Name: 【TED-Ed】諾曼人如何改變了歐洲的歷史? (How the Normans changed the history of Europe - Mark Robinson)
Uploaded: 2018-08-12T00:10:23.000Z
Duration: 5 min 20 s

7000 Norman infantry and knights sailed  in warships across the English Channel.

7000名諾曼步兵和騎士乘坐戰艦駛過英吉利海峽。

Their target: England,  home to more than a million people.

他們的目標是英格蘭，超過一百萬人的家園。

Theirs was a short voyage with massive consequences.

他們的航程很短，但後果很嚴重。

other groups of Normans were setting forth all across Europe,

其他諾曼人的團體在歐洲各地展開。

going on adventures that would reverberate throughout that continent's history.

踏上了將會在該大陸的歷史上引起反響的冒險之旅。

and how did they leave  their mark so far and wide?

他們又是如何將自己的印記留得如此之遠的呢？

Our story begins  over 200 years earlier,

when Vikings began to settle  on the shores of northern France

維京人開始在法國北部沿海地區定居下來

as part of a great Scandinavian exodus  across northern Europe.

作為北歐斯堪的納維亞大遷徙的一部分。

The French locals called  these invaders Normans,

法國當地人稱這些入侵者為諾曼人。

Eventually, Charles,  the king of the Franks,

negotiated peace with  the Viking leader Rollo in 911,

911年與維京人領袖羅羅談判和平。

granting him a stretch of land  along France's northern coast

授予他法國北部海岸的一片土地。

The Normans proved adaptable to their newly settled life.

事實證明，諾曼人能夠適應他們新的定居生活。

and soon started converting  from Norse paganism to Christianity.

並很快開始從北歐異教皈依基督教。

and conquering spirit  of their Viking forebears.

Before long, ambitious Norman knights  were looking for new challenges.

不久之後，雄心勃勃的諾曼騎士們開始尋找新的挑戰。

The Normans' best-known achievement  was their conquest of England.

諾曼人最著名的成就是他們征服了英格蘭。

disputed the claim of  the new English king, Harold Godwinson.

對英國新國王哈羅德-戈德溫森的主張提出異議。

William and his knights met Harold's army  near the town of Hastings.

威廉和他的騎士們在黑斯廷斯鎮附近與哈羅德的軍隊相遇。

is immortalized in  the 70-meter-long Bayeux Tapestry,

在70米長的拜厄掛毯中得到了永生。

where an arrow striking Harold  in the eye seals the Norman victory.

在那裡，一箭擊中哈羅德的眼睛，封住了諾曼人的勝利。

William consolidated his gains  with a huge castle-building campaign

威廉通過大規模的城堡建設運動鞏固了他的成果。

He lived up to his nickname  "William the Conqueror"

他不愧是 "征服者威廉 "的綽號。

through a massive survey known as the Domesday Book,

通過被稱為 "多米諾書 "的大規模調查。

which recorded the population and ownership

Norman French became the language  of the new royal court,

諾曼法語成為新的王室的語言。

while commoners continued  to speak Anglo-Saxon.

而平民則繼續說盎格魯-撒克遜語。

Over time, the two merged  to give us the English we know today,

隨著時間的推移，二者的融合讓我們有了今天的英語。

though the divide between lords  and peasants can still be felt

the Normans had further expanded  into Wales,

諾曼人已進一步向威爾士擴張。

Meanwhile, independent groups  of Norman knights

inspired by tales of pilgrims  returning from Jerusalem.

靈感來自於從耶路撒冷回來的朝聖者的故事。

There, they threw themselves  into a tangled mass of conflicts

在那裡，他們投入到紛繁複雜的矛盾中去了

among the established powers  all over that region.

they made the first recorded  heavy cavalry charge with couched lances,

他們首次記錄了重騎兵用長槍衝鋒。

a devastating tactic that soon became  standard in medieval warfare.

一種毀滅性的戰術，很快成為中世紀戰爭的標準戰術。

The Normans were also central  to the First Crusade of 1095-99,

諾曼人也是1095-99年第一次十字軍東征的核心。

a bloody conflict that re-established Christian control

But the Normans did more than just fight.

leaders like William Iron-Arm  and Robert the Crafty

eventually merging them to form the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130.

最終在1130年將其合併為西西里王國。

the kingdom became a beacon of multicultural tolerance

王國成為多元文化容忍的燈塔。

in a world torn apart  by religious and civil wars.

在一個被宗教和內戰撕裂的世界裡。

Muslim Arab poets and scholars  served in the royal court

阿拉伯穆斯林詩人和學者在皇宮任職

alongside Byzantine Greek sailors  and architects.

與拜占庭希臘水手和建築師一起。

Arabic remained an official language along with Latin, Greek, and Norman French.

阿拉伯語與拉丁語、希臘語和諾曼底法語一起仍是官方語言。

The world's geographical knowledge  was compiled in The Book of Roger,

世界上的地理知識都編入了《羅輯思維》。

would remain the most accurate  available for 300 years.

將在300年內保持現有的最準確。

And the churches built in Palermo combined Latin-style architecture,

而在巴勒莫建造的教堂結合了拉丁風格的建築。

all decorated with exquisite golden mosaics.

So if the Normans were so successful, why aren't they still around?

那麼，如果諾曼人如此成功，為什麼他們不在了呢？

In fact, this was a key part of their success:

事實上，這也是他們成功的關鍵所在。

not just ruling the societies  they conquered,

不僅僅是統治他們所征服的社會。

Although the Normans eventually  disappeared as a distinct group,

雖然諾曼人最終作為一個獨特的群體消失了。

And today, from the castles and cathedrals that dot Europe's landscape

而今天，從遍佈歐洲的城堡和大教堂來看

to wherever  the English language is spoken,