This holiday season, I bet many of you are going to be sitting down with family and friends to celebrate.

這次假日季節，我敢說你們許多人都準備好坐下來跟家人還有朋友好好慶祝一番了吧

And I bet a lot of you are going to be eating some nice delicious… dinosaur!

我也敢說你們許多人都要享用一些美味的 ... 恐龍！

Birds are dinosaurs!

鳥類也是恐龍！

But why is that?

但為什麼是牠？

That's what we're going to talk about today.

那就是今天的主題

[OPEN]

(開場)

Today I'm here with my friends Anna Rothschild who makes Science Magic Show Hooray! at The

今天，我與我的朋友 Anna‧Rothschild，她在華盛頓郵報負責制作 Science Magic Show Hooray！

Washington Post, and… fun fact, she's 25% mashed potatoes.

還有個有趣的事，她是 25% 的 mashed potatoes

It's true!

是真的！

I am.

我是

And Dr. Shae Montanari, who is not only a pumpkin beer aficionado, but is a dinosaur expert extraordinaire.

還有 Shae‧Montanari 博士，她不只是南瓜啤酒狂，也是傑出的恐龍專家

Really happy to be here, Joe

真的很開心能來這裡，Joe

We have all heard that birds are dinosaurs, but what exactly does that really mean?

我們都聽過鳥類也是恐龍，但準確地來說那究竟是什麼意思呢？

That's a great question , Anna.

那是個很好的問題，Anna

So the way that we can even tell that anything is related to something else is through looking at

所以我們甚至可以說任何東西都跟其他東西有關

their anatomy and what kind of characteristics that they share.

從牠們解剖學的角度以及牠們共有的特徵來看

These are called synapomorphies, traits shared by two or more groups of organisms, and derived

這些叫作共有衍徵，兩個以上的有機生物群體共有的特徵

from a common ancestor.

而這樣的特徵來自共同的祖先

Like how humans and chimps both have opposable thumbs.

像人類跟黑猩猩都有可相對拇指

So, there's different kinds of dinosaurs and we can look at the characteristics of

所以現在分類上有許多不同種的恐龍，我們可以看看鳥類的特徵

birds to find out exactly what kind of dinosaurs they are.

找出牠們確切應該隸屬於哪種恐龍

There's actually lots of clues preserved in their bones that show that they are very

其實有很多證據留存在牠們的骨頭中，顯示牠們跟恐龍關係匪淺

closely related, and that birds are actually dinosaurs.

可以說鳥類其實就是恐龍

And we're gonna find those today, with this!

而我們今天就要來找出答案，跟這盤東西！

So, we couldn't get a turkey, it's not quite Thanksgiving yet.

所以我們不能拿一隻火雞來，因為還不是感恩節

But everything we show you we promise you can do at your holiday table with the people

但所有我們展示出來的，我們保證你可以跟一起慶祝節日的人們在餐桌上進行

you're celebrating with, and explain to them the science of why you're eating a dinosaur.

並且跟他們解釋為什麼你們在吃的是一隻恐龍，科學證據為何

VO: In the 1860s, scientists unearthed the most famous feathered dinosaur fossil: Archaeopteryx.

旁白：西元 1860 年代，科學家挖掘出最著名的有羽毛恐龍化石：始祖鳥

Early defenders of evolution like Thomas Henry Huxley began to suggest that these extinct reptiles were

早期的演化論擁護者，像 Thomas‧Henry‧Huxley 就開始指出這些滅絕的爬蟲動物

so similar to birds, they must be related.

跟鳥類十分相似，牠們一定有關係

But the idea didn't really catch on until the 1970s, when new fossils filled in more

但這樣的見解直到西元 1970 年代以前都不算主流說法，西元 1970 年代後新的化石填滿了

empty branches on the dinosaur family tree…

更多空白的恐龍譜系圖分支

VO: About 250 million years ago, a group called Archosaurs split into Crocodilian reptiles, and Dinosaurs.

旁白：大約 2.5 億年前，有一類叫作主龍類中，分裂成為鱷類支系跟恐龍

And a lot of evolution has happened since that split.

許多的演化都從那時候的分裂開始

Ok, so there's two groups of dinosaurs, and that's the Ornithischian and the Saurischian dinosaurs.

ok，所以有兩個族群的恐龍，鳥臀目跟蜥臀目恐龍

And that split happened about 240 million years ago.

那次的分裂發生在大約 2.4 億年前

And the way we know that birds belong to the Saurischian group is mainly because of their hands.

而我們知道鳥類屬於蜥臀目族群的原因主要是因為牠們的手

Wait, hands?

等等，手？

Birds don't have hands!

鳥類沒有手！

Birds actually DO have hands, they just don't really look like hands anymore.

鳥類確實有手，只是看起來不像我們認知的手了

So if you've eaten a chicken wing, or at least you know held on to a chicken wing, you've been shaking hands with a chicken!

所以如果你吃過雞翅，或是至少你有拿過雞翅，你就是跟雞握手了！

Can we dig into this chicken and check it out?

我們可以把雞挖開找出牠的手嗎？

I think it's time to check it out.

我覺得是時候看看了

Let's go find a chicken hand.

讓我們來找找雞的手吧

So these are like the original chicken fingers!

所以這些就像是原本雞的手指！

I usually dissect these with my teeth,

我通常會用牙齒把它分離

-you're doing it completely differently -So that little skinny part of the wing, at

-妳做的方式跟我完全不同 -所以那一小部分的翅膀，在最末端

the end, that you don't typically eat…

正常來說你不會吃的 ...

This little nubbin?

這一小塊突起？

That little nubbin, is the finger of the chicken, that's gotten super reduced.

那一小塊突起，就是雞的手指，它已經退化到極致了

I accidentally broke off the very tip of the bird finger, but here is like, the second digit.

我不小心把這個鳥類手指的尖端折斷了，但這裡，就像是第二根手指一樣

The very, very tip of the finger.

手指最尖端的地方

It's a tiny bird finger.

它是個很小的鳥類手指

Joe, I'm going to let you hold that as well!

Joe，我一樣要讓你拿著這個

That's first digit. This is second digit. And third digit.

那是第一個手指，這是第二個，然後第三個手指

The length of the three bird fingers inside a wing narrows down which group of dinosaurs birds descended from

鳥類翅膀內狹窄處的手指長度說明了鳥類起源於哪一個恐龍族群

The second finger is longest in birds and in Saurischian dinosaurs.

鳥類跟蜥臀目恐龍的第二根手指最長

That's a big way we know that birds belong to the Saurischian group as opposed to the Ornithischian group.

那是個很重要的方法，可以讓我們知道鳥類屬於蜥臀目族群而不是鳥臀目族群

So birds are Saurischian dinosaurs, but are all Saurischian dinosaurs birds?

所以鳥類是蜥臀目恐龍，但是所有蜥臀目恐龍都是鳥類嗎？

No, they are not.

不，不是所有

That's a great question.

那是個好問題

So even within Saurischian dinosaurs, as we're walking up this dinosaur family tree, there's

所以即使在蜥臀目恐龍裡，當我們在恐龍譜系圖中往下走，還有另一個族群分支

another group that branches off and we can tell which one birds are a part of, and it's the Theropod dinosaurs.

而我們也能分出鳥類屬於哪一部分，就是獸腳亞目

And the one bone that is the biggest clue of Theropod dinosaurs is something that you've

而鳥類中有一個骨頭可以作為證明他們是獸腳亞目恐龍的最大證據

probably played a little game with after your thanksgiving dinner: The wishbone!

那個骨頭你可能會在感恩節晚餐後用來玩個小遊戲：如願骨！

Right here.

就在這

Cooool!

酷欸！

I think it's time to dissect a wishbone.

我想是時候解剖一個如願骨出來了

What does the wishbone do?

如願骨是用來作什麼的？

Does it serve a purpose for flight or for something else?

它是用作飛行用途或幹麻的呢？

It helps birds get their wishes!

它讓鳥類如願以償！

Oh right, of course!

喔好，當然！

Besides helping all their dreams come true, the furcula is actually support for the flight muscles.

除了幫牠們夢想成真以外，叉骨其實支撐了飛行用的肌肉

A wishbone, or “furcula”, is actually a bird's collarbones, but instead of two

如願骨，或稱「叉骨」，其實是鳥的鎖骨

separate collarbones like we have, theirs is fused into one.

但不是像我們一樣是分開的鎖骨，牠們的會合而為一

Wishbones have only been found in birds and Theropod dinosaurs, like Allosaurus, and they

如願骨只在鳥類跟獸腳亞目找得到，像是異特龍屬

draw a clear line from those extinct creatures to our modern feathered friends.

如願骨也將那些滅絕生物連結到我們現代的有羽毛朋友們

Ok let's get this wishbone out in one piece.

好，讓我們把如願骨完整的拿出來吧

This is nerve wracking.

這真讓人心驚膽跳

I got it!

我成功了！

You did it!

你做到了！

Bravo!

好樣的！

So all birds will have a form of this,

所以所有鳥類都有這樣的骨頭

and all dinosaurs in this part of the tree also had something like this?

而所有在這個分支的恐龍也都有相似的骨頭

We've found a furcula in most Theropod dinosaurs' fossils that we've found around the world.

我們發現在世界上絕大多數獸腳亞目恐龍化石都有

We'll save this for later.

我們要留下來等等用

VO: Fossil wishbones are one of the most important pieces of evidence we have that birds descended from Theropod dinosaurs.

旁白：如願骨化石是其中一個最重要的證據證明鳥類起源於獸腳亞目恐龍

So actually one of the similarities between birds and theropods, and how we know that

所以其實鳥類跟獸腳亞目其中一個最相似的地方，還有我們怎麼會知道鳥類是獸腳亞目

birds are theropod dinosaurs, is inside their bones.

是牠的骨頭內部

This is another one of those tibiotarsus bones…

這是其中一個脛跗骨 ...

Drumstick bones!

雞腿骨！

Drumstick bones, and I have channeled all of my rage and broken this one in half, and

雞腿骨，我要注入我所有的憤怒然後將它一分為二

look inside, and you can see that the walls of the bone is very thin and basically hollow.

可以看到裡面，你會看到骨壁非常薄，而且基本上是中空的

So when people say that birds have hollow bones, that's what they mean.

所以當人們說鳥類有中空的骨頭，意思就是這樣

There's very little spongy bone on the inside, and there's a very thin wall, which makes

這裡有非常小的海綿狀骨頭在裡面，還有很薄的骨壁

it easier for them to fly.

更方便讓牠們飛行

Theropod dinosaurs had these hollow bones too.

獸腳亞目恐龍也有這樣的中空骨頭

So did that help them be more agile, you know, go in for more Jurassic Park type kills?

所以這讓牠們更靈活，妳知道的，可以做出像侏儸紀公園式的獵殺？

Right, that's a great question.

對，那是個很好的問題

Because theropods had a lot of the characteristics that modern birds do, but they didn't fly.

因為獸腳亞目有許多特性跟現代鳥類一樣，但牠們不會飛

So these characteristics must have been helpful for them to do other things.

所以這些特性一定對牠們做其他事時有幫助

And hunting is definitely one of them.

而狩獵絕對是其中之一

That's the cool thing about evolution, is that something that could have helped theropods

這是演化很酷的一部分，就是某個部分對不會飛的獸腳亞目很有幫助

that didn't fly in one way, birds could have taken advantage of that in a completely

而鳥類利用這樣優勢發展成完全不同的方式

different way as light weight for flight, right?

像減輕體重來飛行，對吧？

Exactly!

完全正確！

So even within Theropods, as we're going down the family tree, there's more branches,

所以即使在獸腳亞目裡，當我們繼續細看譜系圖，還有更多的分支

and the way we can tell which one birds fall in is how many fingers they have.

而我們可以分辨鳥類落在哪一個分支的方式就是看牠們有多少根手指

So our chicken we've got one, two, three fingers.

所以我們的雞有 1、2、3 根手指

VO: Around 200 million years ago, Theropods split.

旁白：大約 2 億年前，獸腳亞目分成兩個支系

One branch kept four or even five fingers, but a branch called Tetanurae all descended

一個分支保有 4 或 5 根手指，但一個分支堅尾龍類都是源於

from an ancestor with just three fingers.

3 根手指的祖先

Our bird?

我們的鳥類？

Three fingers!

3 根手指！

Later, some Tetanurans, like T. rex, even lost an additional finger, going from three to two!

後來一些堅尾龍類，像暴龍，甚至又失去 1 根手指，從 3 根變成 2 根！

Poor T. rex.

可憐的暴龍

Ok, so to get to the next identifying characteristic of this bird,

OK，所以為了取得下一個識別這隻鳥的特徵

we're really gonna have to dig in there.

我們真的要挖到裡面去了

I'm just ripping parts off here.

我正在把牠撕開來

It's so… it's kinda fun actually.

這很 ... 其實有點有趣

It's like The Brain Scoop crossed with a cooking show right now.

就像 The Brain Scoop 正在跟料理節目合作

I mean honestly, this entire scene is so macabre.

我老實說，這整個畫面真的很可怕

It's so bad.

很糟

It's awesome.

真是了不起

The darkest thanksgiving!

暗黑感恩節

You can do any of this with a turkey, it's just going to be a lot messier.

所有的行為你都可以對火雞做，只是會有點髒亂而已

Which in my book, makes it more fun.

這在我的書裡會讓它更有趣

So we know that birds are Tetanurans, but is that the last branch

所以我們知道鳥類屬於堅尾龍類，但這是最後一個分支

or can we get even more specific?

還是我們可以分更細？

We can get even more specific.

我們可以分得更細

There's a few more branches to go, before we get to what we call “crown birds” or living birds.

在抵達我們所謂的「冠鳥」或現存鳥類前，還有一些分支

And birds are a specific kind of theropod called Maniraptoran theropods.

鳥類是一種特定的獸腳亞目，叫做手盜龍類獸腳亞目

So Maniraptora, one of the characteristics of this group is that the hips point backwards.

所以手盜龍類，這個族群其中一個特性是臀部是向後指的

Specifically, the rearward-tilted bone is a part of the pelvis called the pubis.

具體來說，就是骨盆中的恥骨是向後翹起的

So we've got our backward facing pelvis for the maniraptorans.

所以我們獲得了手盜龍類向後翹起的骨盆

Is there another branch beyond this?

除此之外還有其他分支嗎？

Yeah, so there's Avialae

當然，還有鳥翼類

So Aves is part of Avialae.

所以鳥綱就屬於鳥翼類

Aves is modern birds and a big difference between the kinds of theropod

鳥綱是現代鳥類，而獸腳亞目恐龍跟鳥類有個很大的差別

dinosaurs that you're probably envisioning in your head, like Velociraptor, and birds, is a tail.

你可能腦中想到的獸腳亞目恐龍是像迅猛龍這類，就是尾巴

So birds actually do not have tails.

所以其實鳥類沒有尾巴

This little bit at the end represents what's left of the dinosaur tail, called a pygostyle.

這尾端的一小部分代表恐龍尾巴的遺留物，叫做尾綜骨

So the pygostyle is the last remnants of a long fluffy feathered theropod tail, and narrows

所以尾綜骨就是有羽毛獸腳亞目的毛茸茸長尾巴退化後，最後的殘留部位

down the bird/dinosaur family tree even further.

並更縮小了鳥類 / 恐龍譜系圖

So.

所以

Birds are Avian

鳥是鳥類

Maniraptoran

手盜龍類

Tetanuran

堅尾龍類

Theropod Dinosaurs.

獸腳亞目恐龍

And these anatomical features are just a few of the similarities that scientists have used to place birds in the dinosaur family tree.

這些解剖學上的特徵只是一些科學家用來將鳥類分類在恐龍譜系圖中的相似的特徵

There's even more, from the shape of their necks, to their weird feet, to yes, even feathers.

還有其它更多的特徵，從頸部外型到牠們奇特的雙足，沒錯，甚至到羽毛

Ok, my holiday dinner is never gonna be the same.

Ok，我絕對不會再有相同的節日晚餐經歷

It's gonna be way awesomer, and a little grosser.

這有點驚人，也有點噁心

But that's ok.

但沒關係

So if you want to do this at home, you definitely can, and if you want to learn more,

所以如果你想要在家這麼做，你絕對可以這麼做，而如果你想要學到更多

there's links in the description.

在資訊欄有個連結

You know we've taken a deep dive inside of a dinosaur to see what makes them what

我們好好地深入恐龍的內部看看究竟是什麼造就了牠們

they are, but what were they like on the outside?

但牠們外部看起來是怎麼樣呢？

What did they act like?

牠們會怎麼行動？

That is an excellent question!

那是個很棒的問題！

And if you want to learn more about what colors dinosaurs were, or even what sounds they made,

如果你想要知道更多有關恐龍的顏色，或甚至是牠們發出的聲音

head on over to my channel where Joe and I explore those questions.

去我的頻道看看，Joe 跟我一起探究了這些問題

Ok, like every holiday dinner, this one has to end with the traditional breaking of the wishbone.

Ok，就跟每次的節日晚餐一樣，我們最後一定要來個傳統儀式，就是折斷如願骨

Grab a side guys.

一人一邊吧

3-2-1…

3、2、1 ...

What did you wish for?

妳要許什麼願？

I wished for everyone to stay curious!

我希望大家都能常保好奇心！