Name: 【TED】瑪莉安娜·馬祖卡托: 價格和創新的真實面貌，以及經濟的幕後推手 (What is economic value, and who creates it? | Mariana Mazzucato)
Uploaded: 2020-01-10T17:31:08.000Z
Duration: 18 min 56 s

譯者: Pei-Chen Benson Liu 審譯者: Helen Chang

程度副詞

Maybe you think of finance, you think of innovation,

If we use that word, we must be implying that some people aren't creating value.

To answer this question, we actually have to have a proper theory of value.

And I'm here as an economist to break it to you

that we've kind of lost our way on this question.

我們先要有一個像樣的價值理論

What I mean by that is, we've stopped contesting it.

We've stopped actually asking really tough questions

about what is the difference between value creation and value extraction,

Now, let me just give you some context here.

2009 was just about a year and a half after

one of the biggest financial crises of our time,

second only to the 1929 Great Depression,

Goldman Sachs workers are the most productive in the world.

Productivity and productiveness, for an economist,

近代最嚴重的其中一次金融危機

you're producing it dynamically and efficiently.

You're also producing things that the world needs, wants and buys.

Now, how this could have been said just one year after the crisis,

which actually had this bank as well as many other banks --

I'm just kind of picking on Goldman Sachs here --

at the center of the crisis, because they had actually produced

some pretty problematic financial products mainly but not only related to mortgages,

which saw many thousands of people actually lose their homes.

120,000 people lost their homes through the foreclosures of that crisis.

The bank also had to then be bailed out by the US taxpayer

We didn't hear the taxpayers bragging that they were value creators,

one of the biggest value-creating productive companies,

What I want to do next is kind of ask ourselves

that a statement like that could almost go unnoticed,

because it wasn't an after-dinner joke; it was said very seriously.

So what I want to do is bring you back 300 years in economic thinking,

It doesn't mean that they were right or wrong,

but you couldn't just call yourself a value creator, a wealth creator.

There was a lot of debate within the economics profession.

納稅人可沒自詡他們創造了價值

And what I want to argue is, we've kind of lost our way,

and that has actually allowed this term, "wealth creation" and "value,"

創造價值、又有生產力的大公司

OK? So let's start -- I hate to break it to you --

is the society was still an agricultural type of society.

So it's not surprising that the economists of the time,

actually put the center of their attention to farm labor.

When they said, "Where does value come from?"

當時，光是名稱本身就備受爭議

And they produced what I think was probably the world's first spreadsheet,

and this was done by François Quesnay, one of the leaders of this movement.

給自己冠上價值、財富創造者的名號

這個問題也曾激起經濟學界熱烈討論

because they didn't just say, "Farming is the source of value."

They then really worried about what was happening to that value

才讓「創造財富」、「價值」這些字

and I've tried to make it a bit simpler here for you --

is it broke down the classes in society into three.

The farmers, creating value, were called the "productive class."

Then others who were just moving some of this value around

我們稱那時的經濟學家是重農主義者

And then there was another class that was simply charging the farmers a fee

and they called them the "sterile class."

魁奈 (François Quesnay) 帶領其他人

Now, this is a really heavy-hitting word if you think what it means:

that if too much of the resources are going to the landlords,

you're actually putting the reproduction potential of the system at risk.

And so all these little arrows there were their way of simulating --

他們不只認為「農事創造價值」

again, spreadsheets and simulators, these guys were really using big data --

還很苦惱這些價值究竟是如何產生的

they were simulating what would actually happen under different scenarios

if the wealth actually wasn't reinvested back into production

and was actually being siphoned out in different ways,

or even if the proprietors were getting too much.

其他人便只是四處搬動這些價值

and this was no longer the Agricultural Revolution

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【TED】瑪莉安娜·馬祖卡托: 價格和創新的真實面貌，以及經濟的幕後推手 (What is economic value, and who creates it? | Mariana Mazzucato)

reveal

term

crisis

completely