Hello everyone, and welcome back to English with Lucy.

大家好，歡迎回到 English with Lucy

What a long time!

好久不見啦！

So much has happened since I've been away.

從我離開到現在發生了好多事

I basically went on a trip, and then I got really, really ill,

基本上我出去旅行了一趟，然後我生了好大一場病

and I just had to recover.

而我必須要讓自己康復

I could hardly speak.

我幾乎沒辦法說話

If you follow me on Instagram you will know about that,

如果你有追蹤我的 Instagram 你就會知道這回事

but, I'm back today with a really

但，今天我回來了

highly-requested grammar video.

帶來這部許多人都想知道的文法影片

We're going to be talking about the difference

我們要來討論

between "this," "these," "that," and "those."

「this」、「these」、「that」 跟 「those」 的不同

It's a seriously important lesson.

這真的是很重要的一課

I hear people confuse these words all the time.

我聽說人們總是會搞混這些字的用法

And, on almost every single Instagram post,

然後，幾乎在所有 Instagram 貼文上

somebody asks me to make at least a video about "these" and "this."

都有人請求我至少拍一部有關 「these」 跟 「this」 的影片

So, hopefully, that's going to be really, really useful for you.

所以，希望這真的會對你很有幫助

Before we get started, I'd just like to thank

在開始之前，我想先感謝

the sponsor of today's video.

今天影片的贊助商

It's Lingoda, with an extra special offer for you.

就是 Lingoda，還提供了額外的好康給各位

Lingoda is an online language academy which employs native,

Lingoda 是個線上語言學院，他們聘請了許多

qualified teachers to deliver small group classes,

本地的合格教師來提供小班課程

private classes, or a perfect combination of the two.

私人課程或是兩者兼具的課程

I've tried them out myself, and I totally approve.

我曾自己試用過，我非常贊成大家使用

I've got two special offers for you today,

我今天帶來了兩個特別方案給你

so you can choose which one you want.

所以你可以選擇一個想要的

You can get 30% off all three month subscription packages with the code LUCY30OFF

你輸入代碼 LUCY30OFF，就可以獲得 3 個月課程訂閱金 30% 折扣

and 50% off all certificate courses with the code LUCY50OFF.

或是輸入 LUCY50OFF，可以獲得所有認證課程費用 50% 折扣

With that last code, LUCY50OFF,

後面的代碼，LUCY50OFF

you can get six months of English lessons

你可以獲得 6 個月的英文課程

for the price of three months,

但只要 3 個月的價錢

and you can go up an entire English level.

而你可以大大提升英語能力

All you have to do is click on the offer links in the description box and use the codes.

你要做的就是點擊資訊欄裡的連結並使用代碼

Right, let's get on with the lesson.

好了，讓我們來上課吧

"This," "that," "these," and "those" are demonstratives.

「This」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」 都是指示詞

We use "this," "that," "these," and "those,"

我們使用 「This」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」

I have to get good at saying that,

我必須好好說明

to point to people or things.

用來指出人或物的用途

"This" and "that" are singular,

「This」 跟 「that」 是單數

and "these" and "those" are plural.

「these」 跟 「those」 是複數

"This," singular, and "these," plural,

單數的 「This」 跟複數的 「these」

refer to things that are close to the speaker,

是物品接近說話者時使用的指示詞

much like the word "here."

比較像 「here」 這個詞

Here, "this," "these."

在這裡，「this」、「these」

On the other hand, "that" and "those"

另一方面，「that」 跟 「those」

refer to things that are further away from the speaker,

是物品離說話者比較遠的時候使用的指示詞

much like the word "there."

比較像 「there」 這個詞

"That," "those," there.

「That」、「those」，在那裡

So, "this" and "these" are here,

所以，「this」 跟 「these」 是說在這裡

"that" and "those" are there.

「that」 跟 「those」 是說在那裡

"This," "these," here.

「This」、「these」，在這裡

"That," "those," there.

「That」、「those」，在那裡

Learn that and remember it in your head,

學起來，並且記在腦袋裡

because at some point you might need

因為在某個時候你可能需要

to remember which one is which.

記得該用哪一個

Before we talk about the ins and outs,

在我們說清來龍去脈之前

the fine details of "this," "that," "these," and "those,"

有關 「this」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」 更詳細的細節

let's talk about the pronunciation of the words

我們先來說說這些字怎麼發音吧

and how they differ from each other,

還有它們之間的差異

because I know so many students struggle

因為我知道很多學生

with the pronunciation, especially of "this" and "these."

覺得發音很難，特別是 「this」 跟 「these」

"That" and "those," completely different vowel sounds.

「That」 跟 「those」 是完全不同的母音

Ah, "that."

「啊」，「That」

Oh, "those."

「喔嗚」，「those」

Those shouldn't be too difficult.

那些應該不會太難

Note that sometimes people might put a glottal stop at the end of "that."

注意，有時人們可能會在 「that」 這個詞結尾做停頓

"Now that is amazing."

「現在那個東西，真的很驚人。」

See? That's naturally how I would say,

看到了嗎？我自然而然的就會這麼說話

"That is amazing."

「那真的很驚人。」

"Those," make sure you're ending with a "zzz" sound.

「Those」，要記得結尾是個 「z」 的音

Don't end it with a "sss" sound.

不要以 「s」 的音結尾

So, it's not "thossse," which is actually quite hard to say.

所以，不是唸 「thoSe」，其實這樣不好唸

It's "thozze," "those."

而是唸 「thoZe」，「those」

Now, "this" and "these."

現在輪到 「this」 跟 「these」

Well, firstly, the vowel sound is very similar,

首先，母音唸法非常相似

but, it is different.

但，還是不同

With "this," we have an "ih," "ih."

「this」 這個詞，要唸「亦」的音

It's a short vowel sound.

是個短母音

"These" we have "eee."

「These」 則是 「依」

It's a long vowel sound.

是個長母音

The mouth shape is the same "ih," "ee," "ih," "ee."

嘴巴的形狀是一樣的，「亦」、「依」、「亦」、「依」

We just elongate the vowel sound for "these."

只是在唸 「these」 的時候延長母音

And then, the most important thing in my opinion,

然後，我覺得最重要的

is the phoneme at the end of the word.

就是字的結尾音

"Thissss."

「thiS」

"Thezzzze."

「theZe」

So, "this" has a "sss" sound, and "these" has a "zzz" sound,

所以，「this」 是 「s」 的音，「these」 是 「z」 的音

like with "those."

就跟 「those」 一樣

I hear a lot of students say, "Thessse. Thessse,"

我聽過很多學生說，「theSe」

and I don't know if they're trying to say, "This,"

而我不知道他們是要說 「this」

or "these."

還是 「these」

So, make sure, "Thisss," short "is" sound, ending in an "s."

所以，要弄清楚，「This」，短的 「is」 聲，結尾音是 「s」

"Is," "this."

「Is」，「this」

"Theeese," long e sound ending in a zed: "Theeeze."

「These」，長的 「e」 聲，結尾音是 「z」 字母，「These」

"Thesss" is like a combination of the two.

「Thess」 有點像兩者的結合

It's not the end of the world, but

沒有那麼的糟，但

you might miscommunicate a little.

你可能會誤傳你想表達的意思

You might be referring to multiple things.

你可能是指複數物品

You're trying to say, "These," which is a plural.

你想要說 「These」，它是複數指示詞

But people will think you're trying to say one thing,

但人們會想你要說的是一個物品

"This," because it's a singular.

「This」，因為它是單數指示詞

So, just bear that in mind and practise a little at home.

所以，要牢記在心，並在家稍微練習一下

So, we use "this," "that," "these," and "those"

所以我們使用 「this」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」

as determiners.

作為限定詞

For example: "What's this book about?"

舉例來說：「這本書的內容是關於什麼？」

"That door's unlocked."

「那扇門沒鎖。」

"I really like those socks."

「我真的很喜歡那些短襪。」

We also use them as pronouns.

我們也會把它們用作代名詞

"This is lovely."

「這個真可愛。」

"That is a great achievement."

「那是個很大的成就。」

"You can take these home."

「你可以把這些帶回家。」

But, what are the rules?

但，有什麼規則呢？

We use "this" and "that" with singular, uncountable nouns,

在單數、不可數名詞，我們會使用 「this」 跟 「that」

singular, uncountable nouns.

單數、不可數名詞

"This bread is stale."

「這個麵包腐壞了。」

Stale means not fresh.

腐壞意思是不新鮮

And, an uncountable example: "Please pass me that coffee."

不可數名詞的例句：「請遞給我那杯咖啡。」

We use "those" and "these" with plural nouns.

複數名詞會使用 「those」 跟 「these」

"These shoes are yours."

「這些鞋子是你的。」

"Those houses are for sale."

「那些房子是要出售的。」

Note: we tend to use "this" with words describing time and dates.

小筆記：描述時間跟日期，我們傾向使用 「this」

For example: "This morning, I went on a run."

例如：「今天早上，我去慢跑了。」

Or, "I'm going to Paris this week."

或是「這週我要去巴黎。」

We can use "that" with words describing time and date,

我們可以使用 「that」 來描述時間跟日期

but it's normally about something that was a long time ago that you're remembering

但通常是你現在還記得的很久以前的事

or something in the future that might or might not happen.

或是某件未來會或不會發生的事

For example: "Ah yes, the summer of 2012, that summer was a great summer."

例如：「啊對，西元 2012 年的夏天，那年夏天是個很棒的夏天。」

It happened a long time ago.

這是很久以前的事

Or, "I wonder if I'll ever get married. That day would be great!"

或是「我不知道我會不會結婚，那天一定很棒！」

Just a subtle hint there.

只是個微妙的暗示

Right! Let's look at pronouns.

好！來看看代名詞

We normally use "this," "that," "these," and "those"

我們通常會將 「this」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」

as pronouns to refer to things or ideas.

作為某事物或意見的代名詞

For example: "We're going for a Sunday roast first,

例如：「我們要先來個週日烤肉

and then for a walk around the village.

然後在村莊裡逛逛

Are you happy with that?"

那樣你滿意嗎？」

It means, "Are you happy with the idea of going for a roast first and then a walk?"

這意思是，「你滿意我們先烤肉再逛逛的主意嗎？」

The whole thing is an idea at the moment.

在那個時刻，整件事是個想法

"Are you happy with that idea?"

「你對這想法滿意嗎？」

"It sounds like a great idea to me.

「對我來說，聽起來是個好主意

That is my dream Sunday."

那是我夢想中的週日。」

Or, talking about music: "Can you turn that down please.

或是，討論音樂：「請你把那個關掉

I hate Heavy Metal."

我討厭重金屬音樂。」

Or, things, if I'm talking about someone's earrings.

或是物品，如果我在討論某人的耳環

"Those are beautiful."

「那些很好看。」

Those earrings are beautiful.

那些耳環很好看

We can also use "this," "that," "those," and "these"

我們也可以用 「this」、「that」、「those」 跟 「these」代表人

to refer to people when we want to identify ourselves or others

當我們想表明自己或他人的身分時

or we want to ask the identity of other people.

或我們想要詢問他人的身分時

For example: "This is my brother, George."

例如：「這是我的兄弟，George。」

Or, "That's my mother over there."

或者「在那裡的是我媽媽。」

Or, "Hello. Is that John?

或是「哈囉，是 John 嗎？」

"This is Lucy speaking."

「我是 Lucy。」

"Is that John?" because he's far away.

「是 John 嗎？」用 that，因為他在很遠的地方

And, "This is Lucy," because I am right here.

「我是 Lucy。」用 this，因為我在這裡

I'm close to myself, in fact, I'm inside myself.

我很接近我自己，事實上，我就是我自己

Well, anyway. Yes.

好吧，無論如何，就是這樣

So, as I said at the beginning, we use "this" and "these"

所以，如同我剛開始說的，我們用 「this」 跟 「these」

to refer to things that are here

來代表在這裡的東西

and "that" and "those" to refer to things that are over there.

然後 「that」 跟 「those」 代表在那裡的東西

"Can I use this pen?"

「我可以用這支筆嗎？」

"I'll print this tomorrow."

「我明天會把這個印出來。」

"I got these done last week, in San Francisco."

「我上週在舊金山做了這些。」

It's true, it's an amazing colour, isn't it?

這是真的，很棒的顏色，不是嗎？

Beckoning Begonia by Chillac.

Chillac 的淺粉紫色指甲油

Back to English lessons.

回到英文課來

"That" and "those": "What's that over there?"

「That」 跟 「those」：「那裡的是甚麼東西？」

"Those pictures we took yesterday were amazing!"

「我們昨天拍的那些照片很棒！」

"Ah, Seville, that's my favourite place."

「啊，Seville，那是我最喜歡的地方。」

However, let's talk now about emotional distance.

然而，現在我們來談談情緒距離

Sometimes there's not a real physical distance,

有時候並不是一個真正的物理距離

there's an emotional distance.

而是一個情緒距離

This is pretty advanced, so, if you can conquer this,

這個蠻進階的，如果你可以掌握這個

you can conquer anything.

你就能掌握所有的東西

Remember, this isn't a 100% strict rule,

記得，這不是 100% 絕對的規則

it mostly depends on tone of voice.

這大部分取決於聲調

But, just so that you understand it in general.

但為了讓你瞭解一般情況如何

We generally use "this" and "these" to refer to things that we feel positive about.

我們通常會用 「this」 跟 「these」代表我們覺得正向、肯定的事物

To refer to things that we feel positive about,

來代表我們覺得正向、肯定的事物

that we are pleased to be associated with, or we approve of.

我們想要產生關聯的事物或我們贊成的事物

For example: "I love these new hats that everyone seems to be wearing!"

例如：「我愛這些新帽子，大家好像都會戴！」

I like the hats.

我喜歡這些帽子

I approve of the hats.

我認同這些帽子

I use these.

我用 these

I'm a simple woman.

我是個很坦率的女人

We use "that" and "those" to create a bit of distance,

我們用 「that」 跟 「those」 來創造一點點距離

things that we might disapprove of,

代表我們可能不認同的事物

things that we don't like, things that we don't want to be associated with.

我們不喜歡的事物、我們不想產生關聯的事物

"Have you seen those awful shoes!"

「你有看到這些可怕的鞋子嗎！」

Or, "What did that friend of yours say?"

或是「你那個朋友說了什麼？」

I don't like the friend, so I'm saying, "That friend."

我不喜歡那個朋友，所以我說「那個朋友」

Now, let's discuss shared knowledge and new information.

現在，我們來討論一下共享知識與新資訊

We sometimes use "that" instead of "the" to refer

我們有時候會用 「that」而不是 「the」

the listener to shared knowledge, things that we both know.

代表向聽者分享我們都知道的知識、事物

Often, when we're explaining something or we're telling a story.

往往當我們在解釋某個事物或我們在說故事時

So, this is pretty informal.

所以這蠻不正式的

For example: "You know that house down the road?

舉個例子：「你知道路上的那棟房子嗎？

It's getting demolished on Sunday."

它要在星期日被摧毀了。」

We both know about the house.

我們都知道那棟房子

It's shared knowledge, so I'm referring to it as

它是共享知識，所以我說

"that house" down the road.

在路上的「那棟房子」

I don't need to specify which one because

我不需要指名是哪一棟

my friend will know what I'm talking about.

因為我的朋友會知道我在說哪一棟

We sometimes use "this" instead of "a" or "an"

我們偶爾會用 「this」 不是 「a」 或 「an」

to refer to something important or recent,

代表某個重要的、近來的事物

or to introduce a new thing or person into a story or conversation.

或是在一個故事或對話中加入一個新事物或人

For example: "This random woman came into my garden last week."

例如：「這個女人上週跑進我的花園。」

If I were to say, "That random woman," it would mean

如果我說，「那個女人」就代表

that we already know who that random woman is.

我們都知道那個女人是誰

It would be shared knowledge.

它會是共享知識

Because it's "this random woman," it's a new person,

因為我說「這個女人」，她是個新的人物

it's a new element for the conversation.

是在這個對話中的新元素

So, "that" is very informal, that's language that we

所以 「that」 是個很不正式的用法

use whilst having conversations with friends.

那是我們在跟朋友交談時用的語言

What about formal writing, because I guess a lot of you are doing exams?

正式的書寫是如何呢，因為我想你們多數人都要考試吧？

This will be important for you.

這對你來說會很重要

So, we use "that" and "those" in formal writing

所以我們在正式書寫中會用 「that」 跟 「those」

as substitutes for "the one" or "the ones."

代替「這一個」或是「這一些」

For example: "The best example is that given in the first paragraph."

例如：「最好的例子就出現在第一段。」

The best example is the one, the example, given in the first paragraph.

最好的例子是這一個，這個例子，在第一段出現

Or, "The most successful experiments were those performed in dark conditions."

或是「最成功的實驗是那些在黑暗條件下完成的。」

The most successful experiments were the ones,

最成功的實驗是那一些

the experiments, performed in dark conditions.

那一些實驗，在黑暗條件下完成的

It does make you sound ever-so-posh.

它會讓你聽起來極其優雅

Please note, though, that we don't normally use

請記下來，不過，我們不常用

"that" to refer to people or animals.

「that」 來代表人或動物

It doesn't sound right.

它聽起來就是不對

"Have you seen my cat? The one with the orange fur."

「你有看到我的貓嗎？毛是橘色的那一隻。」

I wouldn't say, "That with the orange fur."

我不會說「毛是橘色的那個。」

We can, however, use "those" as a substitute for people and animals.

但我們可以用 「those」來代替人跟動物

"The students did well in their exams.

「學生們考得不錯

Those that got As were presented with a certificate."

那些得到 A 得會給他們獎狀。」

"Those" referring to the students.

「Those」 代表學生們

"That was a lot of information!"

「那是很大量的資訊！」

(laughter)

(笑)

I hope that "this," "that," "these," and "those"

我希望 「this」、「that」、「these」 跟 「those」 的說明

is a bit clearer to you.

對你來說還算清楚

If you have to take one thing away from this lesson,

如果你一定要從這堂課中學到一件事

I would say it's the pronunciation.