Name: 你比你想象的更透明--薩詹-塞尼。 (You are more transparent than you think - Sajan Saini)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T08:28:40.000Z
Duration: 5 min 23 s

It's an increasingly common sight  in hospitals around the world:

這是在全世界的醫院 愈來愈常見的景象：

a nurse measures our height,  weight, blood pressure,

護士量我們的身高、體重、血壓

and attaches a glowing plastic  clip to our finger.

和夾一個會發光的塑膠夾 在我們指頭。

Suddenly, a digital screen reads out  the oxygen level in our bloodstream.

瞬間，一個數位螢幕顯示了 我們的血氧濃度。

How can a plastic clip learn something  about our blood…

meaning they don't completely  block and reflect light.

這表示他們不能完全阻擋及反射光線。

Rather, they allow some light to actually pass through our skin,

反而是身體可讓一些光穿透皮膚、

Light, it turns out, can help probe the insides of our bodies.

可看到其實光是可協助 探測身體的內部。

When you inhale, your lungs transfer  oxygen into hemoglobin molecules,

當吸氣時，肺將氧氣 轉到血紅蛋白的分子上，

and the pulse oximeter measures the ratio  of oxygenated to oxygen-free hemoglobin.

脈搏血氧儀量出「氧合血紅素」 和「去氧血紅素」的比例。

It does this by using a tiny red LED light on one side of the fingerclip,

它在指夾的一側，運用了小型紅色的 「發光二極體 (LED)」光源，

而指夾另一側有個小型光感測器。

oxygen-free hemoglobin in your blood  vessels absorbs the red light

血管中的去氧血紅素 吸收紅色光的能力，

more strongly than its oxygenated  counterpart.

So the amount of light that makes it out the other side

depends on the concentration ratio  of the two types of hemoglobin.

取決於這兩種血紅蛋白的比例。

But any two patients will have different-sized  blood vessels in their fingers.

但任何兩個病患的指頭內 血管大小都不相同，

For one patient, a saturation reading of  ninety-five percent

對一位病患而言， 95% 的血氧飽和度

the same reading could dangerously  misrepresent the actual oxygen level.

相同的數值可能危險地誤判 他的真正血氧濃度。

This can be accounted for with a second  infrared wavelength LED.

這可利用第二個 紅外線波長的 LED 光來矯正。

Light comes in a vast spectrum  of wavelengths,

and infrared light lies just beyond  the visible colors.

absorb light at different efficiencies  across this spectrum.

So contrasting the absorbance of red  to infrared light

所以比較紅光與紅外光被吸收多少

provides a chemical fingerprint to  eliminate the blood vessel size effect.

而產生的「化學指紋」圖案，可去除血管大小不同的誤差。

Today, an emerging medical sensor industry is exploring all-new degrees

現在，新的醫學感測器產業在研究

各種不同精確化學指紋的方法，

using tiny light-manipulating devices  no larger than a tenth of a millimeter.

他們運用各種不超過 0.1公釐的微小光學元件，

is made from wires of silicon  that guide light—

to redirect, reshape, even  temporarily trap it.

使其改變方向、改變形狀、 甚至暫時截住它。

A ring resonator device,  which is a circular wire of silicon,

一種環狀共振裝置， 是一種圓形的矽線，

is a light trapper that enhances chemical  fingerprinting.

它能截取光 而提高化學指紋的清晰度。

a ring siphons off and temporarily stores only certain waves of light—

它可吸取和暫時貯存特定的光波──

those whose periodic wavelength fits a whole number of times

只要這光的週期波長 其整數倍數中的一個值

It's the same effect at work when we pluck guitar strings.

Only certain vibrating patterns dominate  a string of a particular length,

一條特定長度的弦， 只有在某些震動型式下，

to give a fundamental  note and its overtones.

才能產生出「基音」和「泛音」。

Ring resonators were originally  designed

to efficiently route different  wavelengths of light—

是為有效地導引不同波長的光──

But some day this kind of data  traffic routing

可是未來某天， 這種數據流量傳輸

may be adapted for miniature chemical fingerprinting labs,

可適用在微型化學指紋檢驗室中，

These future labs-on-a-chip may easily,  rapidly,

這未來的晶片檢驗室 可以輕易迅速地

and non-invasively detect a host  of illnesses,

by analyzing human saliva or sweat  in a doctor's office

且是在醫生診間 或在我們自己家中做。

mirrors the composition of our bodies'  proteins and hormones,

與體內蛋白質和賀爾蒙的組成相似，

and can give early-warning signals for  certain cancers

及自體免疫性疾病的早期預警。

labs-on-a-chip may rely on  several methods,

晶片檢驗室可能仰賴多種方法，

to sift through the large mix of trace  substances in a sample of spit.

以便在唾液檢體中 篩出許多重要的物質。

Various biomolecules in saliva absorb  light at the same wavelength—

唾液中的各種生物分子 可吸收相同波長的光──

but each has a distinct chemical  fingerprint.

但每個分子 會產生不同的化學指紋。

In a lab-on-a-chip, after the light passes through a saliva sample,

在晶片檢驗室， 光穿透唾液檢體後，

may each siphon off a slightly different wavelength of light

而後將光轉到 其對應的光感測器上。

Together, this bank of detectors will  resolve

the cumulative chemical fingerprint  of the sample.

From this information,  a tiny on-chip computer,

利用這個訊息， 一個微小晶片上的電腦

containing a library of chemical  fingerprints for different molecules,

貯存了很多不同分子的化學指紋，

may figure out their relative  concentrations,

From globe-trotting communications  to labs-on-a-chip,

humankind has repurposed light to both  carry and extract information.

人類利用光來傳輸及獲得訊息。

Its ability to illuminate continues to astonish us with new discoveries.

光的照明能力不斷帶給我們令人驚訝的新發現。

字幕列表影片播放

你比你想象的更透明--薩詹-塞尼。 (You are more transparent than you think - Sajan Saini)

eliminate

spectrum

distinct

manipulate