and the total production of the world's economy

並且世上的經濟產出等於

was mostly the total agricultural output.

近乎等於農業的產量

And this output was limited by the fixed size of the land.

並且農業的產量受到土地面積限制

The total output of the economy did not change a lot year by year.

因此經濟產出並不會因此隨時間大幅度改變

The size of the pie was fixed; the world was a zero-sum game.

土地面積的大小是固定的，因此這世界是零和博弈的

In such a stagnating world, the only way to get better off is if someone else gets worse off.

在這個不變的世界裡，唯一讓自己受益的方法就是讓別人損失

if you take a bigger piece of the pie, someone else's gets smaller.

猶如自己拿了比較大塊的派，剩下的派相對變小塊

If you want more food, then conquering, plundering, and stealing are great strategies.

因此如果你想獲取更多食物，那麼征服、奪取、偷竊是不錯的策略

Your neighbors loss is your gain.

你的鄰居的損失將會是你的所得

This was the state of things for thousands of years.

這種狀態維持了幾千年

Societies invaded each other constantly to get more pie.

社會之間不斷侵略彼此以獲得更大比例的派

Economic inequality was extreme.

經濟不平等來到的極致

Some had all the pie they wanted, while others had to live with the crumbs.

有些人得到他們想要的派，然而剩下的卻只能以剩屑生存

Then, the Industrial Revolution happened and everything changed.

後來，工業革命發生了也改變一切

We developed machinery, better crops, better fertilizers.

我們開發機器，更好的農作物，更好的肥料

Agricultural output skyrocketed, but we didn't just produce more food - every industrial sector exploded in terms of productivity.

農業產量迅速上升，但不僅生產更多的食物，每個工業部門也同時在生產力大幅增加

From 1700 to 1870, the production of iron in Britain increased 137 fold.

從西元1700年到1870年，鐵的生產量在英國成長了137倍

The Industrial Revolution led to a previously unimaginable increase in economic output.

工業革命帶來事前無法想像的經濟產出的增長

This altered the nature of our societies.

這改變了我們社會的性質

Economic growth changed the world from a zero-sum game to a positive-sum game.

經濟的成長把這世界從零和博弈變成正和博弈

We had found a way to create a bigger pie - but not only a bigger pie, but a pie that was growing bigger each year.

我們發明了製造更大的派的方式，不過不只是更大的派，這派還隨年增長

More people could have more at the same time.

更多人可以同時擁有更多

This development is spreading and continuing today.

這樣的發展當今仍持續的擴展

Antibiotics kill bacteria.

抗生素殺死細菌

Power plants deliver energy.

能源廠製造能源

Cell phones connect us.

手機讓我們相連

Planes let us travel cheaply.

飛機讓我們移動得更便宜

Fridges store food.

冰箱能保存食物

Continuous progress in all sectors of the economy seems normal to us today,

當今，每個部門持續的經濟成長似乎是平常的

but the change from stagnation to economic growth really was the most drastic shift in human history.

但從靜止的狀態到經濟成長是人類史上重大的轉變

How was this possible?

這是怎麼發生的呢？

At the very core of this massive transformation stand new ideas that lead to innovation.

這巨大的改變最核心的原因在於，有新點子的產生成就創新

Innovation has many different definitions,

創新有許多不同的定義

but in the context of this video, we mean better solutions to existing problems

但在這影片中，我們定義為在現有的問題中有更好的決策方法

and solutions to problems we didn't know we had.

和一些我們不知道的問題的決策方法

The more you innovate,

越是進行創新

the more complex and interesting problems you discover as your wishes and needs evolve.

隨著人們的想望與需求進化，會發現越複雜與有趣的問題

The average citizen in Norway 250 years ago might have wanted some really good shoes.

250年前的挪威市民或許想要一雙很好的鞋子

150 years ago, maybe a bicycle.

150年前，或許一台腳踏車

80 years ago, a car.

80年前，一輛車

30 years ago, cheap air travel. And so on.

30年前，便宜的航空旅遊。諸如此類

Once we get what we want, we don't stop;

一旦我們得到我們想要的，我們並不會停止

we can see how we can improve things even more, and how to make things even better.

我們會試著提升產品，並且讓產品更好

The new positive-sum world has existed for 0.1% of human history and we have yet to get used to it.

這個新的正和博弈的世界只存在人類歷史的0.1%，而我們也尚未習慣

It has a consequence that feels really unintuitive.

這新世界所帶來的影響感覺上與動機非常有違

In a positive-sum world,

在這個正和博弈的世界裡，

it's in your personal selfish best interest that every human on planet earth is well off.

是基於個人的自利才能讓這世界更好

It's good for you if people in obscure parts of countries you've never heard of are prospering.

對你來說，如果住在聽都沒聽過的國家正繁榮著是件好事

There is a genuine selfish argument for making the world a better place.

我們有個純粹的自利論點能讓這個世界更美好

In a positive-sum world, the more people are well-off, the better your own life is.

在正和博弈的世界裡，越多人過的越好則代表你的人生也越好

This is because of the nature of innovation;

因為這是基於創新的本質

it is fundamentally driven by supply and demand.

創新本質上被供需所驅動著

The supply increases when more people have the freedom and education to contribute.

當更多人們有自主權並且擁有知識能貢獻時，供給增加

They become inventors, researchers, engineers or thinkers that come up with new ideas.

他們將變成發明家、研究員、工程師或思想家能夠構思新點子

The demand for ideas increases as people get richer, and can pay for new solutions.

當人們變得有錢，並且可支付新解決方法時，新點子的需求增加

They increase the size of the market for innovations.

這將增加創新面向的市場

Innovation follows incentives.

創新導因於動機

So naturally, if many people want and can pay for something, it will get the innovators attention and energy.

如果很多人想要並且可以支付那項東西，自然而然也會得到發明家的注意與精力

Improving the lives of those who are worst off has a multiplying effect.

進而改善那些生活沒那麼好過的人，讓效益有加成效果

It increases demand for ideas while at the same time,

這增加新點子的需求，但也同時

making it easier for ideas to be produced.

讓點子產生的更容易

Let's take an example that interests all of us - a cure for cancer.

舉凡說一個治療癌症的例子

If there are 1 billion people in the world that have the wealth to pay for cancer treatments,

如果有十億人們在世界上擁有能力支付癌症治療

innovation will follow this demand.

創新將會依照這個需求

So hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested in medical research.

所以成千上億的資金將投注於醫療研究

This had a huge effect, but we're still nowhere near to curing all forms of cancer.

這將帶來很大的影響，但我們仍然距離成功治療所有癌症有很大一步

Today, every sixth person in the world dies of cancer, and you might be one of them.

至今，六分之一的人死於癌症，而你也有可能成為其中之一

Now, imagine if demand were higher.

現麼，我們現在想想如果需求更高

Imagine instead of 1 billion people being able to pay for a cure for cancer, there were 4 billion or 7 billion.

想像看看不是十億人有能力支付癌症治療，而是四十或七十億

Imagine how far medicine could have developed if we'd invested 7 times as much in curing cancer.

想像看看醫療會如何進步如果我們投資七倍的資金在治療癌症上

On top of that, there's so much human potential being wasted right now.

更何況，現在還有好多人的潛力沒被加以利用

The work of a poor farmer in a developing nation is not useful to you.

一個身處發展中國家的窮農夫或許對你沒有幫助

But if he becomes better off, his children might spend their time in university

但當他生活變得更好，他的小孩有可能花時間在大學裡

developing things that are useful to you.

開發研究對你有幫助的事情

Instead of having some hotspots of innovation in the developed world,

與其擁有幾處創新重鎮在發展中國家

we would have many hotspots all over the world.

我們會擁有更多發展重鎮散佈在世界各地

The research output of humanity would be many times what it is right now.

人類研究的產量將會是現在的好幾倍

Could we have cured cancer by now if that were the case?

那照這麼說，我們有可能治癒癌症嗎？

Well, maybe.

對，或許吧

If we spent 7 times as much on research, had 7 times as many people working on it,

如果我們花七倍的資源在研究上，擁有七倍的人們花時間投入

and a global network of medical research, things would certainly be further ahead than they are now.

並且擁有全球互通的醫療研究系統，情勢必定會比現在還好很多

And this is the core of the argument:

這就是這個論點的核心

the more people want the same thing that you want,

越多人想要的東西跟你一樣

the more likely you are to get it.

你越容易得到

That is what it means to live in a positive-sum world.

這就是生活在正和博弈的世界裡的意義

You don't gain more pie if poor places stay poor.

你不會獲得更多的派如果窮的地方一樣窮

Instead, you get more pie if poor places get richer, contribute ideas, and grow the global pie.

相反的，你得到更多的派因為窮的地方變有錢，貢獻更多點子，並發展國際化的大餅

Do you like space travel?

你喜歡太空旅遊嗎？

Imagine there were billions of people in Africa and Asia with their own space programs,

想像成千上億的人在非洲和亞洲發展著自己的航太計劃

and demand for satellites and moon bases and cities on Mars.

並且需要衛星、月亮基地、火星城市

Do you like being alive?

你喜歡活著的感覺嗎？

A few billion people paying for medical research could literally save your life.

一部分十億的人們花錢在醫療研究上幾乎可以救了你一命

It's in your interest for people around the world to become better off.

當世界上人們過得更好對你而言也有利

The faster we get to this version of the world, the better for you personally.

當我們越快進入這個正和博弈的世界，對你也越好

No matter what your motivation is, working on a better world is a very good thing to do -

不管你的動機是什麼，在更好的世界上工作是一件好事

for others, and for you.

對別人好，對你也好

This video was a collaboration with Max Roser and Our World in Data,

這部影片與Max Roser和Our World Data合作

and supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

並且由the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation贊助

If you want to help us stay afloat and make more videos,

如果你想要幫助我們營運和出更多影片

you can support us on Patreon or get some of our fancy posters.

你可以在Patreon上支持我們或買我們的漂亮海報