字幕列表 影片播放 列印英文字幕 [Vince] so it is my extraordinary pleasure to welcome Sir Nigel Shadbolt here. I saw him give a talk about openness at the British Library just recently I thought he'd be a spectacular addition to this particular meeting Nigel's list of accolades so long that if I read them out we'd be here till the lunchtime and I think hopefully is going to be touching on many of the highlights today. With Sir Tim berners-Lee he recently founded the Open Data institute. Another big development is with the government data portal where again I think with them Tim berners-lee you were heavily involved in in founding that initiative and that's led to a spectacular really transformation in the openness of data associated with government and making giving the public much greater access to that data in a really much more transparent way. And that data portal is really the foundation for some of our own activities within the Museum associated with a net the NHM data portal the we'll be hearing about this afternoon. So I'm with that is my pleasure to am hand over to Nigel Shadbolt. [Nigel] okay well thank you. Its a real pleasure to be here. I'm really gonna be talking today I suppose you did see to what extent I'm preaching to the choir but I'm really going to be talking about the point of the Open Data movement why is important, what results we are finding and ready to enjoy all of you here to really take that step to wherever possible. Imagine a releasing your data under open licenses as open data now I kinda represent to us you should really the Open Data Institute, which was just open up literally in the last nine months a has been running since October last year and also may day job as professor at the University Southampton in electronics computer science where I i've been working for a number of years on next-generation web technology to think of ways in which we could integrate data into the web and much more natural way. First of all I'd like to persuade people that this stuff around open crowd-sourcing really can be material and we had some examples around the the an actual estimate this is one of my favorites is quite often used its not a high resolution image here but to say that but when the a Haitian earthquake hit in January 2010 there was no map is haiti have any detail didn't exist. One of the extraordinary things that happened is over a period of 12 days software open source software open standards and a huge amount of crowd-sourcing went in and literally with GPS, with hand-held mobiles, with laptops they were uploading, literally walking the streets of this devastated capital. Within 12 days they had produced a detailed map which is essential actually to organise the humanitarian relief. When you see the video that was put together that it's really one of those kind of these hair raising moments on the back of your head, as this is this is a powerful new source of capability. It's not historically new if we go back to Nightingale, for example, the wonderful work she did in cataloging mortality in the Crimean War. There is a brilliant infographics, by the way. This is the Cox diagram which represents deaths through a particular year and the observation crushing the obvious now was that most people were dying out there through hospital-acquired infections diseases in the battlefield they weren't dying directly through and on the battlefield. Snow's work on the spread of cholera where again he began to collect mortality statistics put it on a map an each of these black blocks is a bit of a personal tragedy it's a family death and these houses here clearly associating with people pumped their water. This pump here was locked. They actually came to a view that cholera was probably water-borne it hadn't been widely accepted a ttaht point. So the usage data at scale can be transformational has been in history and and it's no less true now of course if we sink a prototypical example the sequencing of the human genome the fact that data is available for all to do and research how they will. That's a huge gift to humanity and not just the fact that data is available but the whole source of open signs that arise from it is incredibly fast-moving. So this is a actually a DNA sequence, a piece of the genome also of E. coli. It was the E. coli outbreak that occurred, in new member those you remember that salad and lettuce instances in Holland and Germany. It was a huge panic, people getting very very ill with an acute form of a of poisoning and within days a group in China had sequenced that particular sample was spreading the information around the web people starting to look compare against reference models E. coli, get some idea of what the differences were between this and standard references models to think about treatments. That is illustrative of both the way in which the state could be put to use and the rapidity of putting it to use and sometimes when you all kinda arguing with people and the CEOs and politicians about why do this you take examples that have been profoundly destructive and transformational because the underpinning IP, the underpinning data was made freely available the underpinning standards. In the case the World Wide Web this man Tim berners-Lee, who I'm privileged to work with, he gave those standards to the world via CERN and they are the fundamental protocols that allow us to build the construct that is the World Wide Web, on top of existing Internet protocols or the GPS signal that silly wasn't developed with commercial applications in mind but when the decision was taken to switch of the blocking to switch that on as a commercially available public good, huge amounts of value flowed. It's inconceivable now a that would be switched off except from possibly natural disasters solar flares frying it down. But in a real sense we've come to expect in just the way we come to expect with the work that was done with calculating longitude or working out Meridian time that these things are public got certain data made available has very white utility. The story that I like to tell it's not just about the data that this is virtuous circle of data for sure but standards agreeing formats in which there is no proprietary interest in which to represent the data. Agreeing licenses that don't put bizarre restrictions on using the information One example of a government that released its data thinking it was doing the right thing and had one clause in its license said do not use this data to bring the government into disrepute what possible use for most system activists is data without restriction Open source open participation The sum total at these elements of open are former open innovation that both accelerates and widens impact. So this is why we're excited by this why spend my time kinda promoting this this whole approach just to be clear on open data is data that is available for anyone to use for any purpose at no cost and there isn't kind of slightly open It is either available in these Terms appropriate licensing or not. And just to illustrate this scale of the journey when we began this word back in 2009 under the last government Tim and I a came up with the wiz which was to imagine we would all have the ability to have a local papers give us a little supplement the Post code paper, this would be a little supplement your local paper and it would be your postcode give you all the public data held about you by government local government everything from your school attainment rates to when the buses ran to where the b-cycle points were to how frequently the potholes filled. The whole nine yards. We put this together actually at The Guardian a we assemble a whole range data produced this lovely a 7-10 page document took too long to actually a cabinet meeting put it on the table in all the politicians thought the job was done we pointed out that eighty-five percent of the content on that newspaper was illegally reproduced okay we had broken Crown copyright we weren't allowed to use tool post goes cause we had to pay for them at that stage the Ordnance Survey whole raft reasons some sane some less sane about why that data couldn't be reused in an open format and the the change has been remarkable that in 12 weeks we had the beginning over open data portal, data.gov.uk, which back in the day up was still is a beta site. One of the things that we kind of took government on a journey was to match in that the notion of a perpetual beater a site that is on the continuing development does not expose you to ridicule does not expose you to any more kind of security threats its project on the work and the idea that one can always fully specify to the final degree all that you can be perfectly secure and understanding the requirements once been discharged in the system's is is illusory. So we like to come to promote this idea of a child development 12 weeks and and constant development approx within 24 months we had a site where you actually put your postcode in focused postcode dates was now at this point for you available we had about forty percent to the Ordnance Survey scored eight er made freely available at this point a which which was hugely important because the fundamental geography of the country is the connective tissue a lot of data and week we had to have much about data released and you can find out various a a.m. dates sets from data got that you case had a few maco was a through time but well over 9,000 datasets that these datasets when the meaningfulness about dataset when one of those dates as is the entire geography the country issue you could say it is is is debatable at all in fact that the weather data that's a a real time weather data that's available the five-day forecast to 5,000 points at three and a half our predictions out for five days that's real time streaming data that is many many many files what level calculations so it's it's actually not the amounts its whether it matters and I think the fact that matters is is also well attested by the fact that just a few weeks ago we had the g8 leaders sign a opened a to charter which is a commitment by the g8 countries to release certain coal reference taters Open Data I'm will be rinsed to see how that goes and an increasing awareness that data at one level is a piece of national infrastructure so in the same way the roads and fiber the power grid a party the National structure you need to take particular care some other data assets that you're generating and imagine them is available as a public good with this mapping addressing transport education health and so on a mapping those out some working out what should be held for the public good and maintained as a function of government is a really interesting change because in the past infrastructures meant cables machines service it hasn't meant the data and I think this is a change we need to see in all organizations niche tutions whether it's my own University whether it's museums whether it's corporates with this government itself date is going to be a primary asset and some others assets will be your call infrastructure going forward even if you have collected all or vision it in that way as yet and the reason it matters is because there is no Monroe no one reason to do open data there are a variety that helps actually because on the different political up regimes def does come to the surface so for some people it's about improving public sector delivery the summit's about growth in economic opportunity for some it's about accountability and transparency actually the great thing is that a government organization can take any if that was his big toe stiff I've characteristics why you want to do open days the data itself gets better when is published because typically is incomplete typically the quality is probably not there can be improved by pushing out getting some my balls on it research itself is promoted social problems about inclusion poverty diversity can be revealed so overall insisting featured this is that it promotes a former good governance are show a few examples where where that happens so this is the case in general for OCR data I'll come back to where i think im packs a.m. your your your your business but you go to impress and convince the politicians and the owners the data that this makes a difference and here's a good example this is a a site a public health England published this site its about kinda slightly scary kinda postcode s great a so how long you likely to live a if you're in a particular postcode what's likely to get you and actually you can also partially out by our socio demographic group so the National Statistics Office collects this multiple index of a depravation just kinda rough categorizations view into a socio-economic loss so you know you might be living in quite an affluent area of the country by one set of indices but still doing quite poll in terms of some these a particular indicates all the data here is being driven from the worst Manchester to the best a by open data assets and for those who looking at the tables worry about the instant thing is the conversations you have around the mall around the local reasons for these call so issues are out funding issues around provisioning it's not that people are gonna go and Dina ditched because this tatouage role they may modify and enhance it in various ways but this has been an extremely powerful as station not least because this is had very high levels the public engagement this contact so it doesn't just sitting sit there waiting for a few peaks with analytic capacity to come on and look at it health is a good wall a because it partly makes very dramatic puts the future we're heading for whether it's this is doctor foster's analysis can you see open day to have a death rates in in hospitals up this is really terrifying a said it craps from lambert's lamberth council pushing a huge amount which data is open data now this is childhood obesity by wats Lambert and you're seeing total explosion childhood obesity from 7 onwards in that that will have material policy impact going forward the environment has been a popular as you might imagine again lot all the data that you would want the held by various environmental councils and agencies is available as open day to sum up its sole summits on the restrictive license as there's a great deal to do here summer is held I for know very good reason a confidentially by water authorities for example utilities and there is a huge public interest in knowing some %uh the fact that the matter here discharge levels in particular parts ok for UK river system for example at this is a nice example put together by folks at UCL special analytics at these but lines here up against those lines or or spike hires and the Red is levels have lead pollution and it's just interesting to look at how we kinda full of Psych licence fees well less than a.m. a reports tell but it gets people to think about right ear issues could could they be better in terms the missions to the better in terms for cycle routes what could they do other causes a crowd-sourcing element to this stone to emerge all the way from people starting to take an instrument as we saw earlier in the lightning talks people building their own instrumentation to actually do some %uh this crafts or sense that's quite a good range of open data that bass on the whole question of governance directly apply to government itself what's contracted out on what's spent as tax base which have an interest in it and how widely that goes how fall you should be able to look inside an organization understand what's being spent he's it being spent all I won the people talk about quite often that we were a.m. involved with Wes was opening up the report a crime data a and it's interesting one stage the various chief constables were very long this will lead to a complete collapse in public confidence in the police force actually there now big fans of publication data not least because the kind of tools being developed out there give the that people on the B better tools and they would have to be able to obtain from their official IT system so you know be able to visualize and see just where the ask those in by the crime is in my particular postcode area missus Southampton it tells a rather familiar story but he tells a story you'd expect in some cases tell slightly different so these are the reasons why we've seen this dramatic move to a 222 interested in and a supposition that open data might be the way to go and it led to the establishment of the Open Data Institute in in shortage here in london I and unwired we doing a rain just of fundamentally to show how this data generates value not just economic but environmental and social value we're incubating companies we have about nine companies coli investments who were trying to bill business models based around updater a assets we work with a group to show them in a.m. both the technical and policy implications as open day to work we have a large membership growing membership large corporates who are working with us to see how their data now this is business state interestingly people don't think that the corpus could have particular interest in releasing data we're seeing increasingly organizations who say look we would like to expose this data to open innovation because we have got the capacity to anything interesting with it and we suspect we're just losing opportunity other companies look at it and say this is a wave re engaging trust you may be remember that night K the sports provide had a big issue around how is source sustainably it's some to it sportswear it now publishes very detailed opened a tour around its logistics around how to procure some work queues so they're different reasons why why companies and organizations get into this and his a couple examples of up the kinds of work that's going on in the ODI I to companies that are being a nurtured and incubated this is open corporate switches really interesting a company that is looking to harvest all the information about all the company's in the world okay we have Companies House a.m. we now have summer that day to openly available which is a start you would actually got to be able to know all the listed companies in the UK and have that available is open data which is are you all right you can t reference in a web browser and get some information about that company imagine if you had it worldwide well one thing you would be able to the quite quickly is who owns who beneficial ownership when we had the economic crisis just a few years ago wanted the huge headaches was nobody knew who is liable for what until the OMW out all the ownership to be able to do that now says fast this is an interesting graphic it was done this is a this happens to be Goldman Sachs this happens to be one company's beneficial a ownership that these are all the subsidiaries it does this is home to achieve America what's this this is the Cayman Islands okay this is malicious this is look some you know and and and the issue around there it begins to reveal really quite interesting a questions around a weather looks that does not look at all the same ethos to select another back bankamerica for example this is all available that website quite takes quite interesting crews are out that the example is a company where we at this work on a very interesting open dataset this is Sam in England all cheapies have to publish every month the prescriptions they right out not to that would not be good but what joke in what about okay so that's a lot of data points you think of all the old alt's which is made out and and this company actually we working with buying gold acre the famous for his work on past science and looking at how we might improve drug trials hold a variety of issues on the Benz interest and and surgeons who and and and clinicians who were interested in understanding how weak but dates to use so what we did was we looked at one Clauss of truck stacked Ines and we took two years with a date certain look to one in particular and what we're looking at was what the difference would have been had the cheapies been describing the white label the generic version all that juxtapose the more expensive such as we factored out the group doing this factor that issues around side-effects that sometimes white but prefer the more expensive though with less jet X much less expensive generics they identified with all those things taking into account well this mattress top shows the amount of variation between those who were more or less scribing but today at a appropriate level to those who ok describing us license talk about 235 said que se that that that that that appears we had this down to individual GP level we didn't produce that a map assist in question is what we might do we identify two hundred million pounds of savings for one close shocking what potentially at the generic now that's the house is the question about how your behavior intervention how you use that to be something interesting is next stage in all this work so the data itself doesn't carry a call to action it's showing you a situation the thing I wanted to just mention is we do recognize that all data 8 open isn't the same it's hugely important here to recognize that there will be day switches restricted constraint it may be that identifies individuals it may be that is on the pre-existing licensing conditions it may have prior claims over its it may exist to accom- made maybe the property the company has invested heavily in collecting that dates together and the slightly kinda arm solitary point to make here is when people get excited about Big Data on what we have found in the Open Data world is that the value Open Data in this mixed data ecology or ecosystem is that very often quite modest a two sets all what I think I was there is set to stow its other data so its it's a spreadsheet sitting somewhere that really allows you to make sense so much more information and when when we think about where the data assets live with an organization and that's an interesting question its what we did discover was that huge amounts the government data state is not in big data bases since fairly strong flee managed to maintain spec sheets you know which may or may not have a stable semantics or maybe not actually never been fully documented there's always a challenge in working out how we pick 'em provide tools and methods to make that whole process much more explicit a manageable or god forbid the existing PDS a.m. which of course is a trial in a task to get the data out up those formats but we live in a world that makes for much we gotta provide methods and tools to cut a deal with that I just wanted to kind of a close out a few issues try talk about your particular context there are challenges in this world not least making all this data available a wes is gonna be stored is going to store it what about assistance management at this its its it's interesting that is we do this we also find that what was supposed to be big data just a few years ago we something people could hold on a a few drives back home and so this extraordinary decentralization and distributed nature of what were key archival assets has become a very interesting property up for update landscape but there is in general a question about who will support the structure there is an issue around quality a I can give you lots of amusing examples have data that when it was released government thought it was quite good day to the time was proud to release it I've used this example many type II I'll use again will stop sinning in the UK there are three than 60,000 got them how many do you think will wear the government thought they were the answer is seventeen thousand okay 6 percent to the data was wrong okay bus stops go missing they get moved they get developed to get close down know who no data base is a complete reflects the reality that moment in time so the real question is how do you deal with the improvement about data assets a actually this case when the Texas least within weeks a crowd-sourced a website been built where people could put the positions at the missing bus stops in thats as a huge advantage to any organization to get a harness up level of of up of citizen engagement participation as a big issue around eight illiteracy I think this is possibly one of the most interesting facets here on again talking to colleague statisticians a slight feeling that all this stuff for an open data is kinda cheapening the kind of them business experts statistics my argument back is that is absolutely making heroes are statisticians it's the new kinda fundamental data science me wanting you fundamentals above all kinda curriculum the BL to understand how to interpret manage incorporate modify transform visualize sis increasing set updater assets can be hugely important and there is the never a to be settled the resolve issue around privacy and security doubtless is we really small more data it's the case that people can use it for ill as well as good I believe that good largely outweighs the ill but you will see debates you seen this is really fascinating debates in the last few years a route whether certain experiments in a VM bird flu should be published in The it in Co in public peer review journals because it might give people which is home by O terrorists insights the real question is what insight you lose by keeping that information from the open scientific community who were actually China think about what we do if something like that happens so that trade offices might well I think this is the real time position as a ships a AIS a which is great if you try and resolve insurance claims and not bad if you use a lot Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa working what you want tensions there are issues around a a incumbents already have a strong date position their issues around legislation copyright which mention inadvertent copyright stations which actually allow just puts huge massive friction information transmission and and who knows perhaps governments will tire of Open Data weathered things we're trying to do is is get so much momentum behind it and show the benefits to be hard to switch the stuff of whether your cultural heritage institution or you see 'em or business if these Dec two taps get turned off what you want to hear is a large amount of the demand side saying West Supply Co okay i think thats powerful way to ensure future this work and just kind of close out ready on back in the day when science got organized and the Royal Society launched in the transactions were we launched the whole notion was to bring a wider engagement whole thing was about exposing correspondence too much much broader population then of course the the technology was the press with the web were about moving that whole process on I think as we look at up the world you live in I i describe it as its cultural heritage as as the importance of the demesne you inhabit is is sensual your unique position you have a public tasks you clearly have economic value locked into these assets you have been gauging unique content and you all for it it produces and want the crucial things about this world is the file you in becoming the authoritative issuer all the data labels duri specimens the catalog engines is really barely appreciated yet there are few areas where that snail then again in in tax taxonomic studies a in various parts supply precise to spin on the stuff for a while but the fact that almost everything you might generate and the reasons you have a classification or a wave organizing your material could have authority by it being issue by this institution's post another that is a unique both brand and on functional service to think about because at the end of the day this is all about lynx Lynx Lynx is all about trying to provide an environment where we can take not data assets in silos but to imagine how they can cross thread how they can be enriched one with the other I'm gonna stop there thank you very much thank you thank you for a fantastic talk I'm you've touched on so many issues I'm sure there are many questions on so opening up as anyone got any questions there are no question I'll now I've got plenty I you thank you very much for inspiring talk %uh I'd like to come back to this so perennial at the moment problem will persist in so doing so yep arm a lot of the go to search being generated R&R damone all research grant funded learn its product which lost three years amor mmm you got a more from those such as you're not careful arm but I'd like to hear your views on whether you think having silos a world data banks which exist for some demands well you contribute your you you give a copy of your does go into the this and hopefully curated I'll and my experience having although two sets in one pot allows you to do some cross-correlation and show gaps and identify areas but model as opposed to distributed go to Cirque but it doesn't matter if the original source got turned off um images on new the web one sorrow though yeah they're all across the web arm I mean it's just a question of them at a total loss to truck while and so are the the second i spose part of the question is the value of motor voter all collections descriptions so that you can take it does so which was produced for a specific purpose but with appropriate matter that you can find whether it's a fit-for-purpose to use in other servers let me take take the second office cutting absolutely right is crucial that we do a huge amount more a around meta-data and we know of course you experience being what it is that people themselves up accept a national special is curator this to find this really quite difficult to use to do but increasingly we have the meta data generated at the point if data generation from our instrumentation for more context and so on so that is gonna be crucial a there's a lot more to do around the meta-data issues around things like quality sampling you know just just the stuff around excuse to give you some sense of I've the context in which is collected so I'm with you on that I think the intrusive the balance between the sense depositories and distributed for a resources its we need a mixed economy actually anecdotally be wanna to it cases where this a lot of benefit in having some highly authoritative integrated resources I would like think the silos I hope think they could be open are accessible a but nevertheless up pretty seriously robust a curated such I think they'll be a cake case that you can see it in various forms a proteomics work and and and %uh that those areas the really extinguished about much longer term forms assistance and curation I think that is something we have to get serious about any also touches on some things mentioned earlier which is what we give a steam for the the real changes here is going to be when we start to recognize and promote and the in some sense a acknowledge the value of all the data management pieces help or so and meta-data the moment it's just something you expect to do along the way and that's too many cases that's that's the situation so I think we have to if we're serious about data we've gotta think about putting the whole inset incensed by session scheme a.m. in place to support anymore Chris thank you I'm interested in the drivers to make or allow organizations to put it online information online I am in some cases Boadicea have an economic model which requires them to economic return for the data information and knowledge sometimes it can you can help you should like make information more available by the the whole unpublished are the the um the show in the valley shine the value the label as you is set at the end other times it's perhaps not in their best interests to make even data available because other people might reuse it and produce a product which cool competes for their own Joe um Chinese seal way through look at that there are going to be areas where people believe that term is an S&P really quite the question in economics people argue about you know does information asymmetry make markets better yeah markets meant worked well when people have could mask specializing most the time markets work because I know something you'd 0 sander if and that has to be the same for certain sorts have coped investment as well an IP protection ike I don't imagine a world in which everybody converts to open innovation is the model to do this thing what I do it thing is a serious conversation to have is around public sector bodies in particular a or bodies that all given public sector roles with taxpayers money to ask on what all they therefore we are we really about making business is all about providing a public good and I think we've gotten quite confused about that in some particular parts of the government state on record as saying that I think I think by large you have to get all the ways you get adverse situations in which people who generate this data na monopoly providers will charge you monopoly rent for it and they're actually in the public sector you think how's this working so I i'm I beat for keeping that quite clean but certainly wouldn't the rule out that way companies can make a living by having a an effort to collect and manage and then sell on data that they have access to not be with them why not the question is how long they will maintain that position and increasingly in the world the cost a massive data collection is also showing a very interesting to train to become cheaper in some sense come easy a and so that you call necessarily rely on a date monopoly forever today and and what companies now recognizing is that even if they can maybe there's a better business model that gives a substantial chunk away to sell the really high value services that they that they derive from analytics based on that name of up Texans agent other an interesting museum um fascinating to us from doing a little bit thinking for salty about the differences between tater and information your knowledge um assigned to sweet the data itself is in 90 interesting its ella is the information and knowledge in a it it he said examples here I think maybe we need guidance from your personal experience in this well um go where do you draw the boundaries between the data you know is for example if I simply topple in our institution would be more molecular sequence data is tater but is the the classification the tree of life the that's made from that is that also day towers at something else yeah and how can you go you're exactly right on got fat me look it's a term a ball that's come to be snappier open data but I spent many here has the working in a lion you know epistemology where the distinction clearly is fundamental this is information everything I just talked about was information actually liked open data movement ok that I see information sets because there is meta data associated with that that tells you something about the semantics of what it meant in fact for me wrought raw data is this really attentive to bits and bytes I wouldn't know whether 37 represented your no a you're kinda age or you're kinda core body temperature I'd I thats thats when you have a piece on it up today to so it's nearly always information and then for me actual information takes you a little bit towards knowledge you know the if I know what I if I know that this core body temp should means I need to treat you pretty fast much Celtics and I got a piece of information turned into actionable them knowledge but that's very true and its BB carefully don't get just two slipshod about these definitions and I think the quite poor wants to make out as well yeah free more context typically information guess which is the more context moment I'm sending up from the national issues am I just wonder thinking about your open innovation inserted agenda so there's a sort of open innovation is also something which is coming at almost orthogonal axis which is responsible innovation which is another way of looking at how you use how you use knowledge and how do you see those two things interacting to be sorted open responsible I was interesting I it's a basic question II I think because the open innovation examples we will give you will often feel very responsible I'll give you an example like you know jack and rocket the guy who did the five cents cancer paper base cancer detected fifteen-year-old you know reading a thousand paper San actually trying to work out haupt apostasy brilliant insight and this destructive the whole income in technology that's that's the kinda open positive side open innovation but what is responsible research likened what are the boundaries around that and all the self-limiting orton says you would want to impose a and that's a really interesting question I think its some and it was almost again is touched on in these examples like the the work research in areas like God each transmissible diseases that work on on but you know how far do you go with reporting this stuff and a half or you going doing the work at all 'em so that conversation it's kind it's beginning to happen but only early days say any more questions okay well I think we'll I am call it yeah I'm if you'd like to join me in thanking Nigel and indeed all %uh speakers for this morning ample back from 2 o'clock or be looking at some the collections digitize Asian activities and infrastructure activities associated with that just one logistics message as well those people not from the NHM who need lunch arrangements if they can see am at Baker and Lawrence Livermore ed in the corner and they can am help you out with that so thank you very much Nigel and all the speakers this morning thanks I but
B1 中級 16.16. Nigel Shadbolt "開放的價值 -- -- 開放數據研究所和公共資助的開放數據" (16. Nigel Shadbolt "The Value of Openess - The Open Data Institute and Publically Funded Open Data") 149 20 翁書婷 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日 更多分享 分享 收藏 回報 影片單字