Name: 漢語 - 僧伽羅語 (Chinese - The Sinitic Languages)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:39:10.000Z
Duration: 14 min 34 s

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不然，談談文言文(古文)好了。

或者是談談現代標準漢語(普通話)。

No, no, we're gonna talk about various Chinese dialects.

不不，乾脆來聊各種漢語方言好了。

大家好，歡迎觀看 Langfocus ，我是 Paul.

Hello everyone, welcome to the Langfocus and my name is Paul.

但問題是，我說的Chinese是甚麼意思呢？

"Chinese" 這個字，可以代表現代標準漢語，也就是"Mandarin"(中國官話)

但也可以代表流通在中國各地甚至全世界的各種漢語方言，

The word 'Chinese' refers to standard Chinese which is based on Mandarin,

漢語，或叫做Sinitic languages(漢語族)，是漢藏語系的成員之一。

but it also refers to a large group of languages and dialects spoken throughout China and indeed, throughout the world.

漢語不是單一種語言，而是許多方言的集合，

Chinese languages, also called Sinitic languages, are a sub-family of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

它們有共同的書面語以及文字系統。

Chinese is not a single language, but rather a number of related dialect groups,

有些人認為它們是屬於同一種語言的"方言"，但我認為它們分屬不同的語言群，

which are united by a common written language, a common writing system.

因為有許多例子顯示出方言之間的差異。

Some people consider them all Chinese dialects, but I'm going to refer to these dialect groups as distinct languages,

because in many cases they are unintelligible.

根據聲調不同，相同的音可以有不同的意思。

All Chinese languages are tonal languages

The meaning of a word depends on the tone or the tones that you say it with.

如果算上各種方言，把漢語當母語的人數超過十三億。

If you change the tone, the meaning of the word changes.

現代標準漢語，指的是Mandarin，是中國(PRC)的官方語言，

There are more than 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese, if we include all its varieties.

也是中華民國(ROC)的官方語言。中華民國又被稱做"台灣"或是"中華台北"

Standard Chinese, generally referred to as Mandarin, is the official language of The People's Republic of China,

(圖片翻譯:叫中華台北是在搞甚麼鬼？)

The Republic of China, also known as Taiwan or Chinese Taipei.

現代標準漢語也是新加坡四個官方語言之一。

And it's one of the four official languages of Singapore.

在亞洲有許多漢語使用者，分佈在馬來西亞，印尼，泰國等。

Chinese languages are also spoken in lots of diaspora communities throughout Asia,

在世界各地也有不少漢語使用者。

like in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, and in different communities around the world.

The Sinitic languages, or, the Chinese languages developed from Proto-Sino-Tibetan,

可能在西元前4000年就已經存在，

中國最早的文字約在西元前1250年出現，

The earliest written examples of Chinese are from around 1250 BCE.

那種形式的文字被稱做甲骨文，

They were written using a form of Chinese called the Oracle Bone Script,

是刻在烏龜殼或動物骨頭上的文字，

which was carved onto turtle shells and animal bones,

約在西元前1046到西元前256年，在周朝期間，發展出一種更容易辨識的古文字(篆文)，

使用在同一時期的青銅器或文獻上，如詩經。

developed during the Zhou dynasty between 1046 to 256 BCE

普遍認為當時的漢語還沒有發展出聲調，

It can be found on bronze sculptures from that time period, as well as in some literature, like 'Classic of Poetry'.

聲調應該是在發展中古漢語時才出現，

It's generally thought that during this early time period Chinese had not yet developed tones.

從周朝到漢朝末年(西元第三世紀)，發展出來的漢字書寫形式，被稱為"文言文"(古文)。

Those developed later in the transition to Middle Chinese.

文言文成為官方文書的書寫方式，一直延續到二十世紀初。

The form of written Chinese that developed between this period and the end of the Han dynasty, in the 3rd century CE,

is known as classical Chinese, or literary Chinese.

中古漢語是大多數現代漢語的前身，

Classical Chinese continued to be used as the formal written language until the beginning of the 20th century

閩語是個例外，閩語大約在漢朝就出現了，比中古漢語早一些。

Spoken Chinese continued to evolve into Middle Chinese 中古汉语.

中古漢語不是指單一種語言，而是指一系列可以彼此理解的方言，

Middle Chinese is the ancestor of almost all Modern Chinese varieties.

這些方言，約在西元十世紀左右開始出現差異，

The exception is Min Chinese, which developed earlier, maybe during the Han period.

每次提到語族，類似的話你應該聽我說過好幾次，

Middle Chinese was not a single unified language but consistent of a number of mutually intelligible dialects

經過幾個世紀的分歧，方言在各地出現各種不同的變化，

that began diverging in different directions around the 10th century CE.

最終成為每個地方的獨特語言。

And you probably hear me say that every time I talk about a language family.

我之前有提到，文言文是官方書寫方式，

Those local varieties of Chinese continued to develop in their own directions as distinct languages over the centuries.

With a lot of local dialectal variation within each language.

白話文指的是方言口語化的書寫方式，

As I mentioned before, classical Chinese was being used as the formal written language,

but during this time period, written vernacular Chinese also developed alongside it.

唐宋時期(西元 7~13 世紀)，人們已經在使用白話文了。

Written vernacular Chinese refers to ways of writing Chinese that reflect the spoken language in its different varieties.

These forms of Chinese were used for some informal writing.

People were already writing in written vernacular Chinese during the Tang and Sung dynasties,

元朝時，中國是由蒙古族統治，

蒙古的侵略戰爭造成近代漢語的使用者大量遷徙到南方，

After the Northern Sung dynasty, and during the Jin and Yuan dynasties,

使近代漢語擴散到更多地區，並影響很多新興的方言。

a language recognisable as a form of Mandarin was spoken.

明清官話。
(沒有查到Middle Mandarin的說法, 但根據後續, 應該是指明清官話)

This variety of Chinese is known as Old Mandarin.

The Yuan dynasty was a period of Mongol control of China.

以首都南京的方言為基礎，夾雜一些其他方言的特徵，組成官方行政時所用的語言。

The wars leading up to the Mongol conquest caused large scale migration of Old Mandarin speakers to the South.

這是"Mandarin"成為官方語言的起點。

This spread early Mandarin dialects to more areas, and also had an influence on other emerging Chinese languages.

an official administrative language was created on the Mandarin dialect of the capital, Nanjing,

我們繼續聊明清時期的官話(明清官話)，

with some features of other dialects as well.

在十九世紀末，也就是清朝末年，

This was the first point at which the language became referred to as 'Mandarin',

北京的方言越來越重要，變成一個新的主要方言，

最後取代了原本夾雜多種方言的南京官話。

We now refer to the stage of the language as Middle Mandarin.

一種基於官話的白話文，被官方做為行政文書所用的書寫方式，取代了文言文。

In the late 19th century, towards the end of the Ch'ing dynasty,

在此之後，才決定把北京方言做為官話的標準，

the specific dialect of Beijing started to grow in importance and became the new high variety of Chinese,

新的標準官話，被稱做"普通話"，意指共通而普遍的語言。

replacing the older high variety which was based on a number of different dialects.

或稱做"國語"，意指代表國家的語言。

人們稱官話為Mandarin，因為官話的基礎是北京方言Mandarin，

a form of written vernacular Chinese based on a number of Mandarin dialects

但準確的說，Mandarin其實是指北方方言中的一個系列，

was introduced as the new official written language instead of classical Chinese.

現代標準漢語(文)，或者說Mandarin，如今做的就是以往文言文做的工作，

But it was later decided that the new official language should be based specifically on the Beijing dialect.

是中國各種方言之間的溝通橋梁，一種官方文書的書寫方式。

This new standard language was called 普通話,

但，地方上仍然存在基於地方方言的白話文。

那麼，到底有多少種漢語方言呢？

要看你打算怎麼計算，或分類。

People often refer to this standard language as Mandarin because it's based on the Mandarin dialect of Beijing,

人們說，約有200種以上的漢語方言，

but, to be precise, the word 'Mandarin' refers to a range of Northern dialects.

Standard Chinese, or Mandarin, now fulfils the role that classical Chinese used to fulfil,

同一種類的方言，比較可以互相理解，

as the official written language that's used by speakers of all varieties of Chinese, for most purposes.

把一個種類當作一種語言，應該還算合理。

But, written vernacular languages still do exist and are used for some informal situations.

So, how many varieties of Chinese are there?

在十三種之中，有七種被認為是主要方言。

Well, that depends on how you're counting and categorising them,

but it's often said that there are over 200 distinct varieties of Chinese,

官話，粵語(廣東話)，湘語，閩語，贛語，吳語以及客家話。

which comprise around 13 distinct dialect groups.

The local dialects within each of these groups are often intelligible,

中文是用漢字書寫，中文字符(漢字Hànzì)是語素文字，

so it's reasonable to consider these groups as languages.

一個字符就可以代表一個詞彙，或一組意義。

舉例來說，左邊這個字意思是"漢"(中國)，右邊這個字意思是"字"，

Out of these 13 groups of dialects, there are seven that are generally considered as major.

寫字的"字"
(因為character有其他意思，所以特別強調是寫字的字)

合在一起的意思就是我們正在聊的漢字(hànzì)

Mandarin, 官話; Yue, 廣東話; Xiang, 湘語; Min, 閩語; Gan, 贛語; Wu, 吳語 and Hakka, 客家話.

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漢語 - 僧伽羅語 (Chinese - The Sinitic Languages)

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