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So two guys walk into a bar.
兩個人走進酒吧。 (譯註:這是美國常用的笑話開頭。)
Really?
真的嗎?
No, seriously.
不,不是你想得那樣。
Two guys walk into a bar,
兩個人走進酒吧,
an ice cream bar:
應該說冰淇淋吧:
Dave, a physicist working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN,
Dave 是一位在 CERN 大型強子對撞機(LHC) 工作的物理學家,
the European laboratory for particle physics,
CERN 是歐洲的粒子物理實驗室。
and Steve, a blues singer.
而 Steve 是一位藍調歌手。
"Dave, how's it going?"
「Dave,最近如何?」
"Steve, good to see you!"
「Steve,見到你真好!」
"Two scoops of chocolate almond for me."
「我要兩球巧克力杏仁冰淇淋。」
"Vanilla shake."
「我要香草奶昔。」
"Hey, I just saw something about the LHC on TV.
「嘿!我剛在電視上看到一些關於 LHC 的報導。
You guys found bozo in your detector?"
你們用你們的儀器發現了笨蛋(bozo)?」
"Well, not exactly.
「這個嘛,不完全。
We found a boson,
我們發現了玻色子(boson),
probably the Higgs boson."
可能是希格斯玻色子(Higgs boson)。」
"What's that?"
「那是什麼?」
"It's a particle."
「那是一種粒子。」
"Don't you find particles all the time?"
「你們不是總是在發現粒子嗎?」
"Yes, but this one means
「是沒錯,不過這一次
that the Higgs field might really exist."
可以證明希格斯場(Higgs field) 可能真的存在。」
"Field? What field?"
「場?什麼場?」
"The Higgs field.
「希格斯場。
It's named after Peter Higgs,
它是以彼得.希格斯(Peter Higgs)命名,
although many others contributed to the idea.
不過很多人對這想法也很有貢獻。
It isn't a field, like where you grow corn,
它不是像我們種玉米的那種『場』,
but a hypothetical, invisible kind of force field
而是一個可不見、假設中的『場』,
that pervades the whole universe."
它遍佈在整個宇宙。」
"Hmmmm, okay.
「嗯……好吧。
If it pervades the whole universe,
如果它遍佈在整個宇宙中,
how come I've never seen it?
那我們怎麼沒看過?
That's a bit strange."
這樣有點怪。」
"Well, actually, it's not that strange.
「嗯,事實上它也不是那麼奇怪。
Think of the air around us.
想想看我們周圍的空氣。
We can't see it or smell it.
我們沒辦法看到或聞到它。
Well, perhaps in some places we can.
呃,可能有些時候可以。
But we can detect its presence with sophisticated equipment,
但是我們可以用一些先進設備 來偵測它的存在,
like our own bodies.
比如說我們的身體。
So the fact that we can't see something
所以我們沒辦法看見 某樣東西的這件事實,
just makes it a bit harder to determine
只是讓我們比較難去
whether its really there or not."
分辨這樣東西的存在與否。」
"Alright, go on."
「好吧,你繼續。」
"So, we believe this Higgs field is all around us,
「所以我們相信希格斯場 就在我們周遭,
everywhere in the universe.
在宇宙的各個角落。
And what it does is rather special -
而讓它非常特別的是
it gives mass to elementary particles."
──它賦予基本粒子質量。」
"What's an elementary particle?"
「什麼是基本粒子?」
"An elementary particle is what we call
「基本粒子就是我們所說的
particles that have no structure,
沒有額外結構的粒子,
they can't be divided,
它們沒辦法再分割,
they're the basic building blocks of the universe."
它們是這宇宙的基本構成要素。」
"I thought those were atoms."
「我以為那些就是原子。」
"Well, atoms are actually made of smaller components,
「這個,原子事實上是由更小的東西所組成,
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
質子、中子、還有電子。
While electrons are fundamental particles,
其中電子是基本粒子,
neutrons and protons are not.
而中子和質子不是。
They are made up of other fundamental particles called quarks."
它們是由另一種叫夸克(quark) 的基本粒子所組成。」
"Sounds like Russian dolls.
「聽起來好像俄羅斯娃娃。
Does it ever end?"
這會有結果嗎?」
"Actually, we don't really know.
「老實說,我們不知道。
But our current understanding
但我們目前的理解
is called the Standard Model.
是叫做「標準模型」。
In it, there are two types of fundamental particles:
在這之中,有兩類的基本粒子:
the fermions, that make up matter,
費米子(fermion), 它構成質量;
and the bosons, that carry forces.
還有玻色子, 它承載力量。
We often order these particles
我們常常會把粒子
according to their properties, such as mass.
依照它們的性質作排列,比如說質量。
We can measure the masses of the particles,
我們可以測量粒子的質量,
but we never really knew where this mass came from
但我們一直沒辦法了解 質量是從哪來、
or why they have the masses they do."
或是為什麼它們擁有各自的質量。」
"So how does this Higgs field thing explain mass?"
「那,這個希格斯場 要怎麼解釋質量呢?」
"Well, when a particle passes through the Higgs field,
「嗯,當一個粒子通過希格斯場的時候,
it interacts and gets mass.
它們會交互作用,然後獲得質量。
The more it interacts, the more mass it has."
它們交互作用得愈多, 它就擁有愈多的質量。」
"OK, I kind of get that, but is it really that important?
「好吧,我大概了解, 不過它真的那麼重要嗎?
I mean, what if there were no Higgs field?"
我的意思是,如果這世上沒希格斯場呢?」
"If there were no Higgs field,
「如果沒有希格斯場,
the world wouldn't exist at all.
這世界根本不會存在。
There would be no stars, no planets, no air, no anything,
不會有恆星、不會有行星、 沒有空氣,什麼都沒有。
not even that spoon or the ice cream you're eating."
甚至不會有你眼前的 湯匙和冰淇淋。」
"Oh, that would be bad.
「噢,這樣就不太好。
Okay, but where does this Higgs boson fit into things?"
好吧,但是希格斯玻色子是如何 和其它東西作用呢?」
"Alright, now, you see the cherry in my shake?"
「好,你有看到我這奶昔上的櫻桃吧?」
"Can I have it?"
「我可以吃嗎?」
"No, not yet. We have to use it as an analogy first."
「不行,還不行。我們要先拿它當作 一個比方。」
"Oh, right, the cherry's the Higgs boson."
「噢,對!這櫻桃就是希格斯玻色子。」
"No, not quite.
「不,不完全。
The cherry is a particle moving through the Higgs field, the shake.
櫻桃是在希格斯場移動的粒子, 而奶昔就是這個場。
The shake gives the cherry its mass."
是奶昔給了櫻桃質量。」
"I get it. Okay, so the molecules of the shake are the Higgs bosons!"
「我知道了。好吧,所以奶昔的分子 就是希格斯玻色子!」
"Well, you're getting closer.
「嗯,你更接近了。
It takes an excitation of the Higgs field
要讓希格斯產生希格斯玻色子
to produce the Higgs boson.
必須加點額外的刺激。
So, for example, if I were to add energy
比如說,如果我要增加一些能量,
by, say, dropping this cherry in the shake,"
像是,放一顆櫻桃在這奶昔裡……」
"Ah, then the drops that spill on the bar
「噢,那麼濺到桌面的那些
are the Higgs bosons."
就是希格斯玻色子。」
"Almost! The splash itself is the Higgs boson."
「幾乎對了!這濺出來的部份 本身是希格斯玻色子。」
"Are you serious?"
「你是認真的嗎?」
"Well, that's what quantum mechanics teaches us.
「嗯,這是量子力學教我們的。
In fact, all particles are excitations of fields."
事實上,所有粒子都是 某些場的激發狀態。」
"Okay, right. Well, I kind of see why you like particle physics,
「好。那,我好像開始了解 為什麼你喜歡粒子物理了,
it's quite cool,
它真的蠻酷的,
strange, but cool."
怪怪的,但是很酷。」
"Yeah, you could call it a bit strange,
「是啦,你也可以說它有點怪,
it's not like everyday life.
它不像日常生活中所見的那樣。
The Higgs boson is an excitation of the Higgs field.
希格斯玻色子是希格斯場的一種激發。
By finding the Higgs boson,
藉由發現希格斯玻色子,
we know that the Higgs field exists."
我們就可以知道希格斯場存在。」
"Right. So now you found it,
「對。所以你找到了,
we know this Higgs field exists.
你知道希格斯場存在。
You must be done.
你們應該完成了。
Is there anything left of particle physics?"
那粒子物理裡還有什麼沒發現嗎?」
"Actually, we've just begun.
「事實上,我們這只是剛開始。
It's a bit like, you know, when Columbus thought
它就像是,當哥倫布認為
he had found a new route to India.
他找到去印度的新航線一樣。
He'd, indeed, found something new,
他確實發現了新東西,
but not quite what he was expecting.
不過和他所想的並不完全一樣。
So, first, we need to make sure that the boson we found
所以首先,我們必須先確認 我們找到的玻色子
is actually the Higgs boson.
確實就是希格斯玻色子。
It seems to fit, but we need to measure
它看起來蠻像的,但是我們必須觀測
its properties to be sure."
它的一些性質磁能確認。」
"How'd you do that?"
「你們要怎麼做呢?」
"Take a lot more data.
「取得大量的資料。
This new boson lives for only a very short time
這個新的玻色子只會存活 非常短的一段時間,
before it breaks down or decays
然後它就分裂、或是衰變
into lighter, more stable particles.
變成更輕、更穩定的粒子。
By measuring these particles,
藉由觀測這些粒子,
you learn about the properties of the boson."
我們就可以知道這玻色子的一些性質。」
"And what exactly are you looking for?"
「那你們究竟在找什麼呢?」
"Well, the Standard Model predicts how often
「嗯,標準模型預測了希格斯玻色子
and in what ways the Higgs boson would decay
衰變的頻率、以及它會用什麼方式
to the various, lighter particles.
衰變成其它不同的更輕的粒子。
So we want to see if the particle we have found
所以我們想要看看我們找到的粒子
is the one predicted by the Standard Model
是不是像標準模型預測的那樣,
or if it fits into other possible theoretical models."
還是說它比較符合其它的理論模型。」
"And if it fits a different model?"
「那如果它符合其它模型呢?」
"That would be even more exciting!
「這樣就更有趣了!
In fact, that's how science advances.
事實上,這就是科學會進步的原因。
We replace old models with new ones
如果新的理論能更好地 解釋我們的觀察,
if they better explain our observations."
那我們就用新的來取代舊的。」
"Right, so it seems like finding this Higgs boson
「對,所以看起來找到希格斯玻色子
gives a direction for exploration,
指出了探索的方向,
a bit like that Columbus guy heading west."
有點像是哥倫布決定往西走一樣。」
"Exactly! And this is really just the beginning."
「完全正確!這真的只是開頭而已。」