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  • Look at this ruler. You might describe it as something with no curves and swerves, or

    看看這把尺子。你可以把它描述為沒有曲線和轉彎的東西,或者

  • long and straight. But then again you might also use the same word "straight" to describe

    又長又直。不過,你也可以用同樣的 "直 "字來形容

  • someone's sexuality when they're attracted to someone of the opposite sex. Waitwhat?

    當一個人被異性吸引時,他的性能力就會受到影響。等等......什麼?

  • This doesn't quite add up. So today let's get to the bottom of the long and winding

    這並不完全吻合。那麼,今天就讓我們來揭開這個漫長而曲折的謎底吧

  • road of howstraightcame to be synonymous with sexuality.

    直 "是如何成為性的代名詞的。

  • Okay, so before we can get into how a word likestraightcame to meanheterosexual,”

    好吧,在我們討論 "異性戀 "這個詞是如何演變成 "異性戀 "之前,我們先來看看

  • we have to quickly talk about how and why people started categorizing sexuality in the

    我們必須儘快討論一下,人們是如何以及為何開始在《人類歷史》中對性行為進行分類的。

  • first place. The idea that someone could be hetero, homo, or bisexual (or any configuration

    第一位。一個人可能是異性戀、同志或雙性戀(或任何配置

  • of LGBTQIA identities) really isn't that old at all.

    LGBTQIA身份)其實並不古老。

  • While most historians agree that there is evidence of same-sex romantic relationships

    雖然大多數歷史學家都認為有證據表明存在同性浪漫關係

  • in nearly every documented culture, the realities of the people who engaged in them weren't

    在幾乎所有有文字記載的文化中,從事這些活動的人們的現實生活並不是

  • really categorized asgay.” The same goes for heterosexuality, which only showed

    真正歸類為 "同志"。異性戀也是如此,它只顯示了

  • up about a century ago under a definition that might be confusing to people today.

    大約一個世紀前,它的定義可能會讓今天的人們感到困惑。

  • That definition forheterosexualitycame to us in the late 1860s, when Austrian-Hungarian

    對 "異性戀 "的定義出現在 19 世紀 60 年代末,當時奧地利-匈牙利

  • journalist Karl Maria Kertbeny coined it in a letter to German lawyer and author Karl

    記者 Karl Maria Kertbeny 在寫給德國律師兼作家 Karl Kertbeny 的信中創造了這個詞。

  • Heinrich Ulrichs, whom Kertbeny met on his travels and considered a contemporary. Today,

    海因裡希-烏爾裡希斯(Heinrich Ulrichs),凱特貝尼在旅行中認識了他,並將其視為同代人。今天

  • Ulrichs is known as an early pioneer in the gay rights movement. In the letter, the term

    烏爾裡希斯是同志權利運動的早期先驅。在信中

  • appeared with three other terms as well: “homosexuality, “monosexual,” andheterogenit.” Those

    還出現了另外三個詞"同志"、"單性戀 "和 "異性戀"。這些

  • last two meantmasturbationandbestiality,” respectively.

    後兩者分別指 "手淫 "和 "獸交"。

  • If that makesheterosexualsound more like a diagnosis than an identity, well, that's

    如果這讓 "異性戀 "聽起來更像是一種診斷,而不是一種身份,那麼,那就是

  • because it kind of was. In the 1880 bookThe Discovery of the Soul

    因為它確實存在。在1880年出版的《靈魂的發現》一書中

  • the wordheterosexualin German debuted to a wide audience. A few years later in 1892

    德語中的 "異性戀 "一詞首次出現在廣大閱聽人面前。幾年後的 1892 年

  • the word appeared in English in Psychopathia Sexualis. And in 1901, Dorland's Medical

    該詞的英文版出現在《性心理學》(Psychopathia Sexualis)中。1901 年,多蘭的《醫學

  • Dictionary defined heterosexuality as anabnormal or perverted appetite toward the opposite

    詞典》將異性戀定義為 "對異性的不正常或變態的慾望"。

  • sex.” When the term appeared in Merriam Webster's dictionary for the first time

    性"。當這個詞第一次出現在梅里亞姆-韋伯斯特詞典中時

  • in 1923, it touted the definition, “a morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex.”

    1923 年,該書對 "對異性病態的性激情 "進行了定義。

  • Wait, hold on. Does that mean heterosexuality used to be seen as deviant behavior? Were

    等等,等等。這是否意味著異性戀曾經被視為一種不正常的行為?是

  • straight people being oppressed for being straight? Well, no. It's just that what

    異性戀者因為是異性戀者而受到壓迫?嗯,沒有。只是

  • we now know asheterosexualitywas so accepted as the norm back then that nobody

    我們現在所知道的 "異性戀 "在當時是如此被接受的規範,以至於沒有人

  • felt the need to go out of their way to define it, and when they did, it was to pathologize

    他們認為有必要不遺餘力地對其進行定義,而當他們這樣做的時候,卻是將其病態化

  • all manner of sexual behavior that would have been seen as taboo.

    各種被視為禁忌的性行為。

  • In 1934, heterosexuality adopted a meaning that might look more familiar to us today,

    1934 年,"異性戀 "被賦予了一個我們今天可能更熟悉的含義、

  • although it might elicit a few justifiedyikes.” Its updated definition in Merriam Webster

    儘管可能會引起一些合理的 "呀 "聲。梅里亞姆-韋伯斯特》對它的最新定義是

  • called it a “manifestation of sexual passion for one of the opposite sex; normal sexuality.”

    稱其為 "對異性的性激情表現;正常的性行為"。

  • Keep that last part, “normal sexuality,” in mind, because it's going to come up again

    請記住最後一部分,"正常的性行為",因為它將再次出現

  • withstraight,” which we'll finally get to now. Sorry, I guess the path to the

    "直",我們現在終於可以說到 "直 "了。對不起,我想通往

  • wordstraightis pretty loopy.

    "直 "這個字很怪。

  • The first documented appearance of the wordstraightas a descriptor for heterosexuality

    首次出現 "異性戀"(straight)一詞作為異性戀的描述詞的文獻記載

  • is in American psychiatrist G.W. Henry's 1941 book titled Sex Variants, which sought

    美國精神病學家亨利(G.W. Henry)在 1941 年出版的《性別變異》一書中指出,該書旨在

  • to follow the experiences of 80 lesbians and gay men in New York City in the 1930s. In

    講述了 20 世紀 30 年代紐約市 80 名女同性戀和男同性戀的經歷。在

  • it, there's the definition, “To go 'straight' is to cease homosexual practices and to indulge--usually

    它的定義是:"'轉正'就是停止同志行為,沉迷於--通常是--......"。

  • to re-indulge--in heterosexuality.” Because heterosexuality is oh so indulgent.

    重新沉溺於異性戀"。因為異性戀是如此放縱。

  • In case you missed the subtext here, the book is saying that the wordstraightactually

    如果你忽略了這裡的潛臺詞,那麼這本書是在說,"直 "這個字其實

  • started out as gay slang, as an in-community way to describe someone who was, if I may

    一開始是作為同志俚語,在社區內用來描述一個人,如果可以的話

  • use a term that wasn't in popular vocabulary back then, “re-closetingthemselves.

    用一個當時還不流行的詞來形容,那就是 "重新封閉 "自己。

  • Someone wasgoing straightif they dropped out of the scene or entered a heterosexual

    如果一個人退出了這個圈子,或者進入了異性戀圈子,那麼他就是 "轉正 "了。

  • relationship. As is often the case with slang, it was laced with irony and sarcasm.

    關係。俚語往往帶有諷刺和挖苦的意味。

  • The gay community was likely playing off the common colloquial phrasestraight and narrow,”

    同志群體很可能是在利用 "直來直去 "這一俗語。

  • which is defined in the Cambridge Dictionary as behaving in a way that ishonest and

    在《劍橋詞典》中,"誠實 "被定義為 "誠實和誠實的行為"。

  • moral.” This old saying has its roots in the Bible, specifically the Gospel of Matthew

    道德"。這句老話源於《聖經》,特別是《馬太福音》。

  • 7:13-14, which in the King James Version saysEnter you in at the strait gate: for wide

    7:13-14,欽定本中說:"你們要進窄門。

  • is the gate, and broad is the way that leads to destructionBecause strait is the gate,

    門是窄的,引到滅亡的路是寬的......因為門是窄的、

  • and narrow is the way which leadeth unto life . . .” A “strait,” s-t-r-a-i-t, like

    通往生命的路是窄的......"窄路",就像

  • the Bering Strait, is a narrow passageway. Thus, to live righteously is towalk the

    白令海峽是一條狹窄的通道。是以,正直地生活就是 "走在

  • strait and narrow,” which later got changed to the homophonestraight and narrow.”

    海峽兩岸",後來改為同音字 "海峽兩岸"。

  • This all relates back to what some scholars would call lavender linguistics, which looks

    這一切都與一些學者所說的 "薰衣草語言學 "有關。

  • into how LGBTQIA people use language as a vehicle to communicate nuances in identity

    研究男女同志、雙性戀和變性者如何使用語言作為交流身份細微差別的工具

  • and their lived experiences. It's based on the idea that certain communities, especially

    和他們的生活經歷。它基於這樣一種理念,即某些社區,尤其是

  • marginalized ones, will utilize the dominant language in unique ways to make a home for

    被邊緣化的人,將以獨特的方式利用主流語言,為自己營造一個家園。

  • themselves in it. Looking at it that way, it's no wonder so much slang comes from

    自己。這樣看來,難怪有那麼多俚語來自於

  • groups of people who are oftenotheredin mainstream culture.

    在主流文化中經常被 "異化 "的群體。

  • For more examples of lavender linguistics, we can look at other slang terms that have

    關於薰衣草語言學的更多例子,我們可以看看其他俚語,這些俚語有

  • come up out of gay community. “Tea,” a word that means the truth, be it sipped or

    從同志群體中產生。"茶",一個意味著真理的詞,無論是啜飲還是

  • spilled or what have you, originated in black drag culture. Merriam-Webster gives an example

    溢出或其他什麼的,起源於黑人變裝文化。梅里亞姆-韋伯斯特大學給出了一個例子

  • of this use ofteafrom 1994, in which The Lady Chablis, a black drag performer and

    在 1994 年的 "茶 "的使用中,夏布利夫人是一位黑人變裝表演者,也是一位 "茶 "的使用者。

  • female impersonator, defines it as, “My thing, my business, what's going on in my

    她將其定義為:"我的事,我的生意,我的生活中發生的事。

  • life."

    生活"。

  • But the termstraightwasn't limited to gay community slang. Its strong relationship

    但 "直男 "一詞並不侷限於同志社區的俚語。它與

  • to morality meant it was often dispatched as a catch-all for someone who was defined

    這就意味著,它常常被當作一個包羅萬象的工具,用來指代那些被定義為

  • by their abstinence from debauchery. And by the 1970s, the term was concretely established

    通過他們對放蕩生活的節制。到了 20 世紀 70 年代,這個詞被具體確定下來

  • as a synonym forvirtuous.” Just take a look at some 20th century pop

    作為 "美德 "的同義詞。看看 20 世紀的一些流行音樂就知道了

  • culture, like the Modern Lovers' song from the 70's titled “I'm Straight,” in

    文化,如 70 年代現代戀人樂隊的歌曲《我是直的》,在《我是直的》中

  • which singer Jonathan Richman compares himself to a woman's stoner boyfriends. When he

    歌手喬納森-裡奇曼(Jonathan Richman)將自己比作女人的癮君子男友。當他

  • calls himselfstraightin the song, he's not calling himself heterosexual. He's

    他在歌中稱自己為 "異性戀者",並不是說自己是異性戀者。他是

  • saying that he's not a drug user.

    說他不吸毒。

  • That's not just a one-off example either. Look atstraight edgeculture that formed

    這也不僅僅是個例。看看 "直邊 "文化的形成

  • in the early 80s in response to the punk culture of the 1970s, the latter of which was big

    80 年代初,為了響應 70 年代的朋克文化,朋克文化在美國大行其道。

  • on drug use. The term was coined by the band Minor Threat in their songStraight Edge,”

    吸毒。這個詞是由 Minor Threat 樂隊在他們的歌曲 "Straight Edge "中創造的。

  • the lyrics of which bragged about having better things to do than drugs.

    歌詞中吹噓自己有比吸毒更好的事情可做。

  • People who usedstraight edgeto define themselves used to, and still do, define it

    用 "直邊 "來定義自己的人過去是,現在仍然是

  • as abstinence from drugs, alcohol, and sometimes promiscuous sex. Though it has been applied

    它指的是戒毒、戒酒,有時還包括戒濫交。儘管它已被應用於

  • in many ways, one thing is for sure: “straightas a slang word has a strong relationship

    在許多方面,有一件事是肯定的:"直 "作為一個俚語,與"...... "有著密切的關係。

  • to ideas of morality.

    道德觀念。

  • The use ofstraightto meannot gayhas a lot to say about how people viewed homosexuality

    用 "直 "來表示 "不是同志",這在很大程度上反映了人們對同志的看法

  • back then: as an act of deviancy, alongside other socially taboo activities like gambling

    當時:作為一種離經叛道的行為,與賭博等其他社會禁忌活動一樣

  • and drug use. It's a view that sadly persists to this day, but back when the words we used

    和吸毒。令人遺憾的是,這種觀點一直持續到今天。

  • to describe sexual orientation were still crystallizing, the wordstraightwas

    當時,描述性取向的詞彙還沒有定型,"異性戀"(straight)一詞是

  • broad enough to cast a person as distinct from all kinds of marginalized groups and

    其範圍之廣,足以使一個人有別於各種邊緣化群體,以及

  • misfits.

    誤入歧途

  • It's these moral implications that have caused some LGBTQ advocates to push for abolishing

    正是這些道德含義促使一些 LGBTQ 倡導者推動廢除

  • the term altogether.

    這個詞。

  • You know, one thing that might surprise a lot of people when they dig into the history

    有一件事可能會讓很多人大吃一驚,當他們挖掘歷史時

  • of words likegayorstraightorheterosexualityis that, relatively

    同志"、"異性戀 "或 "異性戀 "等詞的意義在於,相對而言

  • speaking, they're really not very old. What this could tell us is that the book isn't

    說起來,它們真的不是很古老。這可以告訴我們,這本書並不是

  • closed on any of these terms. That's true for language in general. It's a living,

    任何這些術語都是封閉的。一般來說,語言也是如此。語言是有生命的、

  • evolving thing, as we've seen in this journey through medical terms, lavender linguistics,

    正如我們在這次醫學術語之旅中看到的那樣,薰衣草語言學也在不斷髮展、

  • and community slang. I mean, just look at the roaring debate over

    和社區俚語。我的意思是,只要看看關於

  • whether it's OK to describe people ascisgender,” a word that meansnot transgenderor

    是否可以用 "順式性別"("cisgender "一詞的意思是 "非變性人")來形容人們,或者

  • “a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their birth sex.”

    "個人身份和性別意識與其出生性別相符的人"。

  • We have words likenon-binaryfor people who don't identify as a man or a woman,

    我們有 "非二元"(non-binary)這樣的詞來形容那些不認同男性或女性身份的人、

  • andLatinxfor people of Latin American descent who want to eschew the gendered nature

    而 "Latinx "則是指那些希望摒棄性別屬性的拉美后裔。

  • of Spanish. Some critics have accused LGBTQ activists of destroying language and making

    的西班牙語。一些批評者指責 LGBTQ 活動家破壞語言,並使西班牙語成為一種語言。

  • up words, but isn't that kind of how words work? They have to come from somewhere, and

    但文字不就是這樣的嗎?它們必須有出處,而且

  • the context they're created in matters a lot. Plus all of them were made up by someone

    它們的創作背景非常重要。另外,所有這些都是有人編造出來的

  • at some point. It's why the dictionary gets updated every year.

    在某些時候。這就是字典每年都會更新的原因。

  • So it could very well be the case thatstraightwon't be around forever as a way to describe

    是以,"直男 "很可能不會永遠作為一種描述方式存在。

  • heterosexuality. Its past as a way to contrast heterosexuality against homosexuality in a

    異性戀。過去,它是將異性戀與同志進行對比的一種方式。

  • moral context speaks to a painful history of discrimination and bigotry. But it also

    道德背景說明了歧視和偏執的痛苦歷史。但它也

  • speaks to a colorful tradition of marginalized groups creating their own language and their

    這體現了邊緣化群體創造自己語言的豐富多彩的傳統,以及他們

  • own slang, to creatively communicate with each other under difficult conditions.

    自己的俚語,在困難的條件下創造性地相互交流。

Look at this ruler. You might describe it as something with no curves and swerves, or

看看這把尺子。你可以把它描述為沒有曲線和轉彎的東西,或者

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