So I'm sitting across from Pedro,

〔本演說含有清楚寫實的影像〕

the coyote, the human smuggler,

我坐在派德羅對面，

in his cement block apartment,

他是人口販運的蛇頭，

in a dusty Reynosa neighborhood

我們在他的水泥公寓中，

somewhere on the US-Mexico border.

在滿是灰塵的雷諾薩鄰坊，

It's 3am.

靠近美墨邊境。

The day before, he had asked me to come back to his apartment.

時間是早上三點。

We would talk man to man.

前一天，他要我回到他的公寓。

He wanted me to be there at night and alone.

我們要像男人對男人般地談話。

I didn't know if he was setting me up,

他要我晚上獨自去那裡。

but I knew I wanted to tell his story.

我不知道他是否會設計我，

He asked me, "What will you do

但我知道我想要說出他的故事。

if one of these pollitos, or migrants, slips into the water and can't swim?

他問我：「你會怎麼做？

Will you simply take your pictures and watch him drown?

如果其中一個移民 掉到水中且不會游泳，

Or will you jump in and help me?"

你會繼續拍照，然後看著他溺死嗎？

At that moment, Pedro wasn't a cartoonish TV version of a human smuggler.

還是你會跳下水幫我？」

He was just a young man, about my age,

那一刻，派德羅並不是電視 卡通中的那種人口販運蛇頭。

asking me some really tough questions.

他只是個年輕人，年齡和我相仿，

This was life and death.

正在問我一些很難答的問題。

The next night, I photographed Pedro as he swam the Rio Grande,

生死就在一線間。

crossing with a group of young migrants into the United States.

隔天晚上，我拍攝了 派德羅游過格蘭河的畫面，

Real lives hung in the balance every time he crossed people.

他和一群年輕移民一起游進美國。

For the last 20 years,

每當他帶人渡河時， 冒的都是真實性命的危險。

I've documented one of the largest transnational migrations

在過去的二十年間，

in world history,

我記錄下了世界歷史上 其中一個最大的跨國遷移，

which has resulted in millions of undocumented people

結果是數百萬名 沒有合法文件的人在美國定居。

living in the United States.

這些人大部分是要 離開中美和墨西哥，

The vast majority of these people leave Central America and Mexico

逃離極度貧困和極端的社會暴力。

to escape grinding poverty and extreme levels of social violence.

我拍攝記錄平凡小人物 生活中的私密時刻，

I photograph intimate moments of everyday people's lives,

那些住在陰影中的人。

of people living in the shadows.

一而再再而三，我目睹了

Time and again, I've witnessed resilient individuals

在極度困難的情況中 堅韌不拔的人，

in extremely challenging situations

用實際可行的方式 來改善他們的生活。

constructing practical ways to improve their lives.

透過這些照片，

With these photographs,

我讓各位直接進入這些時刻當中，

I place you squarely in the middle of these moments

請各位用假設自己 認識他們的立場來想想他們。

and ask you to think about them as if you knew them.

這些作品是歷史記錄文件，

This body of work is a historical document,

是時間膠囊，能夠教導 我們的課題不僅是移民，

a time capsule that can teach us not only about migration,

還有社會和我們自己。

but about society and ourselves.

我從 2000 年開始這個計畫。

I started the project in the year 2000.

移民路線讓我學到

The migrant trail has taught me

我們是如何對待 美國最脆弱的居民。

how we treat our most vulnerable residents in the United States.

它讓我學到暴力、痛苦、希望、

It has taught me about violence and pain and hope and resilience

韌性、掙扎，和犧牲。

and struggle and sacrifice.

它讓我親身學到

It has taught me firsthand

辭令政策和政治政策 會直接影響到真實的人。

that rhetoric and political policy directly impact real people.

最重要的，

And most of all,

移民路線讓我學到

the migrant trail has taught me

走過這條路的每個人 都從此改變了。

that everyone who embarks on it is changed forever.

我從 2000 年開始這個計畫，

I began this project in the year 2000

在芝加哥西北區記錄 一群臨時工的生活。

by documenting a group of day laborers on Chicago's Northwest side.

每天，他們五點就要起床，

Each day, the men would wake up at 5am,

去麥當勞，站在店外，

go to a McDonald's, where they would stand outside

等著跳上陌生人的工作小貨車，

and wait to jump into strangers' work vans,

希望能找到那天的工作。

in the hopes of finding a job for the day.

他們的時薪是五美元，

They earned five dollars an hour,

沒有工作安全保障， 沒有健康保險，

had no job security, no health insurance

幾乎都是沒有合法文件的人。

and were almost all undocumented.

這些人都很強悍。

The men were all pretty tough.

他們必須強悍。

They had to be.

警方卻常騷擾他們， 說他們意圖不軌在外遊盪，

The police constantly harassed them for loitering,

而他們只是每天努力討生活。

as they made their way each day.

慢慢地，他們歡迎我 進入他們的社區。

Slowly, they welcomed me into their community.

這是我最初開始有意識地 用我的照相機來當作武器。

And this was one of the first times

有一天，當他們組織起來 要成立臨時工人中心時，

that I consciously used my camera as a weapon.

一位叫做托馬斯的年輕人來找我，

One day, as the men were organizing to make a day-labor worker center,

問我之後能否留下來拍攝他。

a young man named Tomás came up to me and asked me

我同意了。

will I stay afterwards and photograph him.

當他走進空曠的爛泥地中間時，

So I agreed.

天空中飄起了夏日細雨。

As he walked into the middle of the empty dirt lot,

讓我很意外的是， 他開始脫衣服。（笑）

a light summer rain started to fall.

我不太知道該怎麼辦。

Much to my surprise, he started to take off his clothes. (Laughs)

他指向天空，說：

I didn't exactly know what to do.

「我們的身體是我們僅有的。」

He pointed to the sky and said,

他的驕傲、反抗、 脆弱，全都交織在一起。

"Our bodies are all we have."

這張照片仍是我過去二十年中 最愛的其中一張。

He was proud, defiant and vulnerable, all at once.

在那之後，他的話就 一直留在我腦海中。

And this remains one of my favorite photographs of the past 20 years.

大約同時期， 我遇見了路佩古茲曼，

His words have stuck with me ever since.

她當時正在組織和對抗 零時工仲介機構，

I met Lupe Guzmán around the same time,

這些機構在剝削她和她的同事。

while she was organizing and fighting the day-labor agencies

她組織了一些小規模的 抗議、靜坐等等。

which were exploiting her and her coworkers.

她為她的行動主義 付出很高的代價，

She organized small-scale protests, sit-ins and much more.

因為像 Ron's 這種零時工仲介機構

She paid a high price for her activism,

會排擠她並且拒絕給她工作。

because the day-labor agencies like Ron's

為了生存，

blackballed her and refused to give her work.

她開始在街頭賣烤玉米，

So in order to survive,

成為了街頭小販。

she started selling elotes, or corn on the cob, on the street,

現在，你仍然可以看到她

as a street vendor.

在販售各種口味的烤玉米 和不同的零食等等。

And today, you can still find her

路佩把我帶入她家庭的內部世界，

selling all types of corn and different candies and stuff.

讓我看到移民的真正影響。

Lupe brought me into the inner world of her family

她把我介紹給她的 大家庭中的每個人，

and showed me the true impact of migration.

加比、黃恩、康奇、 加瓦，每個人。

She introduced me to everyone in her extended family,

她姐姐里梅狄歐斯 嫁給了安賽爾摩，

Gabi, Juan, Conchi, Chava, everyone.

他的九位手足中有八位

Her sister Remedios had married Anselmo,

都是在九○年代從墨西哥 移民到芝加哥的。

whose eight of nine siblings

她的許多家人都對我 打開了他們的世界，

had migrated from Mexico to Chicago in the nineties.

分享他們的故事。

So many people in her family opened their world to me

移民路線的心臟和命脈就是家庭。

and shared their stories.

當這些家庭移民時，

Families are the heart and lifeblood of the migrant trail.

他們會改變、轉變社會，

When these families migrate,

很難得有機會如此親密地進入

they change and transform societies.

這些人私人的日常生活，

It's rare to be able to access so intimately

他們對外來者通常 必須採取封閉的態度。

the intimate and day-to-day lives

那時，

of people who, by necessity, are closed to outsiders.

路佩的家人住在 「後院」的孤立世界中，

At the time,

後院是個聯繫緊密的芝加哥街坊，

Lupe's family lived in the insular world of the Back of the Yards,

超過一百年來，它一直都是

a tight-knit Chicago neighborhood,

近期移民進入的入口——

which for more than 100 years had been a portal of entry

首先，來自歐洲的人， 比如我的家人，

for recent immigrants --

近期則是來自拉丁美洲的人。

first, from Europe, like my family,

他們的世界大部分不會被看到。

and more recently, from Latin America.

他們把街坊外面那個 更大的白人世界稱為

Their world was largely hidden from view.

「Gringolandia」。

And they call the larger, white world outside the neighborhood

和許多搬入後院的世世代代一樣，

"Gringolandia."

這個家庭也做了大部分人 不願意做的工作，

You know, like lots of generations moving to the Back of the Yards,

不受到注意的工作：

the family did the thankless hidden jobs that most people didn't want to do:

打掃辦公室大樓、在寒冷的 工廠中準備航班上的餐點、

cleaning office buildings, preparing airline meals in cold factories,

包裝肉類、拆房子。

meat packing, demolitions.

這些都是很辛苦的人工， 薪水被剝削到極低。

It was hard manual labor for low exploitation wages.

但，在週末，他們會一起慶祝，

But on weekends, they celebrated together,

在後院烤肉、

with backyard barbecues

慶生，

and birthday celebrations,

就像世界上其他勞動家庭一樣。

like most working families the world over.

我成了榮譽家庭成員。

I became an honorary family member.

我的小名是「強尼卡納雷斯」， 這是一位德哈諾電視明星的名字。

My nickname was "Johnny Canales," after the Tejano TV star.

我可以接觸主流文化，

I had access to the dominant culture,

所以我有一部分算是家庭 攝影師、一部分是社工、

so I was part family photographer, part social worker

一部分是奇怪的外來小丑， 去那裡娛樂他們。

and part strange outsider payaso clown, who was there to amuse them.

這段時期最難忘的時刻之一，

One of the most memorable moments of this time

是拍攝路佩的孫女伊麗莎白出生。

was photographing the birth of Lupe's granddaughter, Elizabeth.

她兩位較年長的手足 已經穿越了索諾拉沙漠，

Her two older siblings had crossed across the Sonoran Desert,

在嬰兒車中被帶進美國。

being carried and pushed in strollers into the United States.

所以那時，

So at that time,

她的家人允許我拍攝她出生。

her family allowed me to photograph her birth.

當護士把寶寶伊麗莎白 抱到加比的胸口時，

And it was one of the really coolest things

那真的是酷極了。

as the nurses placed baby Elizabeth on Gabi's chest.

她是全家的第一位美國公民。

She was the family's first American citizen.

現在，那個女孩十七歲了。

That girl is 17 today.

我還和路佩及她大部分 家人保持密切聯絡。

And I still remain in close contact with Lupe

我的工作有著很堅固的根源， 就是我自己的家庭史，

and much of her family.

包括流亡以及後來在美國重生。

My work is firmly rooted in my own family's history

1934 年，我父親生在納粹的德國。

of exile and subsequent rebirth in the United States.

和大部分被同化的 德國猶太人一樣，

My father was born in Nazi Germany in 1934.

我的祖父母就只是希望

Like most assimilated German Jews,

納粹德國的問題會安然過去。

my grandparents simply hoped

但 1939 年春天，

that the troubles of the Third Reich would blow over.

我的家庭發生了一件重要的小事。

But in spring of 1939,

我爸爸需要做闌尾切除手術。

a small but important event happened to my family.

因為他是猶太人，

My dad needed an appendectomy.

沒有醫院願意為他開刀。

And because he was Jewish,

手術是在他的廚房桌上進行的，

not one hospital would operate on him.

在家中的廚房桌上。

The operation was carried out on his kitchen table,

在了解到他們所面臨的歧視之後，

on the family's kitchen table.

我的祖父母做出了摧心裂肝的決定，

Only after understanding the discrimination they faced

將他們的兩個孩子送去 難民兒童運動，讓他們前往英國。

did my grandparents make the gut-wrenching decision

我的家人能存活下來， 讓我立下很深的承諾，

to send their two children on the Kindertransport bound for England.

要用深刻、細微的方式 說出這個移民故事。

My family's survival has informed my deep commitment

過去和現在向來都是相互連結的。

to telling this migration story

美國政府干涉拉丁美洲

in a deep and nuanced way.

所遺留下來的長久後果備受爭議，

The past and the present are always interconnected.

且被清楚記錄下來。

The long-standing legacy

1954 年，中情局支持 瓜地馬拉的阿本斯政變、

of the US government's involvement in Latin America

伊朗門事件醜聞、 西半球安全合作學院、

is controversial and well-documented.

羅梅羅主教在聖薩爾瓦多 教堂的階梯上被謀殺，

The 1954 CIA-backed coup of Árbenz in Guatemala,

這些都是這段複雜歷史的例子，

the Iran-Contra scandal, the School of the Americas,

這段歷史造成了中美洲的 不穩定和罪犯逍遙法外。

the murder of Archbishop Romero on the steps of a San Salvador church

幸運的是，這段歷史 並非一直都是黑暗的。

are all examples of this complex history,

七○和八○年代，美國和墨西哥

a history which has led to instability

其實收容了數百萬逃離內戰的難民。

and impunity in Central America.

但當我在瓜地馬拉記錄移民路線時，

Luckily, the history is not unremittingly dark.

兩千年代末期，

The United States and Mexico took in thousands and millions, actually,

大部分的美國人 都和中美洲不斷增加的暴力、

of refugees escaping the civil wars of the 70s and 80s.

讓罪犯逍遙法外，及移民沒有任何關聯。

But by the time I was documenting the migrant trail in Guatemala

對大部分美國公民而言， 這些事就像發生在月球上一樣。

in the late 2000s,

這些年來，我慢慢地拼湊出

most Americans had no connection to the increasing levels of violence,

這複雜的拼圖，

impunity and migration in Central America.

從中美洲通過墨西哥

To most US citizens, it might as well have been the Moon.

延伸到我在芝加哥的後院。

Over the years, I slowly pieced together

我幾乎去過每個邊境城鎮—— 布朗斯維爾、雷諾薩、麥卡倫

the complicated puzzle that stretched from Central America through Mexico

尤馬、加利西哥——

to my backyard in Chicago.

記錄下邊境越來越嚴重的 軍事化備戰狀態。

I hit almost all the border towns -- Brownsville, Reynosa, McAllen,

我每次回來，

Yuma, Calexico --

就會看到更多基礎建設、 更多感測器、更多柵欄、

recording the increasing militarization of the border.

更多邊境巡邏員、 更多高科技場所，

Each time I returned,

那些場所是用來監禁 我們的政府所拘留的

there was more infrastructure, more sensors, more fences,

男人、女人，和孩子。

more Border Patrol agents and more high-tech facilities

九一一之後，監禁 變成了很大的產業。

with which to incarcerate the men, women and children

我拍攝了芝加哥很有 歷史性的大型移民遊行、

who our government detained.

在拘留所的孩子，

Post-9/11, it became a huge industry.

以及反移民仇恨團體 慢慢浸透的興起，

I photographed the massive and historic immigration marches in Chicago,

包括亞利桑納的喬阿爾帕約。

children at detention facilities

我記錄下了在拘留所的孩子、

and the slow percolating rise of anti-immigrant hate groups,

驅逐出境的班機，

including sheriff Joe Arpaio in Arizona.

及許多不同的事物。

I documented the children in detention facilities,

我目擊了墨西哥毒品戰爭的興起，

deportation flights

以及中美洲社會暴力日益嚴重，

and a lot of different things.

我漸漸了解到這些迥然 不同的元素有多麼息息相關，

I witnessed the rise of the Mexican drug war

及我們所有人有多麼息息相關。

and the deepening levels of social violence in Central America.

身為攝影師，

I came to understand how interconnected all these disparate elements were

我們從來不知道哪些特定的時刻 會留在我們的腦海中，

and how interconnected we all are.

或者哪些特定的人會與我們同在。

As photographers,

我們拍攝的對象， 成為我們共同歷史的一部分。

we never really know which particular moment will stay with us

葉麗卡艾斯特拉達 是一名八歲的女孩，

or which particular person will be with us.

她的記憶留在我心中。

The people we photograph become a part of our collective history.

她父親為了養家糊口，

Jerica Estrada was a young eight-year-old girl

去了洛杉磯工作。

whose memory has stayed with me.

和任何盡本分的父親一樣， 他帶著禮物返回瓜地馬拉的家。

Her father had gone to LA in order to work to support his family.

那個週末，他給了 他的長子一台摩特車——

And like any dutiful father,

真的算很奢華。

he returned home to Guatemala, bearing gifts.

當兒子載著父親 從一個家庭派對回家時，

That weekend, he had presented his eldest son with a motorcycle --

一位幫派成員騎車衝上去， 從後面朝他的父親開槍。

a true luxury.

他認錯了人，

As the son was driving the father back home

在這個國家是很常發生的狀況。

from a family party,

但傷害已經造成。

a gang member rode up and shot the dad through the back.

子彈穿過父親，擊中兒子。

It was a case of mistaken identity,

這不是個隨機暴力行為，

an all too common occurrence in this country.

而是社會暴力的一個例子，

But the damage was done.

在世界的這個區域， 這種暴力已經成了常態。

The bullet passed through the father and into the son.

當國家和政府的制度 無法保護個人時，

This was not a random act of violence,

罪犯逍遙法外的情況就會興起。

but one instance of social violence

通常，結果就是迫使 人們離開家園逃亡，

in a region of the world where this has become the norm.

為了尋求安全而冒很大的風險。

Impunity thrives when all the state and governmental institutions

葉麗卡的父親 在送往醫院途中過世。

fail to protect the individual.

他的身體救了他兒子的命。

Too often, the result forces people to leave their homes and flee

當我們抵達公立醫院，

and take great risks in search of safety.

抵達公立醫院的大門，

Jerica's father died en route to the hospital.

我注意到有一位穿著 粉紅條紋上衣的年輕女孩在尖叫。

His body had saved his son's life.

當那個小女孩緊握著她的 小手時，沒有人安慰她。

As we arrived to the public hospital,

她就是那名男子最小的女兒， 她叫做葉麗卡艾斯特拉達。

to the gates of the public hospital,

她哭泣、憤怒，

I noticed a young girl in a pink striped shirt, screaming.

沒有人能做什麼， 因為她父親已經走了。

Nobody comforted the little girl as she clasped her tiny hands.

如今，如果有人問我

She was the man's youngest daughter,

為什麼年輕母親會願意 帶著只有四個月大的寶寶

her name was Jerica Estrada.

旅行數千英里，