video can be even more valuable.

影片的訊息量肯定更多，

While in the past, citizens couldn't be sure a politician

但在過去，民眾無法確定政治人物是否說實話，

was telling the truth -- -Well, I am not a crook.

我可不是騙子，

-- they could trust the words captured on camera

他們只能相信

that were said to begin with.

那些政治人物在影片中講的話，

-I did not have sexual relations with that woman.

我跟那個女人沒有性關係。

But seeing isn't always believing anymore.

可是眼見不再為憑，

Glenn didn't just say that -- I did.

說剛剛那句話的不是格蘭，是我講的，

False and misleading videos are circulated online,

許多內容不實或誤導觀眾的影片由政客、遊說團體等散播，

spread by politicians, advocacy groups, and others,

在網路上流傳，

and they're often viewed millions of times.

通常那些影片都擁有幾百萬個觀看次數，

As the technology to manipulate video advances,

假造影片的科技不斷進步，

there's even more urgency to understand

因此我們必須趕緊了解如何

what's real and what's fake.

判斷影片真偽，

-"The Fact Checker's" set out to develop a universal language

「事實檢驗器」希望研發一個通用語言，

to hold creators and sharers of misleading video accountable.

讓不實影片的創作者和散播者必須承擔責任，

This guide is intended to start a conversation.

我們希望藉由這個簡介影片開啟對話，

To equip you with a new awareness

讓觀看者對這方面有新的認識，

and a set of skills to detect fake video.

學習判斷影片真假的技巧，

-We've grouped manipulated videos

我們將假造影片

into three broad categories.

分成三個大類別，

The first category is missing context.

第一類是缺乏背景脈絡，

The video is unaltered, but is presented in a way

影片沒有後製修改，

that lacks or misstates the context

可是缺少或謊報

in which events occurred.

事件背景；

Misrepresentation is using incorrect framing of a video

曲解是在影片使用不正確的畫面或鏡頭

that misleads the viewer.

誤導觀看者，

For example, Trump campaign adviser Katrina Pierson

例如川普的競選顧問卡翠納皮爾森，

shared this video to represent rockets being fired in Gaza,

分享過一個在加薩發射火箭的影片，

but it was really filmed in Belarus, 2,000 miles away.

但這其實是在三千公里之外的白俄羅斯拍攝的，

Isolation is sharing a brief clip from a larger video,

隔絕是指從較長的影片擷取剪斷片段，

creating a false narrative, like when conservatives shared

敘述錯誤的事情，

that snippet of Representative Ilhan Omar,

例如保守黨分享過眾議員伊爾漢·奧瑪爾的演說片段，

making it sound like she downplayed the 9/11 attacks.

讓人們覺得她好像不重視九一一恐攻，

-Far too long we have lived with the discomfort

我們活在身為次等公民的不安已經太久，

of being a second-class citizen, and, frankly, I'm tired of it,

老實說我對此已感到厭倦，

and every single Muslim in this country should be tired of it.

每一位美國穆斯林也應該感到厭倦，

CAIR was founded after 9/11

美國與伊斯蘭關係委員會在 911 事件後創立，

because they recognized that some people did something

因為穆斯林們意識到就因為某些人做了壞事，

and that all of us were starting to lose access

便連帶使所有穆斯林開始

to our civil liberties.

喪失公民自由權利，

-If the quote or video isn't being reported

如果這整段話或影片沒有經過

by multiple verified news outlets,

多個新聞出處報導，

it might be missing some important context.

可能錯失重要的上下文。

The second category is the deceptive edit.

第二類是造假後製，

That means a video has been edited or re-arranged.

意思是影片經過編輯或重新排列，

Omission is editing out large portions of a video

省略是把影片的大部分內容去除掉，

to skew reality.

以曲解事實，

A liberal activist group shared this edited video of Senator

一個自由黨的活動團體發過一段後製過的影片，

Dianne Feinstein speaking to children about climate change

關於參議員黛安范士丹跟孩子們介紹氣候變遷，

that makes her look cool and dismissive.

讓她顯得冷淡而且輕蔑，

-We have our own Green New Deal. -Some scientists have said

我們有自己新的環境保護條約

that we have 12 years to turn this around.

有些科學家說我們有十二年的時間扭轉氣候變遷，

Well, it's not going to get turned around in 10 years.

未來十年不可能好轉的，

What we can do -- -Senator --

我們可以做的是...

Splicing is editing videos together

接合代表融合多個影片，

to fundamentally change the story,

完全改變整個故事，

like when this conservative news outlet

例如這個保守黨媒體

combined two different interviews of then Democratic

結合兩個亞歷山德里婭·歐加修寇特茲的訪談─

congressional candidate Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,

當時她是民主黨的國會議員參選人，

changing the meaning behind her answers.

改變她的回答內容意涵，

-Do you have any knowledge whatsoever

你具備關於

about how our political system works?

美國政治運作的知識嗎？

-Mnh. -Yikes!

沒有 天啊！

-If there seem to be gaps

如果影片中

or unexplained transitions in a video,

似乎有間隔差距或無法解釋的過度片段，

it may have been intentionally edited.

那可能就是有經過蓄意修改，

The third category is malicious transformation.

第三大類稱為惡意轉換：

The video has been manipulated to transform the footage itself.

透過偽造改變影片本身，

Doctoring is altering the frames of a video, cropping,

竄改是使用 Photoshop 或過音增減影像資訊，

or changing the speed, using Photoshop, dubbing audio,

改變影片影格，剪裁畫面、

or adding or deleting visual information

或轉變速度

in order to deceive the viewer.

欺騙觀看者，

For example, this video of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi

例如這支眾議院南西佩洛西的訪談影片速度

was slowed down to make her look drunk.

被調慢，讓她看起來喝醉了，

-Fabrication is using artificial intelligence

偽造是使用人工智慧

to make high-quality fake images.

製作品質很好的造假圖像，

This includes deepfakes, like the video of Mark Zuckerberg

包括 Deepfake 網站，

created using artificial intelligence

例如用人工智慧可以合成影片，

to make him say things that he never said.

讓馬克祖克伯說了本人從來沒說過的事情，

Whoever controls the data controls the future.

能掌控數據的人也掌控了未來。

Inconsistencies around someone's face,

如果人臉周圍有不一致的地方，

like weird coloring or blurring,

例如奇怪顏色或模糊區塊、

as well as limited or no blinking,

以及眨眼次數過少或根本沒有眨眼，

could mean it's a deepfake video.

可能代表這是用 Deepfake 製作的影片，

If someone's voice sounds a little low or their hands

如果人的聲音聽起來有點太低、

are moving too quickly or their face just looks off,

手移動太快或是臉部表情不正常，

the video might have been manipulated.

就可能代表影片有經過假造，

By labeling these types of video,

我們將這些影片歸類，

we hope to create awareness

希望可以讓你們了解，

that not all video shared online can be taken as a fact.

並不是所有在網路上流傳的影片都可以當作事實，

We expect this list will grow as new categories

預計新型態的假影片出現後，

of false video emerge.

這些類別名單會有更多項目，

Online users should show more skepticism

網路使用者需要對所有快速散播的影片，

before believing that a viral video really happened.

保持懷疑態度，

And politicians and public figures have a responsibility

政治與公眾人物有責任

to be more careful about what they share

對於自己在社群媒體分享的貼文

on their social-media feeds.

更謹慎，

As technology develops, these videos will only become

隨著科技發展，這些影片只會

more and more common and more convincing.

變得更普遍與讓人信服，

To speak on behalf of the American people

為美國人民發聲，

and to address their concerns, their hopes, and their dreams.

解除他們的憂慮、實踐他們的希望與夢想。

So, if you see something weird on your Twitter feed or Facebook

所以如果你在推特、臉書、或 IG 看到奇怪的影片，

or Instagram, don't hesitate to e-mail us.

不要猶豫，趕快寄電子郵件給我們。