This one has armrests to prevent you from dozing off.

這一個裝設扶手來防止你在板凳上打瞌睡。

Here's another— again with the arms, the stiff metal.

這是另一個，又一個裝有扶手的板凳，堅硬的金屬製成。

And this one— it's brand new.

而這一個，它是新款的。

The MTA in New York began installing them as part of a subway enhancement plan.

紐約大都會運輸署 (Metropolitan Transportation Authority，MTA) 開始裝設這種設施，屬於地鐵補強計畫的一部分。

And they don't call it a bench.

他們不將它稱為板凳。

They prefer the term "leaning bars".

他們比較喜歡這個詞，「倚靠欄杆」。

So what if i told you it was designed with discomfort in mind?

所以如果我告訴你，這是刻意設計成不舒適的樣子呢？

New York City is filled with some of the most innovative architecture and urban planning in the world.

紐約充滿了世界最具創新的建築與都市計畫。

Today, nearly every kind of public space here has been developed with close attention to detail.

現今，幾乎所有公共空間的開發細節都會被密切關注。

So these benches are no mistake.

所以這些板凳並不是失誤。

They are designed to allow you to sit but not get too cozy.

它們是被設計來讓你坐的，但不會坐得太舒適。

And that's intentional.

那是有目的的。

The concept stems from a school of thought that goes by many names, but today we'll use "defensive design".

這個概念源自於一個擁有不同稱呼的學術思維，但今日我們稱之「保護性設計」。

Defensive design is about moderating behavior.

保護性設計是有關節制行為的設計概念。

The goal is to limit the ways an object can be misused.

目標是減少一個物件被錯誤使用的方式。

These benches have armrests because that will prevent anyone from laying down.

這些板凳裝設扶手，為了避免任何人躺在板凳上。

Their short back is another nod to say, "This bench isn't yours forever."

短的椅背是在示意：「這個板凳不會永遠是你的。」

This trend is worldwide.

這樣的趨勢，全世界比比皆是。

And it's not just in the benches.

也不只有板凳如此。

When you start looking for defensive designs in New York City, you'll find examples everywhere.

當你開始在紐約尋找保護性設計，你會發現到處都是案例。

It's the presence of security cameras in subway turnstiles or Times Square.

這是裝設在地鐵十字旋轉門或時代廣場的監視器。

It's these spikes on this column, meant to deter birds.

這是一整列鐵絲網，為了制止鳥類停留。

It's the knobs on these ledges, meant to discourage skateboarders.

在邊緣上的突起，是為了阻止玩滑板的人。

And there were once sprinklers underneath the awning of this bookstore, to prevent people from sleeping there.

這個書店曾經安裝灑水器在遮棚下，以防止有人在此睡覺。

It's sidewalk barriers.

這是人行道障礙物。

It's even these regular streetlights.

即使是這些普通的街燈。

Yeah, streetlights are probably some of the most recognizable defensive designs.

街燈可能是最好辨別的保護性設計。

When they surfaced in the 19th-century Western cities, the dynamic of urban life changed.

當他們出現在西元 19 世紀的西方城市，都市生活就此改變了。

Because of them, more people spent time outside at night, which drove economic development and a reduction in crime.

因為這些燈，更多人在晚上外出，帶來經濟發展，也降低犯罪率。

Most hostile architecture tries to influence behavior in a similar way.

許多敵意建築也試著以相似的方式影響他人行為。

The designs attempt to make public space a bit more hospitable, more ideal.

設計試圖使公共空間變得友善、變得更理想。

Defensive designs can deter crime.

保護性設計可以制止犯罪。

It can prevent the destruction of public property.

可以防止公共設施被破壞。

And it can prevent loitering.

它也可以避免街頭遊蕩。

But there is a reason why defensive design is characterized as "hostile".

但保護性設計被認為是「懷有敵意的」是有原因的。

Take the example of the leaning bar.

拿倚靠欄杆作為例子。

Disability advocates have a problem with that appearing in the MTA.

身障人士擁護者對紐約大都會運輸署設置的倚靠欄杆有些問題。

One advocate pointed out that "People who travel who have disabilities or just get tired sometimes need a bench to sit on, and not a wall to lean against."

一位擁護者指出：「那些旅人、身障的人或有時候只是疲憊的人，需要的是可以坐下來休息的一張板凳，而非一道牆讓他們倚靠。」

And while no one likes an uncomfortable bench, these additions mean something more for people who are experiencing homelessness.

雖然沒人喜歡一張不舒適的板凳，這些板凳上的附加物對於無家可歸的人，卻有著比不舒適更深一層的涵義。

The United States is currently experiencing a decline in the overall homeless population.

當前，美國整體無家可歸的人數已逐年下降。

But in New York city, the number of homeless people is growing.

但在紐約，無家可歸的人數正在成長。

About 1800 people were found to have been sleeping in the subway.

大約 1800 人曾經在地鐵站睡過。

That's because emergency shelter isn't always a viable option.

那是因為緊急庇護所並不總是個可行的選擇。

There are several examples of hostile architecture that target people who are homeless.

這裡有一些敵意建築的案例，為了防止無家可歸的人。

These designs imply that public space is not where homeless people should be.

這些設計暗指公共空間不是無家可歸的人該待的地方。

As it goes, city planners have a dilemma— how do they design inclusive cities?

正因如此，城市規劃者陷入兩難的局面，他們該如何設計一個具包容性的城市？

As for the enhanced subway initiative, the MTA's mock designs highlight new USB ports and electronic signage in stations.

至於地鐵補強計畫，紐約大都會運輸署的模擬設計圖中，強調了車站中新的 USB 埠以及電子標示牌。

But you won't find any press materials highlighting this uncomfortable bench.

但你不會在任何報導中看到他們強調這個不舒適的板凳。

Excuse me, the "leaning bar".

抱歉，是「倚靠欄杆」。

That's because it makes for an uncomfortable discussion about who we design public space for and who gets left out.

那是因為這會使我們開始討論，我們是為了誰設計這不舒適的公共空間，還有是誰被排除在外。