Name: 巴塞隆納的 Superblocks 計畫，減少城市中的汽車 (Superblocks: How Barcelona is taking city streets back from cars)
Uploaded: 2018-04-20T21:01:01.000Z
Duration: 5 min 31 s

If you imagine a typical American city street, and you take away the space that's dedicated

想像一下典型的美國城市街道，然後把汽車空間拿掉

基礎被動語態

There are some narrow walkways on the side, and some bridges in between them, but not

馬路旁雖然有狹窄的人行道還有一些人行天橋

Spend some time walking around most cities and you'll find yourself pushed to narrow

花一點時間在城市步行你會發現，在大多數的城市

你被逼著走在窄小的人行道等紅綠燈

You'll find cyclists navigating really narrow strips of space.

你會發現自行車只能在非常狹窄的空間漫遊

Americans are used to cars the way that fish are used to water.

美國人對車的依賴就像是魚對水的依賴那樣

That's so ubiquitous in the U.S. that I think for most people, it just never occurred

這個現象在美國普遍到我認為大多數的人根本沒有想過

But what if there were a way to change that?

To give space back to pedestrians and bicyclists, and to make cities more friendly to life outside

把空間還給行人和自行車騎士，讓汽車以外的城市

It turns out Barcelona might have a solution.

In 2014, the city was faced with serious air pollution problems.

2014 年，巴賽隆納面臨嚴重的空污問題

Barcelona and its 35 surrounding municipalities consistently failed to meet the EU's air

巴賽隆納及周遭的 35 個市鎮一直無法達到歐盟的

Studies were showing that air pollution in the region causes 3,500 premature deaths every

研究顯示該區域的空汙導致每年有 3500 名早產兒

Traffic in the city also causes severe noise pollution.

城市裡的車輛也造成嚴重的噪音污染

So the city developed an extensive Urban Mobility Plan with the hope of reducing traffic by

因此市府擬出一項大規模的都市移動計畫

It's this urban design concept intended to minimize the presence of cars in city centers.

是一種都市設計的概念，旨在將車子的數量減到對低

The word “superblock” has been used before to describe huge city blocks without any passageways

「超級街區」這個詞之前被用來形容沒有車道的大型

以下是巴賽隆那計畫的成功經驗

You take nine square city blocks and close off the inside to through traffic.

選定九個正方形街區然後禁止車輛穿越

So buses, big freight trucks — or any vehicles that are trying to get from one part of town

所以公車 大貨車或任何想要從一端到另一端的

to the next — have to drive around the perimeter.

Inside the superblock, the speed limit is kept to 10 kilometers per hour — that translates

to just over 6 miles per hour — and curbside parking is replaced by underground parking.

大約比六英里多一點，而路邊停車被地下停車取代

That means you wind up with street space for markets, outdoor games, and events.

結果是城市留有更多的街道空間給市場、戶外遊戲和活動

Within this nine square block perimeter you're gonna have kind of a pleasant streetscape

在這九個街區形成的範圍之內，你會體驗到舒適怡人的街景

where people can walk around and mingle and do things without this kind of constant fear

人們可以隨意步行、交流，可以做任何事情都不必擔心

The concept is going to be tested out in five neighborhoods, but the city has identified

這個概念即將在五個鄰里進行測試不過市府已經找出了

120 possible intersections throughout the region where it could be implemented.

So how do we know what the results of this kind of plan would look like?

所以我們要怎麼知道這樣的計畫會導致什麼結果？

Well, northwest of Barcelona is a city called Vitoria-Gasteiz, which has implemented superblock

巴賽隆納西北邊的城市 Victoria-Gasteiz 已經在2008年

In the main superblock at the city center, pedestrian space increased from 45 percent

在市中心的超級街區中人行空間的總面積從 45%

With so much less traffic, noise levels dropped from 66.5 dBA to 61 dBA.

車流量大量減少之後噪音值從 66.5dBA 降到 61dBA

Most impressive of all, there was a 42% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions and a 38% reduction

最令人印象深刻的是氮氧化物的排放量減少了 42%

除此之外商家的生意反而變好了

What you consistently see when people change their streetscapes to prioritize human beings

從過往的案例中可以看到當街景變成以人為本

over cars is you don't see any decline in economic activity, you see the opposite.

You get more people walking and cycling around more slowly, stopping more often patronizing

經濟活動並不會因此蕭條反而活絡了起來

businesses more, and that … center of social activity will tend to build on itself.

更多人步行，騎單車步調更緩慢

So here's the question: could something like this work in an American city?

Barcelona has some unique advantages getting started on this plan, in that a lot of it

並且自然而然形成社交活動的中心

was built before cars, and a lot of it was built on a simple grid.

所以問題來了這個計畫在美國城市能否成功

The district of Eixample — where the superblock plan is based — was designed in 1859

巴賽隆納有先天的優勢可以施行這個計畫

in this repetitive grid structure by this guy, Ildefons Cerdá.

因為許多街區都是在汽車出現之前建造的

He basically invented the word for (and the study of) “urbanization” when he laid out this

還有很多街區都是照著方格狀街區建立起來的

grid plan for Barcelona that evenly distributed resources like schools and hospitals.

擴展區是超級街區開始的所在設計於 1859 年

But superblock designers insist that cities don't need a simple grid structure

由茵德逢瑟達操刀設計成重複的方格狀

在他設計這座方格狀城市時他基本上發明了「都市化」

Now, cities in the US have have attempted some car-minimizing projects like this.

他平均地分配了學校和醫院等資源

The problem is, they're usually done in wealthier areas with lots of existing businesses.

但是超級街區的設計師認為方格狀的結構並不是

Zoning policies often require separation of residential and commercial areas — but an

ideal walkable area would be a mix of the two.

On top of that, zoning minimums on parking availability encourage the presence of cars

目前美國的城市已經嘗試了以下的車輛極少化計畫

and parking lots, and minimums on street width make for wide, unwalkable streets.

問題是這些計畫通常在富裕地區實行

Because of that, walkable districts are basically isolated luxury items in the US.

What makes the Barcelona plan different is that they aren't setting aside one fancy

土地使用分區計畫通常將住宅區與商業區分開

neighborhood or town square to make pedestrian-friendly

然而住商混用街區會是較理想的步行空間

— instead, by proposing superblocks throughout

除此之外土地使用分區對停車位的最低限制

the entire city, they've declared car-free spaces a right for everybody, no matter what

以及導致停車場增加而對街道寬度的最低限制

Maybe — this might be overly optimistic — but I think it has sunk in in the U. S. that the model whereby

every city resident comes with a car — and drives a car everywhere – is just inherently limited.

因此步行區在美國基本上是奢侈的孤島

It limits the growth of your city, it limits the health of your city and the growth of your city.

巴賽隆那的計畫不同之處在於他們沒有為高級社區

So one way or another we have to find ways of having a lot of people live close to one another without all of

You know, being able to get around and work and play in live and have enjoyable lives without cars.

聲稱無車空間是每一個人的權利