and my aim is to show you that this crisis

今天談的是全球難民危機的問題。

is manageable, not unsolvable,

我想讓各位知道，

but also show you that this is as much about us and who we are

這危機是可解決的， 而非無計可施。

as it is a trial of the refugees on the front line.

也讓各位知道這關乎我們， 以及我們是誰。

For me, this is not just a professional obligation,

這是對於前線難民的試驗。

because I run an NGO supporting refugees and displaced people around the world.

對我來說，這不只是種職業義務，

It's personal.

只因我在非營利機構支援， 並安置在世界各處的難民。

I love this picture.

這與個人切身相關。

That really handsome guy on the right,

我很愛這張照片。

that's not me.

右邊那個很帥的男生，

That's my dad, Ralph, in London, in 1940

不是我。

with his father Samuel.

那是我父親雷夫， 1940 年在倫敦拍的。

They were Jewish refugees from Belgium.

旁邊是他父親撒姆爾。

They fled the day the Nazis invaded.

他們是比利時的猶太難民，

And I love this picture, too.

在納粹入侵當天逃走。

It's a group of refugee children

我也很愛這張照片。

arriving in England in 1946 from Poland.

這是一群難民孩子，

And in the middle is my mother, Marion.

1946 年從波蘭遷到英國。

She was sent to start a new life

中間那位是我母親瑪麗安，

in a new country

為了有新人生，她被送走，

on her own

到了一個新國家，

at the age of 12.

而且是獨自一人，

I know this:

在 12 歲時。

if Britain had not admitted refugees

我知道

in the 1940s,

要是英國在 1940 年代

I certainly would not be here today.

拒絕難民，

Yet 70 years on, the wheel has come full circle.

我今天就不會站在這裡了。

The sound is of walls being built,

但 70 年後，時代巨輪轉了回來，

vengeful political rhetoric,

那些築起高牆的聲音、

humanitarian values and principles on fire

充滿報復性的政治語言，

in the very countries that 70 years ago said never again

受到挑戰的人道價值觀以及原則，

to statelessness and hopelessness for the victims of war.

出現在 70 年前

Last year, every minute,

對戰爭受害者宣告 不會再無家可歸的國家。

24 more people were displaced from their homes

去年的每一分鐘，

by conflict, violence and persecution:

至少有 24 人

another chemical weapon attack in Syria,

因著衝突、暴力與迫害 被迫離開家鄉：

the Taliban on the rampage in Afghanistan,

敘利亞發生另一起化武攻擊、

girls driven from their school in northeast Nigeria by Boko Haram.

塔利班在阿富汗橫行、

These are not people moving to another country

奈及利亞東北部的激進組織 「博科聖地」將女孩逐出學校。

to get a better life.

這些人移到另一個城市

They're fleeing for their lives.

不是為了過更好的生活，

It's a real tragedy

而是為了活命。

that the world's most famous refugee can't come to speak to you here today.

這是真正的悲劇。

Many of you will know this picture.

世上最有名的難民 今天無法在這和你們對話。

It shows the lifeless body

你們大多看過這張照片。

of five-year-old Alan Kurdi,

這是具無生命的身體，

a Syrian refugee who died in the Mediterranean in 2015.

是五歲的艾倫．庫爾迪，

He died alongside 3,700 others trying to get to Europe.

一名 2015 年死於 地中海的敘利亞難民，

The next year, 2016,

身邊還有 3700 名難民 試圖逃到歐洲。

5,000 people died.

隔年，2016 年，

It's too late for them,

5000 人死亡。

but it's not too late for millions of others.

對他們來說一切都太遲了，

It's not too late for people like Frederick.

但對其他數以百萬的難民還不遲。

I met him in the Nyarugusu refugee camp in Tanzania.

對像費得列克 這樣的人來說還不算晚。

He's from Burundi.

我在坦尚尼亞的 尼亞魯古蘇難民營認識他。

He wanted to know where could he complete his studies.

他從蒲隆地來，

He'd done 11 years of schooling. He wanted a 12th year.

想知道自己可以在哪裡完成學業。

He said to me, "I pray that my days do not end here

他已經讀了十一年的書， 也想繼續讀下去。

in this refugee camp."

他告訴我：「我向神呼求， 我不想死在這裡，

And it's not too late for Halud.

死在這個難民營。」

Her parents were Palestinian refugees

對哈魯德來說也不算遲。

living in the Yarmouk refugee camp outside Damascus.

她的父母是巴勒斯坦難民，

She was born to refugee parents,

住在大馬士革外的雅爾矛克難民營。

and now she's a refugee herself in Lebanon.

她是難民的孩子，

She's working for the International Rescue Committee to help other refugees,

如今也成為黎巴嫩的難民。

but she has no certainty at all

她在國際救援委員會 幫忙其他難民，

about her future,

但對於自己的未來，

where it is or what it holds.

她沒有任何把握，

This talk is about Frederick, about Halud

像是未來在哪裡，或未來有什麼。

and about millions like them:

這場演講是關於費得列克， 關於哈魯德，

why they're displaced,

以及無數名和他們一樣的難民：

how they survive, what help they need and what our responsibilities are.

關於他們為何遷移、

I truly believe this,

如何生存、需要什麼幫助， 以及我們的責任。

that the biggest question in the 21st century

我真心認為，

concerns our duty to strangers.

21 世紀最大的問題

The future "you" is about your duties

在於我們對陌生人的責任。

to strangers.

未來的「你們」，是關乎

You know better than anyone,

你們對於陌生人的責任。

the world is more connected than ever before,

各位比其他人更清楚，

yet the great danger

這個世界的連結比從前緊密得多，

is that we're consumed by our divisions.

但更大的危機在於

And there is no better test of that

我們都被分歧這事消耗掉了。

than how we treat refugees.

從我們對待難民的態度

Here are the facts: 65 million people

最能看出問題所在。

displaced from their homes by violence and persecution last year.

事實是，去年有六千五百萬人

If it was a country,

因為暴力及迫害被迫離開家，

that would be the 21st largest country in the world.

假如這些人組成一個國家，

Most of those people, about 40 million, stay within their own home country,

將會是 21 世紀世界最大的國家。

but 25 million are refugees.

這群人中，約四千萬人待在祖國，

That means they cross a border into a neighboring state.

但其中二千五百萬名是難民。

Most of them are living in poor countries,

這表示他們跨越國界到鄰國。

relatively poor or lower-middle-income countries, like Lebanon,

他們大多住在貧困國家，

where Halud is living.

相對貧困或中低收入國家， 例如黎巴嫩，

In Lebanon, one in four people is a refugee,

哈魯德的居住地。

a quarter of the whole population.

在黎巴嫩， 每四人就有一人是難民，

And refugees stay for a long time.

是全數人口的四分之一。

The average length of displacement

而且難民會待很長的時間。

is 10 years.

他們流離失所的平均時間

I went to what was the world's largest refugee camp, in eastern Kenya.

是 10 年。

It's called Dadaab.

我去過肯亞東部世界最大的難民營，

It was built in 1991-92

它叫達達布，

as a "temporary camp" for Somalis fleeing the civil war.

在 1991 到 1992 間成立，

I met Silo.

作為索馬利亞人 逃離內戰的「短暫營區」。

And naïvely I said to Silo,

我遇見西蘿，

"Do you think you'll ever go home to Somalia?"

並且很天真地問她：

And she said, "What do you mean, go home?

「妳覺得自己可能回到 索馬利亞的家嗎？」

I was born here."

她說：「你說回家是什麼意思？

And then when I asked the camp management

我就是在這裡出生的。」

how many of the 330,000 people in that camp were born there,

然後我問營區的管理員，

they gave me the answer:

33 萬人中有多少人 是在那裡出生的。

100,000.

他們的答案是

That's what long-term displacement means.

10 萬。

Now, the causes of this are deep:

這是長期流離失所真正的意思。

weak states that can't support their own people,

注意，這個現象的成因很深層：

an international political system

較弱勢的國家無法支持人民、

weaker than at any time since 1945

國際政治系統

and differences over theology, governance, engagement with the outside world

也處於 1945 年以來最糟的狀況，

in significant parts of the Muslim world.

加上穆斯林世界主要地區的

Now, those are long-term, generational challenges.

神學觀、統治方式 及相處模式和外界有極大不同。

That's why I say that this refugee crisis is a trend and not a blip.

這些都是長期且普遍的挑戰。

And it's complex, and when you have big, large, long-term, complex problems,

所以我認為難民危機是種趨勢， 而非暫時性變動。

people think nothing can be done.

而當人們遇到龐大、長期 且複雜的問題時，

When Pope Francis went to Lampedusa,

就會認為無計可施了。

off the coast of Italy, in 2014,

教宗方濟各到蘭佩杜薩島時，

he accused all of us and the global population

2014 年在義大利海岸邊

of what he called "the globalization of indifference."

控訴我們和全球人民

It's a haunting phrase.

犯了他所謂「冷漠全球化」的罪。

It means that our hearts have turned to stone.

這是個讓人難以忘記的詞。

Now, I don't know, you tell me.

意思是我們的心已經變為石頭了。

Are you allowed to argue with the Pope, even at a TED conference?

我也不知道，請告訴我，

But I think it's not right.

你們能和教宗爭論嗎， 甚至是在 TED 會議中？

I think people do want to make a difference,

但我覺得他錯了。

but they just don't know whether there are any solutions to this crisis.

我認為人們想要改變，

And what I want to tell you today

只是不知道有什麼辦法可以解決。

is that though the problems are real, the solutions are real, too.

而我今天要告訴各位的，

Solution one:

就是問題很真實， 但解決方法也很實際。

these refugees need to get into work in the countries where they're living,

方法一：

and the countries where they're living need massive economic support.

這些難民必須在居住地找到工作，

In Uganda in 2014, they did a study:

而這些國家需要龐大的經濟支援。

80 percent of refugees in the capital city Kampala

2014 年烏干達有份研究顯示：

needed no humanitarian aid because they were working.

首都康培拉的難民有八成

They were supported into work.

因為有工作而不需要人道協助。

Solution number two:

他們受到支持而能工作。

education for kids is a lifeline, not a luxury,

解決方案二：

when you're displaced for so long.

孩童教育是條救命線， 而非一種奢侈，

Kids can bounce back when they're given the proper social, emotional support

尤其是被迫離鄉這麼久。

alongside literacy and numeracy.

有適當的社會、情感支援， 孩童就能重新振作，

I've seen it for myself.

同時具有識字力及計算能力。

But half of the world's refugee children of primary school age

我曾親眼見識過。

get no education at all,

但世上有一半 已經該上小學的難民孩童

and three-quarters of secondary school age get no education at all.

完全沒受任何教育；

That's crazy.

而該上中學的孩子 有四分之三也沒受任何教育。

Solution number three:

這太誇張了。

most refugees are in urban areas, in cities, not in camps.

解決方案三：

What would you or I want if we were a refugee in a city?

多數難民都住在都會或城市， 而非難民營。

We would want money to pay rent or buy clothes.

若我們是城市的難民， 你我會想要什麼？

That is the future of the humanitarian system,

我們會需要錢來付租金或買衣服。

or a significant part of it:

這正是未來人道系統該做的，

give people cash so that you boost the power of refugees

或至少是其中很重要的一部分：

and you'll help the local economy.

給人們現金，提升難民的能力，

And there's a fourth solution, too,

同時也會促進當地經濟。

that's controversial but needs to be talked about.

還有第四個方法。

The most vulnerable refugees need to be given a new start

有點爭議，但仍需要提出來討論。

and a new life in a new country,

最脆弱的難民需要在新的國家

including in the West.

有個新的開始，新的人生。

The numbers are relatively small, hundreds of thousands, not millions,

包括在西方世界。

but the symbolism is huge.

這些難民數量相對較少， 大概數十萬人，

Now is not the time to be banning refugees,

但有龐大的象徵意義。

as the Trump administration proposes.

現在不是禁止難民的時候，

It's a time to be embracing people who are victims of terror.

就像川普政府提議的那樣。

And remember --

是時候去擁抱那些 身受恐懼所苦的人了。

(Applause)

請記得……

Remember, anyone who asks you, "Are they properly vetted?"

（掌聲）

that's a really sensible and good question to ask.

記得，如果有人問你： 「他們受過調查了嗎？」

The truth is, refugees arriving for resettlement

這是合情理的好問題。

are more vetted than any other population arriving in our countries.

真相是，要定居的難民

So while it's reasonable to ask the question,

比其他人口受到更多的審查。

it's not reasonable to say that refugee is another word for terrorist.

所以儘管這個問題很合理，

Now, what happens --

但說難民等於恐怖分子卻很不合理。

(Applause)

好，那……

What happens when refugees can't get work,

（掌聲）

they can't get their kids into school,

當這些難民找不到工作、

they can't get cash, they can't get a legal route to hope?

無法讓孩子們就學、

What happens is they take risky journeys.

沒有錢，也不能指望 合法管道求生，怎麼辦？

I went to Lesbos, this beautiful Greek island, two years ago.

結果就是他們 選擇走風險較大的途徑。

It's a home to 90,000 people.

兩年前我到過美麗的 希臘列斯伏斯島，

In one year, 500,000 refugees went across the island.

那裡有 9 萬人。

And I want to show you what I saw

一年內，50 萬名難民 途經這座島嶼。

when I drove across to the north of the island:

我想讓你們看看 當時我所看到的景象。

a pile of life jackets of those who had made it to shore.

當時我正要開往島嶼北部，

And when I looked closer,

那裡堆滿了 平安抵達岸上者的救生衣。

there were small life jackets for children,

而當我看得更仔細時，

yellow ones.

發現當中有給孩童的小救生衣，

And I took this picture.

黃色的。

You probably can't see the writing, but I want to read it for you.

我拍了這張照片。

"Warning: will not protect against drowning."

你可能看不到上頭的字， 但我想讀給你聽：

So in the 21st century,

「警告：無法保證不溺水。」

children are being given life jackets

所以在 21 世紀，

to reach safety in Europe

孩童有救生衣

even though those jackets will not save their lives

可以安全抵達歐洲，

if they fall out of the boat that is taking them there.

即使那些救生衣無法在 他們掉到船外時

This is not just a crisis, it's a test.

拯救他們的性命。

It's a test that civilizations have faced down the ages.

這不只是危機，更是種考驗。

It's a test of our humanity.

這是文明面臨的長期考驗，

It's a test of us in the Western world

對人性的考驗。

of who we are and what we stand for.

這要考驗在西方世界的我們，

It's a test of our character, not just our policies.

我們是誰，還有我們為何而戰。

And refugees are a hard case.

這在考驗我們的人格， 而不僅是政策。

They do come from faraway parts of the world.

而難民問題是個艱難的例子。

They have been through trauma.

他們的確來自世界偏遠之地、

They're often of a different religion.

曾受過創傷，

Those are precisely the reasons we should be helping refugees,

通常和我們擁有不同信仰，

not a reason not to help them.

這正是我們應該幫助難民的原因，

And it's a reason to help them because of what it says about us.

而非不幫助他們的原因。

It's revealing of our values.

我們要幫助難民， 因為這會顯出我們是怎樣的人。

Empathy and altruism are two of the foundations of civilization.

那透露出我們的價值觀。

Turn that empathy and altruism into action

同理及利他主義是文明的兩座基石。

and we live out a basic moral credo.

把同理心和利他主義化為行動，

And in the modern world, we have no excuse.

並活出基本道德信條。

We can't say we don't know what's happening in Juba, South Sudan,

在當代世界，我們責無旁貸。

or Aleppo, Syria.

我們不能說自己不知道 南蘇丹的朱巴

It's there, in our smartphone

或敘利亞的阿勒坡發生什麼事。

in our hand.

這些新聞就在我們的手機裡，

Ignorance is no excuse at all.

在我們的手中。

Fail to help, and we show we have no moral compass at all.

無知不再是藉口。

It's also revealing about whether we know our own history.

冷眼旁觀顯示出 我們完全沒有道德感。

The reason that refugees have rights around the world

這也透露出我們是否了解自身歷史。

is because of extraordinary Western leadership

難民在這個世界有人權，

by statesmen and women after the Second World War

是因為西方卓越的領導力，

that became universal rights.

二戰後由政治家主導，

Trash the protections of refugees, and we trash our own history.

因而成為普世權利。

This is --

踐踏保護難民權利 就等於踐踏自己的歷史。

(Applause)

這也……

This is also revealing about the power of democracy

（掌聲）

as a refuge from dictatorship.

這也顯示出民主的力量，

How many politicians have you heard say,

作為一種逃離獨裁的手段。

"We believe in the power of our example, not the example of our power."

你們聽過多少政客說過：

What they mean is what we stand for is more important than the bombs we drop.

「我們相信典範的力量， 而非力量的示範」？

Refugees seeking sanctuary

意思是為何而戰比丟炸彈還重要。

have seen the West as a source of hope and a place of haven.

尋求聖所的難民