And today, we're taking a look at the show that dares to ask the question: how much body

今天我們要看的動漫，讓我很想問個問題：有多少個

horror can we realistically animate in twenty-two minutes?

肢體獵奇，一部 22 分鐘的動漫能拍出來？

I'm talking about Netflix's devilishly good anime offering, Devilman Crybaby.

我在說網飛提供的佳作，惡魔人

While you may know it by its reputation as 'that show with lots of incredibly violent

此時，你可能知道它的名聲是出於「那是部擁有一堆驚人的性愛的動漫」

humping, 'cartoon boobs, 'and incredibly violent cartoon boobs,' Devilman Crybaby

「卡通胸部，和極度暴力的胸部」

has some deep things to say about metaphysics, the media, and even international relations.

惡魔人卻更深入探討形上學、媒體甚至國際關係

So, welcome to this Wisecrack Edition on The Philosophy of Devilman Crybaby.

所以，歡迎這次 Wisecrack 的內容，關於惡魔人的哲學

As always, spoilers ahead.

一如往常，前面有劇透

And by the way, we never get it right if you want dubs or subs, so we literally flipped

順道一提，我們總是搞不清楚你們要配音還是字幕，所以我們直接投硬幣決定

a coin, and it landed on dubs, so be happy.

而它最後落在配音，所以對這決定感到滿意吧

But before we get into the recap though, I just want you all to know we're working

但，在我們進入簡述前，我只想讓你們知道，我們正努力在

hard trying to put together an anime podcast.

整合動漫的播客了

It's in very early stages, but a lot of our best video ideas start from podcast discussions,

它仍在初期製作階段，但是很多很棒的影片點子出於播客的討論

so subscribe to our channel Wisecasts to get a closer look into our creative process.

所以，訂閱我們的頻道好對我們的創造過程得到進一步的理解

Anyway, on to the recap.

總之，開始簡介

Akira, a teenage boy known for crying over almost anything, is living with the Makimura

不動明是個出了名的為任何事而哭的青少年，他與牧村家住在一起

family while his parents travel the world providing free medical care.

而他的父母環遊世界去提供免費醫療

When he tries to save his crush/housemate Miki Makimura from what looks like a gang,

當他試著從一群疑似幫派的人中救他的初戀身兼室友，牧村美樹

Akira is interrupted by his trigger-happy adoptive brother and childhood friend Ryo,

不動明卻被他童年時好戰的領養兄弟，飛鳥了打斷了

recently back in Japan after a research project in South America.

了剛從南美洲的一個研究項目回來到日本

Ryo tells Akira what he learned abroad; namely that devils are real and that they are possessing

了告訴不動明他在海外所學的。俗稱的惡魔是真的

human beings.

而他們寄宿在人體裡

Trying to collect proof of his theories, Ryo takes Akira to a drug-fueled sex party called

為了收集他的理論的證據，了帶著明到了一個受藥物影響叫做「安息日」的性愛派對

'Sabbath,' where his bloody rampage actually succeeds in summoning a group of demons, one

了的血腥的暴行成功的召喚了一群惡魔

of whom tries to possess Akira.

其中一個試著附身於明身上

That demon, Amon, fails to take over Akira completely.

而這個惡魔，安蒙，卻沒有辦法完全的掌控明

Akira gains the strength and power of a devil, but is still in control of his mind and body.

明得到了惡魔的力量，卻仍保有自己的意識與身體

“You're a man who possess both the body of a devil as well as the heart of a human.

「你是同時擁有惡魔軀體與人類心靈的男人」

Devilman.”

「你是惡魔人」

While Ryo and Akira initially plan to use his powers to fight the devils, the show gradually

當了與明一開始的計畫是使用明的力量去抵抗惡魔，而故事卻緩慢揭開

reveals that there's more to Ryo's plan.

了更深一層的計畫

When the demon threat is revealed to the public, Ryo gains immense influence with world leaders,

當惡魔的威脅向眾人公布時，了對於世界領袖有了巨大的影響力

turns on Akira and promotes policies which promotes the murder of not only devils, but

他背叛了明，並鼓吹政策去屠殺惡魔和

millions of human beings.

上百萬的人類

This all comes to a head in the big reveal: “You see, I'm Satan.”

而這一切都來自最大的秘密：「你看，我是撒旦」

Yep.

沒錯

Followed by a massive human-devil-Devilman battle culminating in the end of the world.

接續著的是人類–惡魔–惡魔人的大戰，直到最高潮的世界末日

So, how did we get from a bad night at the club to the apocalypse?

所以，我們從在夜店糟糕的一晚到天啟？

The answer has to do with two distinct but related concepts: “moral panics” and “threat

答案必跟兩個截然不同但卻相關的概念有關：「道德恐慌」和

construction.”

「恐懼的構造」

Sociologist Stanley Cohen argues that mass media constructs a “moral panic” directed

社會學家 Stanley Cohen 證明媒體建構「道德恐慌」時

at certain groups of people by portraying their behavior as deviant.

會指出特定族群的人，描述他們的行為為異常的

Society labels these people a threat, which justifies excessive social control and policing

社會變標籤這群人為威脅，而正當化他們對這群「惡魔化」的人口的過度的

over the “demonized” population.

社會控制與維安管理

As he put it, “[The media] informs us about right and wrong, about the boundaries beyond

他說，「媒體告訴我們對與錯，告訴我們做事情的底線」

which one should not venture and about the shapes that the devil can assume”.

「和惡魔該有的形象」

Devilman Crybaby references a few well-known moral panics.

惡魔人參考了一些出名的道德恐慌

For instance, local news falsely identifies the young rappers as members of a gang.

舉例來說，當地新聞將幾個年輕的說唱樂手誤認為幫派的成員

The mistake - and their resemblance to the constructed stereotype of violent youth nearly

這些錯誤，以及他們跟暴力青年的既成刻板印象的相似度

gets them shot by police, even as they try to cooperate with the officers.

使他們差點被警察擊斃，即使他們試著配合警察

The show also references the archetypal moral panic: witch-hunts.

動漫也參考了道德恐慌的原型：獵巫行為

For her almost supernatural speed, Miki is known to the media as 'Kamioka's witch of

因為她幾乎超自然的速度，美樹被媒體形容為「田徑場上的魔女」

track and field.'

As a result, the mob, calls her a "witch!

結果，暴民們稱她為「魔女！」

She's an outsider!" before killing her and burning her body.

「她是異類！」隨即便殺了她並焚燒了她的屍體

More to the point, though, is Ryo's use of mass media to create a moral panic over

更重要的是，了操弄了媒體，並製造了對於惡魔的道德恐慌

devils.

After triggering Koda's transformation at the track meet and causing a massacre, Ryo

在田徑上誘發了幸田的變身，並造成了大屠殺

uses his livestream to sow fear and mistrust among the general population: "Demons exist...

了用他的直播平台向大眾散播了恐懼與不信任：惡魔真實存在

There could be one right next to you.”

「可能就有一個正在你身邊」

Taking advantage of his academic title, Ryo claims to be merely a reporter of the “facts;”

利用他的學術頭銜，了只不過是「真相」的記者

in fact, he uses multiple media outlets, including social media and traditional broadcasting

事實上，他運用了許多媒體管道，包括社交媒體和傳統廣播系統

to promote as much fear, paranoia, and violence as possible.

去盡可能的宣傳恐懼、妄想和暴力

"In this battle against the demons, I'm sure that we will win once again."

「在這對惡魔的抗爭中，我可以確定的是我們會再次勝利」

As the end of the world draws closer, Satan/Ryo encourages more and more violence by expanding

當世界末日逐漸接近，撒旦／了為了鼓勵更多的暴力行為

the definition of 'devils' to include anyone deviating from the social norm.

他把惡魔的定義拓展為只要是任何不符合社會規範的人

He falsely implies that deviant behavior is a proven indicator of the potential to turn

他不實地暗示脫序行為是一種指標，證明這些人有潛在可能

into a devil.

變成惡魔

"So you are saying anyone dissatisfied with society can potentially turn into a demon?"

「所以你的意思是說，任何對社會有所不滿的人都有可能成為惡魔？」

"That's correct."

「沒錯」

"So, then, in order for us to defeat the demons—" "We must eradicate them before they become

– 所以為了對抗惡魔… – 我們必須在這些人成為惡魔之前把他們除掉

demons."

He pulls off the same feat at the international level through a process scholars call, “threat

他在國際間也使用了同樣的手法，運用了一個學術過程，叫做

construction.”

「恐懼的構造」

Certain camps of foreign policy theorists argue that many international threats posited

部分的國際政治理論家說，許多國際上的威脅的定位

by national leaders are largely 'constructed' -- that is, issues become threats when people

多半是被各國領導們「創造的」—也就是說，一個議題之所以變成威脅是

in positions of power define them as such.

當有權者定義他們為如此時

Like creating a moral panic, threat construction involves identifying some 'other,' whether

就像創造道德恐慌一樣，恐懼的構造設提到定義「異類」

that be another country, an organization, etc., and defining its otherness as a danger.

不論是別的國家、組織之類的，他們定義這些人的差異性為一種威脅

The other is portrayed as not merely a physical threat, but a threat to the very identity

這些異類被描述不只是物理上的威脅，而甚至是

of the domestic state.

國家形象的威脅

Political scientist David Campbell explains that, in the process of threat construction,

政治學家 David Campbell 解釋說，在恐懼的構築上

“[The other becomes] the barbarian who stands in opposition to the 'civilized' self”.

「這些異類成為了野蠻人，他們是文明化的自我的對立」

Following this model, Ryo manipulates inherent weaknesses in US foreign policy to start WWIII,

遵循著這個理論，了操弄了美國國際政策與生俱來的弱點，並開啟了世界第三次大戰

beginning a nuclear conflict which wipes human life from existence.

一開始便用了核衝突去根絕了人類的存在

Ryo takes part in a high-level government discussion about how to handle the threat

了參與了各政府高官們的會議，討論該如何管制惡魔所造成的威脅

posed by the devils.

By this point, world leaders have bought into Ryo's logic completely and have become distrustful

到了這個時候，世界領袖們已經完全相信了的邏輯，而變得對彼此相當不信任

of one another: "We must be wary of the movements of neighboring countries.

「我們必須注意鄰國的動向」

There's information that they've already been taken over by the demons."

「有消息說鄰國已經被惡魔接管了」

In response to the situation, the US government reflexively identifies Russia as a 'geography

對於這個情勢，美國政府的回應是反射性的指認俄羅斯為「地理上的邪惡」

of evil' (a term coined by Campbell), and declares that devil possessions are the product

( Campbell 發明的字)，甚而宣稱惡魔附身是俄羅斯的生化武器

of a Russian bioweapon: "The US department of national defense closed its borders in

「美國國防部推測此次惡魔事件」

response to the possibility of demons being Russia's biological weapon."

「可能源於俄羅斯生化武器，而封鎖全國」

In Devilman Crybaby, the US and Russia respond to the devils much as real-world governments

在惡魔人裡，美國與俄羅斯對於惡魔的回應宛如現實世界的政府

respond to terrorism.

對於恐怖主義的回應

Because the threat is 'barbaric' and a threat to civilization, no measure is too

因為這個威脅是「野蠻的」，也是對於文明的一個重大威脅，所以

extreme to stop them, including nuclear war: "Annihilate this demon insurgency that threatens

沒有任何手段是過於偏激的，包括核武。「消滅惡魔的叛亂，阻止他們對於都市的威脅」

our capital!”

The show explores the dangers of throwing up artificial boundaries between groups.

這齣劇討論人們對不同群組設立的隔閡的潛在危險

The bloodshed and heartbreak that fills up the last few episodes are a direct result

在最後幾集的滿滿的屠殺與悲傷，正是大眾傾向去相信

of the public's willingness to buy into Ryo's 'us vs. them' mentality.

飛鳥了的「我們對於他們」的思想的結果

"Maybe you can run faster than people because you're a demon!"

「比一般人跑得快，我看因為你是惡魔吧」

"You think you're better than the Japanese?"

「居然敢瞧不起我們日本人？」

This preoccupation with boundaries is also reflected in the show's exploration of what's

而對隔閡的先見也反映在劇裡對於以一種

called "Dualist metaphysics”.

叫做「二元論形上學」的探討

So what does that mean?

所以，這是什麼意思？

Dualism posits that reality is binary or oppositional in nature, composed of two eternally clashing,

二元論斷定世界是二元的或本質上是相對的，且由兩個時常衝突

irreconcilable forces, such as good and evil.

且不相容的力量組成，例如善與惡

One of the classic examples of dualistic philosophy is the ancient religion of Manichaeism.

其中一個經典的二元論的例子是古老的摩尼教

As religious scholar Todd Calder explains, “According to Manichaean dualism, the universe

宗教學者 Todd Calder 解釋，「根據摩尼教二元論」

is the product of an ongoing battle between... good and evil substances which are in a constant

「世界是善與惡持續不斷的抗爭下的產物」

battle for supremacy".

「它們時常在抗爭奪取主權」

At first glance, the show appears full of binary oppositions which will never be resolved.

第一眼，劇裡看似充滿了永不會妥協的對立的立場，

For instance, Ryo is distinguished from Akira by his inability to shed tears, which serves

舉例來說，了與明非常不同的是了沒有能力哭泣

as a visual cue for the ability to feel emotion.

這作為一個視覺上的線索，顯示他無法體會感情

"Why would I cry?

「我為何要哭？」

I'm not sad.

「我又不傷心」

It was going to die anyway."

「反正牠總是會死得」

The show also sets up a sharp divide between fear-based violence and the Makimuras' Christian

惡魔人在恐懼為基準的暴力與 Makimuras 的基督教和平主義間，設立了一個明顯的差異

pacifism: "One of the people who was following Jesus pulled out his sword, attacked the soldier,

「追隨耶穌的其中一人拔出了劍，攻擊兵士」

and cut off his ear, so then Jesus said to him, 'Put away your sword and return it to

「並割下了對方的耳朵，當時耶穌對他說到『把你的劍收回劍鞘』」

the sheath.'"

Ryo is a dualist to the core.

了是二元論的一個極端

He describes devils as fundamentally lacking in the human capacity to feel: "Devils have

他形容惡魔為根本上無法像人類一樣有感情

existed on earth since long before humans.

「惡魔比人類還更早存在於地球上」

They are ferocious, extremely savage, and have no emotions."

「他們很兇殘，極度野蠻，且沒有感情」

What's more, the show takes that Manichean idea of a battle between “good and evil

更多的是，惡魔人將摩尼教的「善與惡根本的」抗爭

substances” very literally.

表現得相當直白

Ryo first discovers the existence of devils when the corpse of his formerly-possessed

了第一次發現惡魔存在時，是當他發現先前被附身的教授

professor is revealed to weigh "twice the size it was when he was alive."

「身體是他生前的兩倍」

This possession, in other words, was not only spiritual, but physical — a case of two

換句話說，附身，並不只是精神上的也是物質上的改變—一個容器存在著兩個身體

bodies, one 'good' and the other 'evil,' fighting for the same space.

一個「善的」與一個「惡的」，他們為同個空間相互爭執

The show emphasizes the material dimensions of this battle between good and evil whenever

惡魔人在物質方面強調善與惡的抗爭

a devil successfully takes over a human host, often ripping apart their body in the process.

尤其是當惡魔成功奪取人類宿主時，他們時常將身體撕裂開來

Over time, however, Devilman Crybaby winds up turning this dualistic model completely

隨著時間，惡魔人最後卻把二元論的圓形完全改變了

on its head.

The show reveals the socially constructed nature of the dichotomies many of its characters

take for granted, and argues that reality is far too complex to be put in terms of black

and white.

As panic over the devils' threat reaches its tipping point, the show blurs the line

當對於惡魔的威脅達到臨界點時，惡魔人卻把善與惡的界線

between good and evil.

給模糊了

One of the more obvious examples is Akira, who, by his very nature, challenges Ryo's

dualistic model of the world: in one person he combines devil and human, good and evil.

We see this when Akira, in his Devilman form, stands between an angry lynch mob and its

targets and offers up his life for theirs, "Why kill each other?

「」

If you're going to kill someone, just kill me instead!" defying the angry and fearful

「如果你們一定要殺人，就殺我吧」

humans' expectations.

By contrast, we see an example of supposedly 'good' humans resorting to evil when the

mob dismembers and burns Miki Makimura for her public support of Akira, and other 'Devilmen.'

暴民因為牧村美樹對於明及其他惡魔人的支持而將她支解

Devilman Crybaby also loves to play around with dichotomies surrounding gender and sex.

惡魔人

The show regularly hints at an ambiguously queer relationship between Akira and Ryo:

劇裡時常暗示著明與了曖昧不清的同性戀關係

Akira remains invested in his ability to openly display emotion, even after being mocked for

明始終保持著自己能夠大方地宣洩感情的能力，即是在小的時候

it as a child.

被嘲笑過

"What the heck?

「搞什麼？」

He's crying even though he's a boy!"

「明明是個男生卻這麼愛哭」

And in his final form, Satan embodies both male and female sex characteristics.

在撒旦最後現出原形時，他同時擁有了男性與女性的性別特徵

But perhaps most interesting is the way the show blurs the lines between devils — stand-ins

for the outcasts and scapegoats of society — and the humans they are supposed to be

so different from.

Mr. Makimura eventually finds his wife and their son, Taro, in a refugee camp.

牧村先生最終在難民營裡找到他的老婆和兒子

Unfortunately for him, it isn't the reunion he'd hoped for.

不幸的是，這並不是他所期望的重逢

Taro, now possessed by a devil, can't control his own hunger any longer.

太郎現在已經被惡魔附身了，也沒辦法控制自己的飢餓感

His father arrives to find him in his demonic form, eating his own mother.

當父親抵達並發現他以惡魔型態正在吃著自己的母親

Mr. Makimura tries to fall back on the socially constructed dichotomy between devils and humans

牧村先生試著回到社會所構建關於惡魔與人類的二元論

to reduce Taro to an evil creature and make some sense of the horror confronting him:

並將太郎歸納為邪惡生物，好讓他理解眼前這可怕的景象

"Taro, you are no longer my sweet son.

「太郎，你再也不是我可愛的兒子了」

This for your own good."

「這是為你好」

But in the end, he can't help but see his human son in the devil's crying eyes: "Please

但在最後，他在惡魔的淚眼中看到他的人類兒子：

don't shoot; that's my son in there."

「拜託不要開槍，我的兒子在裡面」

The show also provides plenty of evidence to exhibit that, contrary to Ryo's claim

惡魔人給了許多例子，去展現不同與了

that devils are incapable of emotion, they are actually quite capable of feeling love

對於惡魔沒有感情的論點。事實上，他們對彼此能感受到愛

for each other, and, in some cases, for humans.

甚至有些例子，對於人類的愛

In the episode “Beautiful Silene,” Akira gets into what can only be described as a

在「美麗的死麗濡」的集數裡，明碰上了一個致命的性愛戰鬥

deadly sex battle with Silene, the former lover of Akira's devil, Amon.

他與安蒙的前世情人，死麗濡

In the first round of their fight, Akira nearly kills Silene.

在他們的第一戰，明幾乎殺了死麗濡

But as she lies bleeding out, her partner Kaim comes to her aid, offering to give up

但是，當她躺在血泊中時，她的伴侶，槐夢前來救助，並提出

his life so that she can merge with his body and live long enough to kill Devilman.

犧牲自己的生命與她的身體融合，好讓她撐到殺死惡魔人

“But why?”

「但是，為什麼？」

“Silene... even bloodied, you are beautiful.”

「死麗濡，你即使浴血，你也如此美麗」

Kaim's sacrifice even causes Silene to cry.

槐夢的犧牲令死麗濡哭泣

Most impressive of all is the change that comes over Satan himself as a result of his

最讓人印象深刻的改變是，撒旦他自己在與明相處的過程中

experiences with Akira.

Having revealed his true form to Akira, Satan admits that he made the merging between him

向明顯是自己的真身後，撒旦承認他故意讓明與安蒙結合

and Amon possible so that Akira would be able to survive the apocalypse and live with him

好讓他在天啟過後存活，並跟他一起永遠活著

forever.

"Oh, Akira, let's live in the new world together.

「」

I made you merge with the champion Amon for that very reason."

「」

What's more, when Satan kills Akira during their battle, he, king of the devils, experiences

更重要的是，當撒旦在戰鬥中殺死明時，他，惡魔之王，卻第一次感到了悲傷

grief for the first time, and cries over Akira's body.

他為明的屍體哭泣

"Right now, I'm feeling something!

「現在，我感覺到了什麼！」

What is this?"

「這是什麼？」

By pointing out fluidity where we would expect to find hard boundaries, Devilman Crybaby

asks us to think hard about the labels we apply to others, and the potential consequences

of black and white thinking.

The show puts forward some tough questions: who benefits from media scapegoating, and