的鞋子，讓我可以走遍全國。所以他們'是

really solving problems in engineering. And so they're very similar but they're somewhat

真正解決工程中的問題。是以，他們非常相似，但他們'是有點

different in that in science we're studying phenomena. And let's talk about a famous scientist.

不同的是，在科學中我們'研究現象。而讓我們'來談談一位著名的科學家。

This is Albert Einstein. And so what he was trying to allow us to do was to understand

這是阿爾伯特-愛因斯坦。所以，他試圖讓我們做的是理解：

the way the universe works. And the first step when you're trying to do that is to ask

宇宙的運作方式。而當你試圖做到這一點的第一步是問。

good questions. Those questions eventually lead to inquiry, where the questions are tested

好的問題。這些問題最終會引出探究，在探究中檢驗問題。

and they develop other questions or other theories based on top of that. But the whole

並在此基礎上發展其他問題或其他理論。但整個

goal again is pointing back to explaining how phenomena work. Well this here is Thomas

目標又指向瞭解釋現象如何運作。好了，這裡是托馬斯

Edison. And he was somewhat scientific but he was more of an inventor. We was more of

愛迪生。他是有點科學，但他更多的是一個發明家。我們是更多的

an engineer. And that's because he was fulfilling human needs. He started by defining problems

一個工程師。而這'是因為他在滿足人類的需求。他從定義問題開始

that we have. What was a simple problem, well if it was dark out you couldn't do work inside.

的，我們有。什麼是簡單的問題，好吧，如果外面很黑，你就不能在裡面工作了'。

And he invented the light bulb. And so the first step in engineering is defining the

他還發明瞭燈泡。所以，工程的第一步是定義

problem and then you have the process of design. Unlike inquiry, design is there to give us

問題，然後你就有了設計的過程。與探究不同的是，設計是為了給我們提供

something, to build something, or to fulfill some kind of a human need. And so there's

的東西，建立的東西，或滿足某種人類的需求。所以有'的

a lot of similarity between science and engineering, but the major difference is going to be that

科學和工程之間有很多相似之處，但主要的區別在於

engineering we're making something that we actually need. In science we're trying to

工程學上我們在製造我們真正需要的東西。在科學上，我們試圖

explain everything and we don't always have a direct outcome from that. However science

解釋一切，我們並不總是從中得到直接的結果。然而科學

lots of times will lead to design. And so it all begins with good questions. And so

很多時候會導致設計。所以這一切都要從好的問題開始。所以

let's start by talking about science. Where do these questions come from? Well in science

讓我們'先來談談科學。這些問題是怎麼來的呢？嗯，在科學

a lot of them come from just curiosity. We want to understand the way the world works.

很多人都是出於好奇心。我們想了解這個世界的運作方式。

And so if you were to ask this question, why is the sky blue? Or why does the wind blow?

所以如果你要問這個問題，為什麼天空是藍色的？或者風為什麼會吹？

Those are great questions and they can lead to amazing science. But some science questions

這些都是很好的問題，它們可以導致驚人的科學。但有些科學問題

will actually come from models and theories that we already have. So once we understood

其實會來自於我們已有的模型和理論。所以一旦我們理解了

plate tectonics, we could apply that to seafloor spreading. So how does the theory of plate

板塊構造學，我們可以將其應用於海底擴張。那麼板塊理論是如何

tectonics explain seafloor spreading? So theories create questions which create theories which

構造學能解釋海底擴張嗎？所以，理論創造了問題，而問題又創造了理論。

create more questions. And sometimes questions just come from the search for better solutions.

創造更多的問題。而有時問題只是來自於尋找更好的解決方案。

And so people in Italy were finding that it was impossible to syphon water above 32 feet.

所以意大利的人們發現，32英尺以上的水是不可能虹吸的。

And so Evangelista Torricelli, in Italy, took a look at this problem and eventually it led

於是意大利的Evangelista Torricelli研究了這個問題，並最終導致了：

to the creation of the first barometer and understanding how air pressure and atmospheres

以至於創造出第一個氣壓計，並瞭解氣壓和大氣壓的變化。

work. And so again, questions can come everywhere. But they guide inquiry. Now one thing I really

的工作。所以，問題又會無處不在。但它們會引導探究。現在有一件事我真的

want to make sure that I point out is that there are questions that we can answer in

我想確保我指出的是，有一些問題我們可以在這裡回答。

science and questions that we can't or lay outside of science. And so if we were to look

科學和問題，我們不能't或躺在科學之外。所以如果我們要看

at these hot air balloons, a good question might be, why does a hot air balloon float?

在這些熱氣球上，一個很好的問題可能是，為什麼熱氣球會漂浮？

That's a scientific question. What's not a scientific question? Which hot air balloon

這是一個科學問題。什麼不是科學問題？哪個熱氣球

is prettiest? Now you might like the lady bug right here, but we can't really answer

是最漂亮的？現在，你可能會喜歡這裡的瓢蟲，但我們不能真的回答

that question. We can't quantify that answer. And so there's certain questions that lay

這個問題。我們無法量化這個答案。所以有'的某些問題，躺在。

outside of science. Now let's go to engineering. And so engineering has questions in it is

在科學之外。現在讓我們去看看工程。所以工程有問題在裡面是

as well, but those questions are designed to first of all define the problem. And so

也是，但這些問題首先是為了確定問題。所以

here's a really good problem. This is the Mars Curiosity rover. It landed on Mars in

這裡有一個非常好的問題。這是火星好奇號探測器。它降落在火星上

August and it's about the size of a car. And so the engineers at NASA had to come out with

8月，它的大小約一輛汽車。所以美國宇航局的工程師們不得不拿出了...

a way to land this massive object on Mars without damaging it. And so they started by

如何在不損害火星的情況下 將這個巨大的物體降落在火星上？於是他們開始

asking a lot of questions. Now one thing that we should point out, and this is a difference

問了很多問題。現在，有一件事我們應該指出，這是一個區別

between engineering and science. In science we're looking for this core idea that explains

工程和科學之間。在科學中，我們正在尋找這個核心思想，解釋了

the way the world works. In engineering we're looking for a design that solves a problem.

世界的運作方式。在工程中，我們正在尋找一個能解決問題的設計。

And so in engineering there's not always one correct solution. There's going to be a number

所以在工程中，並不總是有一個正確的解決方案。在工程中，並不是只有一個正確的解決方案。

of different solutions and we're going to have to weigh the trade offs to all of those

不同的解決方案，我們將不得不權衡所有這些的交易

solutions. And we do that through questioning. And so maybe when you're trying to land a

解決辦法。而我們通過提問來實現。所以，也許當你'試圖登陸一個。

rover on Mars you need to talk about what are the needs. What do we really need to create?

火星上的漫遊車，你需要談談什麼是需求。我們到底需要創造什麼？

What are the criteria for success? In other words what does success look like? What are

成功的標準是什麼？換句話說，成功是什麼樣的？什麼是

the constraints? I mean on Mars one of the big constraints are going to be you're going

限制因素？我的意思是，在火星上，一個大的制約因素將是你'將是

to have to go through an atmosphere. But that atmosphere is going to be really really thin.

必須通過一個大氣層。但是，大氣層將是非常非常薄。

And so that's going to slow you down but not slow you down very much. What technology do

所以，這'會讓你的速度變慢，但不會讓你的速度變得很慢。什麼技術

we have today? What are we going to have to create as far as technology? What ideas should

我們今天有什麼？就技術而言，我們要創造什麼？哪些想法應該

we test? Could we combine ideas together? And so really the questioning in engineering

我們測試一下？我們能不能把想法結合在一起？所以，真正的問題在工程中

is really designed to define what that problem is or to get at that problem. This is how

其實是為了定義這個問題是什麼，或者說是為了解決這個問題。這就是

they actually landed on Mars. They had a capsule that slowed their descent. They eventually

他們真的登陸了火星他們有一個膠囊，減緩了他們的下降速度。他們最終

had a giant parachute that slowed it down. They eventually deployed a crane with rockets

有一個巨大的降落傘，使其減速。他們最終部署了一個帶火箭的起重機

that lowered the Mars observer down on to the surface. And so you can think of all the

把火星觀測器降到了火星表面。所以你可以想到所有的

different needs that they had to fulfill. All of the problems that they had to solve.

他們必須滿足的不同需求。所有的問題，他們必須解決。

And it had to do this on its own. You couldn't guide it down. And so it's a pretty amazing

而它必須自己去做這件事。你不能引導它下來。所以它是一個相當驚人的。

thing. And you could google, there's a wonderful video worth watching on that. And so again

的事情。而你可以谷歌，有'的精彩視頻值得一看就。所以再次

the goal in this practice is to ask questions. But we're asking questions to explain phenomena

這種做法的目標是提出問題。但我們問問題是為了解釋現象

and then provide human needs or fulfill human needs. And so how do we do that? As teachers,

然後提供人類的需求或者滿足人類的需求。那麼我們如何做到這一點呢？作為教師。

well we start by asking questions and then we use inquiry to explain those. And in engineering

好吧，我們從提出問題開始，然後我們用探究來解釋這些問題。而在工程領域

we start by defining our problems and then we're using design to solve those problems.

我們從定義我們的問題開始，然後我們'用設計來解決這些問題。

And so there's a progression. In other words, as a teacher from elementary through high

所以有'的進步。換句話說，作為一名教師，從小學到高中的。

school, we should be getting better and better and better at asking questions. But we should

學校，我們應該越來越好，越來越善於提問。但我們應該

begin by asking questions. And so when you're in elementary, this is an analogy that I think

開始問問題。所以，當你'在小學，這是一個比喻，我覺得

works well, is that the idea that asking questions in science and engineering and technology

效果很好，就是在科學和工程以及技術方面提出問題的想法。

is very important and you want to do it right away. But as students get older and older

是非常重要的，你想馬上做。但隨著學生年齡越來越大

and older and older we want to refine those questions and get better and better questions.

和年齡越來越大，我們要把這些問題細化，讓問題越來越好。

And so basically you want to develop strategies in your classroom that can help students come

所以基本上你要在你的課堂上制定策略，可以幫助學生來。

up with questions. Questions on their own. Because questions are going to build more

了問題。自己的問題。因為問題是要建立更多的

questions, which are going to build more questions. And so you want strategies to get your students

問題，這是要建立更多的問題。所以你要有策略讓你的學生

asking questions. But once you have a number of questions you want to teach them, refine

問問題。但是，一旦你有了一些你想教給他們的問題，就要提煉出

that. Which of these following questions are really good questions. Which are science questions?

那。下面這些問題中，哪些是真正的好題。哪些是理科題？

Questions that we can actually answer through design or through science labs. You want to

我們可以通過設計或通過科學實驗室實際回答的問題。你想

eliminate science questions that aren't really questions at all. And you want to refine other

消除那些根本不是真正的問題的科學問題。而你要完善其他的

questions so you can make them better. Because the goal of science classrooms is to get students

問題，這樣你才能把問題做得更好。因為科學課堂的目標是讓學生

asking good questions. Questions that we can then do research upon. Or questions that can

問好問題。我們可以做研究的問題。或問題，可以

define problems and so we can come up with solutions for that. And I hope that was helpful.

界定問題，這樣我們就可以拿出解決方案。我希望這對我們有幫助。