the foundation of all life is the cell.

的基礎是細胞。

They're incredibly complicated molecular factories and cellular biology studies the

它們 是複雜得難以置信的分子工廠而

structure and functions of the many different things inside a cell. Cells were evolving

分子生物學研究在一個細胞裏許多不同東西的結構和功能。細胞進化

for over 3 billion years until multicellular animals appeared. That's over two thirds

超過了30億年才有多細胞的動物出現。

of the age of the Earth! So no wonder they are so complicated.

那是地球年齡的三分之二以上！因此它們這樣地複雜也不奇怪。

Cells are the smallest things that we think can be counted as life. Unfortunately there

細胞是我們認爲可以算作生命中最小的東西了。不幸的是生命并沒有

isn't a good definition of life that everyone agrees on. For example, viruses, evolve and

大家都同意的一個好的定義。比方說，

replicate but they need other life to do so. Are they alive? Sort of but not really.

各種病毒，進化和繁殖著但需要其他的生命來做到的。他們活著的嗎？有點像但並不真正的。

Molecular Biology looks into the insides of cells and studies how the different systems

分子生物學深入到各種細胞的内部並研究各種系統怎樣在分子的基礎是

work with each other on a molecular basis. It looks at DNA, RNA, amino acids and the

怎樣互相合作。它打量著脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）RNA，氨基酸和

creation of proteins, how they interact with each other and what affects these interactions.

蛋白質的誕生，它們互相如何作用以及什麽東西影響著這些作用的。

This is related to structural biology which looks at the shape of biological molecules

結構生物學看像各種氨基酸，核酸，和酶的生物分子形狀；

like amino acids, nucleic acids, and enzymes; why they have those structures and how differences

為什麽它們有那些結構以及它們在結構

in their structure affects how they work.

上的不同怎樣影響到他們的工作。

Biochemistry goes one step even deeper and looks at how these biological molecules interact

生物化學更深入一步來看看這些生物

with each other on a chemical level. Life is essentially a load of complex chemical

分子在化學層次上互相的反應。生命在根本上就是一大堆複雜的化學反應而

reactions and biochemistry studies the underlying chemical signals and reactions of life.

生物化學研究其下面的生命的一下化學信號和反應

The molecules of life are too small to see with optical microscopes and so many techniques

生命的那些分子太小用光學顯微鏡啦看到而很多在物理學裏的技術像

in physics like x-ray crystallography, or cryo-electron microscopy are used to see the

x-光晶體成像，或者低溫電子顯微鏡被用來觀察

structure of biomolecules. As well as tools for studying life, biophysics and quantum

一下生物分子的結構。還有用作研究生命的工具。生物物理和量子生物學

biology also look at the physics that underpins biological processes, seeking to explain how

也來看在一些生物過程下面的物理

things work on a physical level.

機制，尋求這些東西在物理層次是怎樣工作的解釋。

Your DNA holds the blueprint of who you are and genetics is the study of how this information

你的DNA持有你是誰的藍圖而遺傳學

is expressed to create all of the different forms of life through genes, and how this

研究研究這一信息的通過基因顯現來創造生命的各種不同的形式，已經

information is passed on from one generation to the next.

這個信息怎樣從一代傳到下一代的。

Population genetics looks at the genetic differences within a species and how species differ from

人口遺傳學從一個物種内部來看遺傳上

one another.

的差異以及各種物種之間怎樣互相不同。

The DNA code of an organism is huge and so we need computers to find patterns in the

一種器官的DNA代碼是巨大的這樣我們需要計算機來在這種數據裏找出規律。

data. Bioinformatics is the subject that uses computer programming to analyse and interpret

生物信息學是用計算機編程來分析和

biological data in genetics, and also many other fields. Wherever the amount of data

解釋在遺傳學，也在其他許多領域裏的的數據，衹要是對用以前的統計方法

is too large to analyse with previous statistical methods.

那種數據量太大。

Biomathematics uses the tools of mathematics to build models of biological processes and

生物數學使用各種數學工具來建立種種生物過程的模型並用在許多不同的

is used in many different areas from genetics to biotechnology to studying ecosystems.

地方，從遺傳學到來研究生態系統的生物技術。

You started off as a single cell, how that cell divided and grew into you is studied

你是從一個單細胞開始的，那個細胞怎樣分裂和長成了你，這在

by developmental biology. An interesting area in developmental biology is the growth and

發展生物學中研究。在發展生物學裏一個有趣的領域是

differentiation of stem cells into the different cells in your body.

幹細胞（stem cells）的成長和異化到你身體不同的細胞。

Anatomy looks at the the structure and organisation at the scale of entire organisms. It includes

解剖在整個器官的尺度上來看其結構和組織。它同時包括植物和動物

both plants and animals and seeks to label all of the different components that make

並要來對構成一個器官所有的不同的

up an organism.

組成部分來命名。

Biomechanics looks at how parts of the body are designed for movement. The most obvious

生物機械學來看身體的種種部份是怎樣為運動而來設計。最明顯的是我們的

is the articulation of our limbs, but it also includes the flow of fluids or the mechanical

四肢，但它也包括各種體液的流動或者

properties of bones or tissues like the valves in our heart. At the microscopic level it

骨頭的機械性能或者像在我們心臟裏的閥門的一些皮質（tissues）

also looks at the strength or flexibility of cells or parts of cells.

也來看一些細胞或者細胞的部件的強度或者靈活性。

While anatomy studies what organisms are made of, Physiology studies how these parts work

在解剖學研究種種器官是用什麽來做出的同時，生理學研究這些部件怎樣工作

and interact with each other. It seeks to understand how all of the different components

和互相反應。它要來懂得在一個器官裏

in an organism work together to keep it functioning normally.

的所有這些不同的部分怎樣一起工作來保持它功能正常。

Immunology studies our immune system, how it protects us from infection in a multitude

免疫學研究我們的免疫系統，它怎樣

of ways. It also investigates the many different ways our immune system can go wrong: allergies,

以多重方法來保護我們。它也調查許多不同的方式我們的免疫系統可以犯錯誤：各種過敏，

autoimmunity where your immune system attacks your own body, to wider conditions like cancer

自身免疫即你的免疫系統攻擊你自己的身體，到更廣大的一下情況像

and many other illnesses.

癌症和許多其他的疾病。

The increased lifespan of humans has been helped significantly by biomedical research:

生物醫學研究大大幫助了延長人們壽命：

trying to find ways to tackle the causes of illness and death. This spans many areas from

它試圖解決疾病和死亡的原因。這延展到許多領域，從基礎研究，

basic research, to developing new medical devices and new ways of finding and diagnosing

到發展新的醫學裝置和發現和診斷疾病

illnesses. Or developing new drugs through clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry.

的新方法。或者通過在製藥工業的臨床試驗發展新的藥物。

Bioengineering takes the principles of engineering and the knowledge of biological systems and

生物工程把工程學中的原理和一些生物系統的知識

mashes them together to solve real world problems. This can be used to make devices to help in

把它們柔和在一起來解決實際世界中的問題。這可以用來做成各種器具來幫助

medicine like artificial organs which called biomedical engineering.

像在人造器官那樣的醫學中，這稱作生物醫學工程。

And it can be used to create biotechnology like genetic engineering where the genetic

并且它可以用來創造生物技術像遺傳工程它改變器官的遺傳編碼來治療疾病

code of organisms is modified to tackle diseases or for example to make crops that are resistant

例如使穀物對不利的

to challenging growing conditions.

生長環境有抵抗力。

Synthetic biology is another branch of bioengineering where scientists can make organisms that don't

合成生物學是生物工程的另一個分枝，科學家憑空做出新的DNA排列

occur in nature by making new sequences of DNA from scratch. Or re-designing existing

可以做在自然界裏沒有的出現的生物。或者重新設計

systems like genetically engineering e. coli to perform useful tasks like making drugs

存有的系統像遺傳工程的大腸桿菌來做有用的一些任務像製成藥品

or targeted delivery of drugs in the body.

或者在身體裏有目標地上藥。

It is worth pointing out that all of the subjects on this map are very interrelated. Most of

值得注意是在這張圖裏的課題互相都是非常關聯的。其中大多數是基於他們

them draw upon many of the other areas in their research. A good example is neuroscience

在其它領域的研究。神經科學研究神經系統以及特別是大腦

the study of the nervous system and especially the brain. It involves the anatomy of the

就是一個很好的例子。它涉及到大腦的解剖，神經元的生理以及

brain, the physiology of neurons as well as molecular biology and biochemistry inside

在大腦裏的分子生物和生物化學。

the brain. So in Biology, as with most of science, there is a lot of cross pollination

所以在生物學裏，就像和大多數的科學

between fields.

裏，在許多領域之有很多的互通的。

Pharmacology studies the effects drugs have in the body. It looks at many aspects of drugs,

藥劑學研究在身體裏藥物的各種作用，

how to make them, what to make them from and their effect in different biological systems.

怎樣來製作以及它們在不同的生物系統裏的作用。

Pharmacology is related pharmacy which is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs.

藥劑學和藥物學是有關係的，後者是配藥和發藥的科學。

Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of diseases, and the diagnosis of disease

病理學是研究疾病的各種原因和後果，以及通過像血液和組織的采樣來對

through taking samples from the body like blood or tissue. It also looks at how cells

疾病下診斷。它也調查細胞怎樣對受傷

adapt to injury, the healing of wounds, inflammation, or abnormal growth of new cells like with

作出的適應調整，傷口，發炎的愈合，

cancer. It is also used to investigate how people have died using post mortem examinations.

或者像癌症中的新細胞的不正常生長。它也用死後檢驗來調查人的死亡原因。

Epidemiology looks at health and disease in whole populations and looks at the patterns

轉染病學在整個人口中看待健康和疾病並看發病的樣式，

of disease, how it is transmitted and the effects on the overall health of a population.

它是怎樣傳佈以及對一個人口健康的縂的影響。

Diseases are monitored all the time and if there is an outbreak epidemiologists swoop

疾病都一直在監視著的而如果一有爆發傳染病學家

in to work out how it is spreading to try mitigate the damage.

立刻來搞清它怎樣傳佈來彌補損害。

Taking a wider view, biology includes the study of the entire natural world. Looking

取一個更大的看法，生物學的研究包括對整個自然世界。

at the deep past we get Palaeontology the study of prehistoric life, looking at fossils

我們有古生物學來深遠地看過去，研究史前生命，看著花石

to work out what ancient creatures looked liked and how they evolved. It is closely

來構想出顧代生物看起來是什麽樣的以及它們怎樣進化的。它和進化生物學

related to evolutionary biology which looks at how all of the life on Earth originated

密切相関，後者來看地球上的所有的生命怎樣源以同一祖先

from a single common ancestor and studies how evolution led to the wide diversity of

以及研究進化怎樣導致在地球上

life on Earth.

的生命的多樣花。

The many plants and animals that live on the Earth today fall under the study of zoology,

當今生活在地球上的許多植物和動物屬於動物學，海洋生物學和植物學的研究之下。

marine biology and botany. These look at animals, plants and fungi, their development, behaviour,

它們觀察各種動物， 植物和菌類，它們的發展，行爲，生理

physiology and how to classify all of the different species.

以及怎樣對所有不同的品種來分類。

Ecology looks at how whole groups of animals and plants interact with each other in an

生態學完整地來看各種動物和植物郡體在一個環境中怎樣相互交往：

environment: how animals compete or cooperate with each other, and how many different kinds

動物們怎樣互相競爭或者合作，以及

of plants and animals inhabit the same environment.

有多少種的植物和動物居住在同樣的環境中。

This is closely related to environmental biology which looks at how eco-systems can be thrown

這和環境生物學密切相關，後者來看怎樣由於人類產生的污染，

off balance by humans through pollution, agriculture or our fossil fuel emissions causing changes

或者我們的石油燃料的排放導致

to environments and the climate.

環境和氣候的變化而失掉生態系統平衡。

So far, the only life we have seen in the Universe exists on Earth, but are we the only

至今為止，在這宇宙中我們衹知道生命

planet in the Universe with life on it? Or are there other planets out there with their

存在在地球上，但是在宇宙中衹是我們這個星球有生命？或者有沒有其它的

own strange forms of life? Astrobiology is our attempt to answer this question, to work

或者是我些星球上有它們自己生命的形式呢？天文生物學是我們回答這個問題

out how life may arise from chemical reactions and to probe distant planets and moons for

的一種試圖，來發現出生命怎樣可能從化學反應中產生出來以及

signs of life.

探測那些遠程星球和月亮上生命的跡象。

If there is one word that describes biology, it is complexity. There is a huge amount we

如果有一個字來描述生物學，它就是複雜性。我們對生命機制仍有很多不知道，它如何開始

still don't understand about how life works, how it started and how it ended up with intelligent

和它怎樣變到像我們這樣有智力而能囘想並想來把所有都搞清楚的猿

apes like us who are able to look back and try and work it all out. I feel like we'll

我感到我們將在未來很多很多年裏能夠

be making new biological discoveries for many many years to come.

作出生物學上的新發現。

And if you've just discovered this video please consider subscribing it really helps

如果你剛發現這個視頻，請考慮訂閲這真的能幫助我的頻道成長

my channel grow and get these fun explainers out to more people. I've got many more videos

並把這些有趣的解釋帶給更多的人們。我有許多像這樣的視頻

like this and I've put together a playlist which you can watch here. And if you would

而且我還匯集了一張放送表你可在此觀看。如果你想自己要有這個視頻的挂圖

like to get your hands on a poster of this video, check the links in the description

在下面的説明中查一下鏈接。

below. And finally if you need a present for a youngster in your life check out my Professor

最後，如果你要送在你生活中的一個年輕人一件禮物，查看一下

Astro Cat books which are awesome and available in all good bookshops around the globe in

Astro Cat教授出的書，它們非常好並在全球好書店用許多語言出版。這樣就謝謝你們了，再見！

many many different languages. Okay thank you bye!