It's not easy, and yet that's the kind of decision which millions of autonomous cars

這並不容易，但這是數百萬自駕車

would have to make in the near future. We programme the machine but who do we tell it to save?

在不久的將來必須做出的決定。我們對機器編制程式，但是我們該叫它救誰？

That is the set-up of the moral machine experiment.

這就是道德機器實驗的設置。

There are so many moral decisions that we usually make during the day we don't realise.

我們一天當中很常會做出道德選擇，只是我們不明白而已。

In driverless cars, these decisions will have to be implemented ahead of time.

在無人車中，這些決定必須提前實行。

The goal was to open this discussion to the public.

目標是向大眾討論這個議題。

Some decisions might seem simple - should the car save a family of 4 or a cat?

有些決定看似簡單－這台車應該要救一家四口，還是救一隻貓？

But what about a homeless person and their dog instead of a businessman?

但如果是救流浪漢和他們的狗，而不是商人呢？

Or how about two athletes and an old woman instead of two schoolchildren?

或者是救兩名運動員和一名老婦人，而不是兩名學童呢？

The problem was that there were so many combinations, so many possible accidents,

問題在於有這麼多組合，這麼多可能的意外，

that it seemed impossible to investigate them all using classic social science methods.

似乎不可能用傳統的科學方法來研究他們。

Not only that, but how do people's culture and background affect the decisions that they make?

不僅如此，大眾的文化和背景會如何影響他們做出決定？

The only option we had really was to turn it into a viral website. Of course, it's easier said than done, right.

我們只能選擇把它變成一個受歡迎的網站。當然，說起來比做還簡單，對吧。

But that is exactly what the team managed to do. They turned these situations into an online task

但這正是團隊設法做到的。他們將這些情況做成線上任務，

that people across the globe wanted to share and take part in.

讓全世界的人都想分享並加入討論。

They gathered almost 40 million moral decisions, taken from millions of online participants across 233 countries and territories from all around the world.

他們從全球 233 個國家和地區中，數百萬的線上參與者身上，收集了近 4000 萬個道德決定。

The results are intriguing. First, there are three fundamental principles which hold true across the world.

結果很有趣。 首先，全世界有三個基本原則。

The main results of the paper, for me, are first, the big three in people's preferences which is save human, save the greater number, save the kids.

對我來說，研究的主要結果是大眾有三大偏好：救人類，救多數人，救小孩。

The second most interesting finding was the clusters, the clusters of countries with different moral profiles.

第二個最有趣的發現是族群，具有不同道德特徵的國家族群。

The first cluster included many western countries, the second cluster had many eastern countries

第一個族群包括許多西方國家，第二個族群有許多東方國家，

and the third cluster had countries from Latin America and also from former French colonies.

第三個族群是拉丁美洲和前法國殖民地。

The cultural differences we find are sometimes hard to describe because they're multidimensional,

我們發現的文化差異有時難以描述，因為它們是多方面的問題，

but some of them are very striking, like the fact that eastern countries do not have such a strong preference for saving young lives.

但其中一些令人非常驚訝，像是東方國家沒有如此強烈的偏好，會選擇先救小孩子。

Eastern countries seem to be more respectful of older people, which I thought was a very interesting finding.

東方國家似乎更尊重老年人，我覺得這是一個非常有趣的發現。

And it wasn't just age. One cluster showed an unexpectedly strong preference for saving women over men.

不只是年齡而已，有一個族群非常出乎意料，他們展現出先救女性而非男性的強烈傾向。

I was also struck by the fact that French and the French subcluster was so interested in saving women.

讓我也感到驚訝的是，法國和其子群體對先救女性如此感興趣。

That was, yeah, I'm still not quite sure what's going on here.

就是，對，我還是不太確定這其中的原因。

Another surprising finding concerned people's social status. On one side we put male and female executives,

另一個驚人的發現有關大眾的社會地位。 一方面來說，我們把管理階層的男性和女性放在一邊，

and on the other side we put a homeless person. The higher the economic inequality in a country,

另一方面我們放了一個流浪漢。一個國家的經濟程度越不平等，

the more people were willing to spare the executives at the cost of the homeless people.

就越有人願意以流浪漢當代價，來拯救管理階層的人。

This work provides new insight into how morals change across cultures

這個實驗為在不同文化中道德如何改變，提供了新的見解，

and the team see particular relevance to the field of artificial intelligence and autonomous vehicles.

團隊認為這與人工智慧和自駕車的領域有特殊相關性。

In the grand scheme of it, I think these results are going to be very important to align artificial intelligence to human values. We sometimes change our minds.

這在主要的計劃中，我認為這些結果，對人工智慧與人類價值觀的結合非常重要。 我們有時會改變想法。

Other people next to us don't think the same things we do. Other countries don't think the same things we do.

旁人不會和我們想著同樣的事，其他國家的人也不會和我們想著同樣的事。

So aligning AI and human moral value is only possible if we do understand these differences,

所以，可能只有了解這些差異，才能讓人工智慧和道德價值站在同一條線上，

and that's what we tried to do. I so much hope that we can converge, that we avoid a future

這就是我們努力在做的事。我非常希望我們能夠整合這兩者，為了避免我們在未來，

where you have to learn about the new ethical setting of your car every time you cross a border.

每次到不同國家時，還必須先了解車子新的道德設置。