Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.

Today, we're going to talk about expressing attitude, and using the words so and such.

And we're going to find out about some nasty creatures called cane toads, and all the trouble

they can cause.

Curious? Let's watch the clip.

You can see these large glands he's got behind his eyes, which contain a lot of toxin. It's

got various compounds in there but basically what it does is give you a heart attack. The

toxin's actually all throughout the skin but the main concentration is in these glands.

So basically, something bites it, if it gets into its bloodstream, there's a good chance

it will be killed very quickly.

We found a dead freshwater crocodile, which was apparently killed. Certainly a one death

adder, which is a venomous snake, quite an important Australian snake, we found one of

those freshly dead with a small toad in its mouth. And even to small children, if a child

was to put them in their mouth, the toxin is quite severe.

The flip side of that is that there are a whole lot of animals which will be out-competed

by cane toads. So they're other animals, which eat insects for instance, 'cause cane toads

are so numerous that they suck up all the insects from the biota, like big vacuum cleaners

and so they can actually cause other animals to starve.

Why are we literally sitting back and watching the cane toad invasion move further and further

up through Kakadu and through the Northern Territory?

Well there has actually been quite a lot done, in fact, over a period of perhaps 10 years

prior to this, a huge amount of effort and money has already been spent on looking at

some way and means of controlling cane toads. All that work has come to nothing, and most

people understand that now.

What we have to do is wait on the big guns in Canberra with their genetic engineering

and biological control work. That's the only hope there is.

Cane toads are such prolific breeders, each female would produce 50 thousand eggs. There

will be millions of cane toads out there.

Unfortunately, cane toads are a big environmental problem in Australia. They're a species that

was introduced from another country. We'll use their story to talk about attitude or,

more specifically, attitude markers.

Attitude markers can indicate the attitude of someone to what they are saying or what

others have said.

I just used one. I said: Unfortunately', cane toads are a big environmental problem.

The word unfortunately indicates my attitude to cane toads.

Other words that are attitude markers include:

actually

in fact

certainly

of course

really and

surprisingly

Let's listen to a Wildlife Ranger, Greg Miles, answering a reporter's question. Listen for

attitude markers.

Why are we literally sitting back and watching the cane toad invasion move further and further

up through Kakadu and through the Northern Territory?

Well there has actually been quite a lot done, in fact, over a period of perhaps 10 years

prior to this, a huge amount of effort and money has already been spent on looking at

some way and means of controlling cane toads.

Greg Miles says: There has actually been quite a lot done in fact.

He uses the attitude markers, actually and in fact to show that he disagrees with the

reporter, and to advance his own view.

It's a polite way of expressing an opposing opinion.

Other examples of words and phrases that are used to do this include:

as a matter of fact

to tell the truth, or well

Let's see some examples.

Cane toads look harmless, but as a matter of fact, they're dangerous.

I thought you liked cane toads? Well, I don't.

Can you hear the attitude expressed in these phrases?

Now here's ecologist, James Smith again.

You can see these large glands he's got behind his eyes, which contain a lot of toxin. The

toxin's actually all throughout the skin but the main concentration is in these glands.

James uses actually here to introduce details. Because the details of the toxins are surprising

in nature, and perhaps unexpected, 'actually' provides this subtlety of meaning.

Now here's Greg Miles again. He uses two other attitude markers.

We found a dead freshwater crocodile, which was apparently killed. Certainly, one death

adder, which is a venomous snake, quite an important Australian snake, we found one of

those freshly dead with a small toad in its mouth.

He says: apparently and certainly.

He says: the crocodile was apparently killed.

He uses apparently because he got his information from someone else, and he's not certain that

it's true. Based on appearances, it looks like the crocodile was killed by the cane

toad.

Greg says: certainly one death adder was found dead.

Here, Greg is emphasising that there's no doubt that this is true, that the death adder

was killed by the toxins in the cane toad.

From the use of these attitude markers, we can tell that he's not completely sure the

crocodile was killed by a cane toad, but he's definitely sure the death adder was killed

by one.

Okay. Let's turn our attention to another way you can express subtleties of meaning

in English.

They're corelative subordinating conjunctions.

The words themselves are short and simple:

so that and

such that

Listen to Greg Miles talking about the number of cane toads eating insects.

The flip side of that is that there's a whole lot of animals which will be out-competed

by cane toads. So they're other animals, which eat insects for instance, 'cause cane toads

are so numerous that they suck up all the insects from the biota, like big vacuum cleaners.

Greg says: Cane toads are so numerous that they suck up all the insects from the biota.

This means that cane toads are numerous enough to suck up all the insects from the biota.

There are enough of them to do that.

So that is called an amount construction. It expresses a meaning similar to enough,

which means an adequate number or amount.

But this construction also adds a meaning of result, using the 'that-clause'.

Let's study a sentence to see how this construction works.

Cane toads are numerous.

How numerous?

So numerous.

With what result?

That they suck up all the insects from the biota.

Cane toads are so numerous that they suck up all the insects from the biota.

The sentence uses the amount structure 'so that' to define an amount and a result.

Here's another example: Have you seen the film Cane Toads?

The film was so good that we went to see it twice.

So tells us how good the film was.

That tells us the result: We went to see it twice.

Let's listen to how Professor Madsen expresses amount in relation to cane toads.

Cane toads are such prolific breeders, each female would produce 50 thousand eggs. There

will be millions of cane toads out there.

He uses another construction to express the amount. He says such:

Cane toads are such prolific breeders.

He adds the result clause there will be millions of them, but without using the word that.

'That' is sometimes omitted in informal English. It is understood without being stated. More

formally he would have said:

Cane toads are such prolific breeders that there will be millions of them.

So and such in these constructions also provide emotive emphasis.

For example:

Cane toads are so ugly!

Cane toads are such a pest!

So today we've looked at attitude markers and language for expressing emotion.

We've also talked about the degree or amount constructions so and such.

Using these language features will make your language more interesting, and will show an

appreciation of subtleties of meaning.

And it's time for me to go, but you'll find today's story and a lot more on our Study

English website.

I'll see you next time. Bye bye.