- Oh that's better, thanks.

- 這樣好多了，謝謝。

(upbeat instrumental music)

(歡快的器樂）

Hello and as always I would like to welcome you

您好，我一如既往地歡迎您

to the Laramy-K Optician Works Training Center.

到 Laramy-K 眼科工作培訓中心。

Last week we covered seven of the eight

上週，我們介紹了八項活動中的七項

refractive errors of the human eye.

人眼的屈光不正。

And as promised today we're gonna wrap it up

按照約定，今天我們要總結一下

with number eight, Presbyopia.

第八項，老花眼。

Last time that we got together we talked about

上次我們在一起時談到

seven of the eight refractive errors of the human eye.

人眼八種屈光不正中的七種。

And I said that I don't really like

我說我並不喜歡

calling Presbyopia a refractive error.

稱老花眼為屈光不正。

I think it's a more of refractive condition

我認為這更像是一種屈光狀況

which most of us end up having if we live long enough.

如果我們活得足夠長，我們中的大多數人最終都會有這樣的經歷。

And I'll talk about that in just a minute,

我稍後再談這個問題、

after we get through this section.

在我們通過本節之後。

Same eye, same cornea, same retina, same fovea, same macula.

同樣的眼睛，同樣的角膜，同樣的視網膜，同樣的眼窩，同樣的黃斑。

From there things get a little but different

從這裡開始，事情變得有些不同

than those other seven we talked about last time.

比我們上次談到的其他七個還多。

This is about a lens, the crystalline lens

這是關於一種晶狀體，即晶體透鏡

that's inside the eye.

那是眼睛裡面的東西。

And because it's inside the eye

因為它在眼睛裡

it's really none of our business.

這真的與我們無關。

There's nothing we can do about it.

我們對此無能為力。

We need to know the why of what's happening

我們需要知道發生這些事情的原因

so that we can figure out the how

這樣我們就能知道如何

we can overcome it with lenses.

我們可以用鏡頭來克服它。

That's our job, were opticians not docs.

這是我們的工作，我們是驗光師，不是醫生。

When that crystalline lens which is a biconvex shape,

當晶狀體呈雙凸狀時、

it's a plus lens, plus shape in very simple terms.

簡單地說，它是一個加號鏡頭，加號形狀。

When we are looking out in the distance here.

當我們在這裡眺望遠方時。

We're looking at our big A, out past 20 feet.

我們在看我們的大A，在20英尺外。

The lens is relaxed, it's as flat as it can be.

鏡頭很放鬆，儘可能地平整。

As our object moves from distance to near

當我們的物體從遠處移動到近處時

it passes our 20 foot mark roughly.

它大致經過我們的 20 英尺標記。

As the object gets closer and closer to us

隨著物體離我們越來越近

this crystalline lens changes

這種晶狀體會發生變化

either the zonules or ciliary muscles

睫狀肌

and it allows the lens to change it's shape.

它允許鏡頭改變形狀。

It becomes more biconvex, more plus.

它變得更加雙凸，更加加長。

And it allows us to see that object as it comes in clearly.

它能讓我們清楚地看到進入的物體。

And kind of an important note,

還有一點很重要、

something kind of fascinating is happening here in our brain

在我們的大腦中正在發生著某種奇妙的事情

is that the object doesn't become larger.

是物體不會變大。

I mean we think of a magnifying glass,

我是說，我們會想到放大鏡、

we think of making something larger.

我們想做得更大。

But it doesn't, it actually just stays clear as it comes in.

但實際上並沒有，它只是在進入時保持清晰。

Which is kinda cool, at least I think it's kinda cool.

這還挺酷的，至少我覺得挺酷。

Oddly enough the ciliary muscles contract,

奇怪的是，睫狀肌會收縮、

release the pressure off the zonules

釋放壓力

and that's what allows this lens to increase in size.

這也是這款鏡頭能夠增大尺寸的原因。

So that's the why, how we fix it

這就是為什麼，我們如何解決它

obviously we'll get into that in other videos.

顯然，我們會在其他視頻中討論這個問題。

But we use our common ordinary prescriptions

但我們使用的是我們常見的普通處方

for our other seven refractive errors

其他七種屈光不正

combined with an add power.

結合增加功率。

We give back some of that plus that's lost

我們將損失的部分加起來還給他們

when this can no longer do what it's supposed to.

當它不能再發揮應有的作用時。

Let's talk about that for a few minutes.

讓我們來談談這個問題。

(brite instrumental music)

（光亮器樂）

Let me talk just briefly a little bit more

請允許我再簡單談一下

about the why behind this.

背後的原因。

What is happening to this poor

這個可憐的

crystalline lens inside our body.

我們體內的晶體透鏡。

Well there are a couple of things

有幾件事

happening in very simple terms.

用非常簡單的話來說，就是 "發生了"。

One is ...

一個是...

(brite string music)

（光亮絃樂）

One is, cells die off.

一是細胞死亡。

Cells die in the body, you know skin cells

細胞在體內死亡，你知道皮膚細胞

and they flake off and they go away, get vacuumed up.

它們會剝落，然後消失，被吸走。

They have a place they can go when they die.

他們死後有地方可以去。

The crystalline lens is a capsule.

晶狀體是一個囊狀體。

It's enclosed, it's inside the vitreous humour.

它是封閉的，在玻璃體內。

Inside the eye, inside the body, inside the skull.

在眼睛裡，在身體裡，在頭骨裡。

The cells as they die off inside the crystalline lens

晶狀體內死亡的細胞

over time as we age, they have no place to go.

隨著年齡的增長，它們無處可去。

They're trapped in there, they start taking up space.

它們被困在裡面，開始佔用空間。

They are no longer young and soft and able to move.

他們不再年輕，不再柔軟，不再能動。

They start making that lens stiff.

他們開始讓鏡頭變得僵硬。

It can't change shape anymore.

它不能再改變形狀了。

The muscles, just like the muscles in our body.

肌肉，就像我們身體裡的肌肉一樣。

As we age, and we're creeping along and we're sore

隨著年齡的增長，我們步履蹣跚，渾身痠痛

and we can't move like we use to.

我們無法像以前那樣行動自如。

Same for these, the zonules and the ciliary muscles

這些部位、小帶和睫狀肌也一樣

they get old, they get tired.

他們老了，他們累了。

Instead of reacting in milliseconds, they react in seconds.

他們不再以毫秒為組織、部門做出反應，而是以秒為組織、部門做出反應。

Can't make that nice change rapidly,

無法迅速做出漂亮的改變、

don't allow it to expand and contract like it use to.

不允許它像以前那樣膨脹和收縮。

Related to this is cataracts, not direct relationship.

與此相關的是白內障，沒有直接關係。

But over time because of the dead cells

但隨著時間的推移，由於死細胞

and reaction possibly to UV light, or our age, or time.

這可能與紫外線、我們的年齡或時間有關。

This becomes cloudy and as that becomes cloudy

它變得渾濁，當它變得渾濁時

that's what you'd have what's called cataracts.

這就是所謂的白內障。

And of course light can't pass through the cloudy lens

當然，光線也無法穿過渾濁的鏡頭

and hit the retina nice and clean and sharp.

並乾淨利落地打在視網膜上。

So they end up taking this out and replacing it.

是以，他們最終把這個取出來，換上了新的。

But then again that's kind of

但這又有點

something a little but different.

有點與眾不同

But it's kinda sorta related to Presbyopia

但這與老花眼有點關係

and you understand why.

你就明白為什麼了。

When this changes, if they change the power here

當這種情況發生變化時，如果他們改變了這裡的權力

then our job out here changes as well.

那麼我們在這裡的工作也會隨之改變。

That is a little but of an overview

這只是一個小小的概述

of the refractive condition of Presbyopia.

老花眼的屈光狀況。

We have covered the other seven in last weeks video

我們已在上週的視頻中介紹了其他七種情況

and of course soon we will be going on

當然，我們很快就會

to how we use lens, our job what Opticians do,

到我們如何使用鏡片，我們的工作是什麼，驗光師是做什麼的、

design lenses to overcome those eight refractive errors.

設計鏡片來克服這八種屈光不正。

Thank you so much for watching.

感謝您的收看。

Make sure you also watch the video

確保您也觀看了視頻

on the other seven refractive errors of the human eye.

人眼的其他七種屈光不正。

Because soon we will tying lens design

因為我們很快就會綁定鏡頭設計

to the correction of those errors.

以糾正這些錯誤。

Please hit the like button and please leave me a comment.

請點擊 "喜歡 "按鈕，並給我留言。

(light orchestral music)

(輕管絃樂）

Last ... (coughing)

最後......（咳嗽）