【TED】金墉。難道不是每個人都值得擁有美好生活的機會嗎？(難道不是每個人都應該有一個好的生活機會嗎？|金墉) (【TED】Jim Yong Kim: Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? (Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life?

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I just want to share with you

譯者: Hui chu Chen 審譯者: Wilde Luo
what I have been experiencing over the last five years

我想跟你們分享
in having the great privilege of traveling

我過去五年來的經歷。
to many of the poorest countries in the world.

那期間，我享受著特權：
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,

到世界上許多貧窮的國家去旅行。
and these young children are looking at a smartphone,

我走到哪都看得到的是，
and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.

一群孩子看著一隻智慧型手機，
I said to my team, you know,

智慧型手機甚至對最貧窮的國家也能產生重大影響。
what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.

我跟我的團隊說，你知道嗎，
In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.

我所看到的是世界各地期望的興起。
And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.

事實上，在我看來這些期望有著趨同的現象。
Is this true?

並且，我請了一個經濟學家團隊來對此做研究。
Are aspirations converging all around the world?

這是真的嗎？
So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life

世界各地的期望真的在趨於一致嗎？
and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,

所以他們檢視蓋洛普民意測驗關於生活滿足度調查，
your satisfaction goes up.

他們瞭解到的是如果你能上網，
But another thing happens that's very important:

你的滿意度會提高。
your reference income,

但另外一面要注意的是：
the income to which you compare your own,

你的「參考收入」——
also goes up.

你把它作為衡量自己收入高低的標準，
Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,

也會升高。
goes up 10 percent

那麼，舉例來說，如果國家的參考收入
by comparing themselves to the outside,

與外界相比較
then on average,

增加了 10% 的話，
people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent

那麼平均而言，
to maintain the same level of satisfaction.

人民的收入必須上漲至少 5％，
But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,

才能保持和原來一樣水平的滿意度。
your income has to go up much more

但是如果你屬於較低收入人群，為了維持滿意度，
if the reference income goes up 10 percent,

你的收入需要漲得更多才行——
something like 20 percent.

如果參考收入漲 10％，
And so with this rise of aspirations,

那自身收入或許要漲 20％。
the fundamental question is:

所以隨著期望被激發，
Are we going to have a situation

根本的問題是：
where aspirations are linked to opportunity

會不會產生一種情況，
and you get dynamism and economic growth,

期望與機遇相結合，
like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?

你會獲得動力和經濟增長，
Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?

就像我出生的國家，韓國，所發生的那樣？
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,

或者，期望會遭遇挫折？
terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.

這真的值得關切，因為從 2012 年到 2015 年，
The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.

恐怖事件增長了 74%，
Right now, two billion people

受恐怖主義影響的死亡人數上升了 150%。
live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,

現在，有 20 億人口，
and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor

生活條件是脆弱的、充斥衝突與暴力，
will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.

到了 2030 年，預計世界上超過 60% 的窮人
And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?

將會活在充斥著脆弱、衝突與暴力的環境下。
Are there new ways of thinking

為了滿足這些期望，我們能做什麼？
about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?

為了滿足這些期望，
Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.

關於「我們該如何努力」，是否有新的思維方式？
Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.

因為如果我們沒有，我就非常擔心。
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.

因為大家都能上網，期望被激發，到了前所未有的程度。
Has our ability to meet those aspirations

每個人都能知道其他人是如何生活的。
risen as well?

我們滿足這些期望的能力
And just to get at the details of this,

也被激發、提升了嗎?
I want to share with you my own personal story.

為了得到更多相關細節，
This is not my mother,

我想和你分享我自己的個人故事。
but during the Korean War,

這不是我的母親，
my mother literally took her own sister,

但在朝鮮戰爭時期，
her younger sister, on her back,

為了逃離首爾，
and walked at least part of the way

我的母親的確像這樣
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.

揹著自己的妹妹，
Now, through a series of miracles,

走過一段路。
my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.

經過一連串奇蹟，
They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.

我的母親和父親都得到了去紐約市的獎學金。
My father, too, was a refugee.

實際上，他們在紐約市相遇，並在紐約市結婚。
At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,

我的父親也是一個難民。
escaped through the border

19 歲時，他離開了在韓國北方的家人，
and never saw his family again.

逃過邊境，
Now, when they were married and living in New York,

再也看不到他的家人。
my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.

那時，他們結了婚並住在紐約，
Their aspirations went up.

我的父親是一個服務生，在著名的派翠西亞莫非餐廳工作。
They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City

他們的期望被激發了。
in the 1950s.

他們明白了，在 1950 年代，住在像紐約市這樣的地方
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,

是什麼樣子。
and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,

我的哥哥出生後，他們回到韓國，
but what was happening in Korea at that time

在我的印象中，我們當時過著快樂祥和的生活，
was the country was one of the poorest in the world

但當時在韓國，
and there was political upheaval.

它是世界上最貧窮的國家之一，
There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,

並且發生了政治動盪。
students protesting against the military government.

在門口外，總是有示威遊行，
And at the time,

學生抗議反對軍政府。
the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,

而當時，
were extremely low for Korea.

世界銀行，也就是我現在領導的組織，
Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid

對韓國方面的期望是非常低的。
to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.

他們的想法是，如果沒有來自國外的援助，
So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,

提供人們更多生活的必需品，韓國將會很難生存下去。
my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.

實情就是韓國處於艱難的位置，
They got married there. My brother was born there.

我的父母見識過在美國是如何生活。
And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity

他們在那裡結婚，生了我哥哥。
to reach their aspirations for us,

他們覺得，為了給我們一個機會，
we had to go and come back to the United States.

能讓我們達到他們的期望，
Now, we came back.

我們不得不回到美國。
First we went to Dallas.

所以我們回來了。
My father did his dental degree all over again.

首先我們去了達拉斯。
And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.

我的父親重讀他的牙醫學位。
We grew up in Iowa.

然後我們又到處搬家，最終在愛荷華州安定。
And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.

我們在愛荷華州長大。
I went to high school, I went to college.

在愛荷華，我們完成學業。
And then one day, something that I'll never forget,

我去了高中，又上了大學。
my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,

然後有一天，發生一件事讓我永生難忘，
and he was driving me home,

我父親在我大學二年級學年結束後來接我，
and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?

他正在開車載我回家，
What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"

他說：「吉姆，你的抱負是什麼？
And I said, "Dad," --

你想學什麼？你想做什麼？」
My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas

我說：「爸爸，」——
about protest and social justice,

我的母親其實是一個哲學家，並給我們灌輸了很多關於
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,

抗議和社會正義方面的想法，
and I'm going to become part of a political movement."

於是我說：「爸爸，我要去學習政治學與哲學，
My father, the Korean dentist,

我要成為政治運動的一部分。」
slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --

我父親，一名韓國牙醫，
(Laughter)

慢慢地把車停在路邊——
He looked back at me, and he said,

（笑聲）
"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."

他回頭看著我，他說：
(Laughter)

「吉姆，先成為一名醫生，之後學什麽我都不會管你！」
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.

（笑聲）
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.

以前我講過同樣的故事，聽眾大部分為亞洲人，
Of course.

沒有人笑，他們只是點頭。
(Laughter)

當然了。
(Applause)

（笑聲）
So, tragically, my father died at a young age,

（鼓掌）
30 years ago at the age of 57,

不幸的是，我父親去世時還很年輕，
what happens to be how old I am right now,

30 年前，57 歲的時候，
and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --

正巧是我現在的這個年紀，
You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.

他過世的時候我正忙於醫學課程和研究生課程——
I studied both of them in graduate school.

實際上，為了實現我的抱負，我選了醫學和人類學。
But then right about that time, I met these two people,

我在研究所雙修這兩個科目。
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.

但是那時候呢，我遇到這兩個人，
And Paul and I were in the same program.

奧菲利亞．達爾和保羅．法默。
We were studying medicine

而保羅和我在同一門課程中。
and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.

我們都是學醫學的，
And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.

並在同一時間也在博士班攻讀人類學。
For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --

我們開始探討一些相當基本的問題。
I had come from parents who were refugees.

對有幸能同時學習醫學和人類學的人——
Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.

我出生於一個父母都是難民的家庭。
He liked to call himself "white trash."

保羅是在佛羅里達沼澤地的一輛廢棄巴士上長大的。
And so we had this opportunity

他喜歡稱自己為「白人中的垃圾。」
and we said,

所以我們有這個機會，
what is it that we need to do?

我們說，
Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,

我們需要做什麼？
what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?

我們接受了這難以置信的菁英教育，
And we decided that we needed to start an organization.

我們對這世界的責任的本質是什麼？
It's called Partners in Health.

我們決定要組織一個機構。
And by the way, there's a movie made about that.

它被稱為「健康夥伴」。
(Applause)

順便說一下，這還被拍成了一部電影。
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie

（掌聲）
they made about it called "Bending the Arc."

他們製作了一部電影，是一部很精彩的電影，
It launched at Sundance this past January.

名字是「折轉那弧線。」 (Bending the Arc)
Jeff Skoll is here.

今年一月在日舞影展上映。
Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.

傑夫．史柯爾在這。
And we began to think about what it would take for us

他是這部電影能出現的功臣之一。
to actually have our aspirations reach the level

我們開始思考：我們要怎樣才能
of some of the poorest communities in the world.

讓我們的期望能符合
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,

世界上的貧窮社會所要的期望。
and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,

這是我 1988 年第一次訪問海地，
which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor

在 1988 年，我們闡述了一個宗旨：
in health.

在健康護理方面，
Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.

我們要優先為貧窮的人們著想。
We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.

我們在這上面花了很長時間，並且我們是人類學博士。
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.

我們一方面閱讀馬克思著作，另一方面，也閲讀了
We were reading everything

哈貝馬斯、費爾南．布勞岱爾。
and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?

我們當時讀了很多書，
So "O for the P," we called it,

並且我們對於如何組織我們的工作這個問題得出了結論。
a preferential option for the poor.

我們把它稱之為，「O for the P」，
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor

即：關愛貧窮為先。
is what it's not.

關於「愛貧為先」最重要的事情，
It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.

是這個理念「不代表」的東西。
It's not a preferential option

它不是為了喚起你自己的英雄主義感。
for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.

它也不是為了驗證
It's not a preferential option for your own organization.

你那自認為能幫助窮人脫貧的想法。
And the hardest of all,

它也不是給你所在的組織帶來利益。
it's not a preferential option for your poor.

所有的一切中，最難的是，
It's a preferential option for the poor.

它所關照的，不只是你所認為的窮人，
So what do you do?

而是所有的窮人們。
Well, Haiti, we started building --

所以你會怎麼做？
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing

那麼從海地我們開始建設——
is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.

每個人都告訴我們：成本效益高的方案就是
But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.

專注在接種疫苗或者供膳計劃上。
They wanted schools.

但海地人想要的，是醫院。
They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities

他們想要學校。
that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,

他們想提供機遇給他們的孩子，
who had gone to the United States.

他們從別人那裡聽說的機遇，例如來自親戚，
They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.

以及去過美國的人。
I recognized them.

他們想要機會，如同我雙親享有的那樣。
And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.

我認可他們的想法。
We provided education.

所以這就是我們所做的。我們建立醫院，
And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.

我們提供教育。
Now, my experience really became intense

我們盡了一切努力試圖提供機會給他們。
at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,

有些經歷真的很令人難忘，
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.

像「健康夥伴」在祕魯利馬北部的貧民窟──
And in this community,

卡拉瓦依略社區的行動。
we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,

在這個社區裡，
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

我們開始僅僅只是到人家的家裡和人交談，
This is Melquiades.

我們發現了一場爆發的疫情，極為嚴重的多重耐藥性結核病。
Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,

這是馬奎斯。
and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

馬奎斯當時是患者之一，他大約 18 歲，
All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,

他患了一類非常難以醫治的耐藥性結核病。
said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.

世界上所有的專家，全球健康專家，
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.

都說治療耐藥性結核病是不符合成本效益的。
You just can't do it. It can't be done.

它太複雜、太昂貴了。
And in addition, they were getting angry at us,

你真的做不到。沒辦法完成。
because the implication was

除此之外，他們對我們很生氣，
if it could be done, we would have done it.

因為這其中的隱藏含義是：
Who do you think you are?

如果這可以做到，我們早就把它解決了。
And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization

你以為自己有幾斤幾兩？
and probably the organization we fought with most

我們對抗的是世界衛生組織，
was the World Bank Group.

我們絕大部分的抗爭對象
Now, we did everything we could

是世界銀行集團。
to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,

現在，我們竭盡全力
because it's really hard,

說服馬奎斯按時服藥，
and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,

因為這真的很困難，
"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.

在治療期間，馬奎斯的家人曾經不只一次說過：
Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"

「嘿，你知道，治療馬奎斯真的很不符合成本效益。
(Laughter)

你為什麽不去治療其他人呢？」
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years

（笑聲）
and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru

我差不多 10 年沒見馬奎斯了，
a couple of years ago,

而在幾年前，我們在秘魯利馬的年會上
the filmmakers found him

終於有機會見面，
and here is us getting together.

製片人找到了他，
(Applause)

這是我們聚在一起的樣子。
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,

（掌聲）
and he knows how to work an audience now.

他儼然成為一個媒體明星，因為他去了電影首映會，
(Laughter)

他現在學會了如何取悅觀眾。
But as soon as we won --

（笑聲）
We did win. We won the argument.

但是，一旦我們贏了——
You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --

我們的確贏了。我們在爭論中勝出了。
we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.

你應該治療多重耐藥結核病——
All of the leading global health people in the world said

在二十世紀初期，關於愛滋病，我們也聽到同樣的論調：
it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.

世界上所有頂尖的醫療人員都說，
Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.

在貧窮國家治療愛滋病是不可能的。
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,

太昂貴了、太複雜了，你做不到。
it's actually easier.

但是，與耐藥結核病的治療相比，
And we were seeing patients like this.

它實際上更容易。
Joseph Jeune.

我們看到像這樣的病人。
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.

約瑟夫 · 尚恩。
A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.

不用說，治療約瑟夫 · 尚恩也不符合成本效益。
(Applause)

幾個月的藥物治療之後，這就是他的樣子。
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.

（掌聲）
Joseline came to us looking like this.

我們把這稱之為愛滋病治療的拉撒路效應。
This is what she looked like a few months later.

約瑟琳來找我們時看起來像這樣。
(Applause)

這就是她幾個月後的樣子。
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,

（掌聲）
was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.

我們認為，我們的爭論、我們的對抗，
We were saying, no,

是針對那些不斷說著「這不符合成本效益」的組織團體。
preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations

我們表示：不是這樣的。
to meet those of the poor for themselves.

「關愛貧窮為先」要求我們激起我們的期望，
And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.

去滿足貧困人們的期望。
So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,

他們說，那是一個很好的想法，但它是不符合成本效益的。
we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.

所以，就像我們以一種學究的方式運營「健康夥伴」一樣，
It says that because the World Bank

我們寫了一本書來反對── 說穿了就是，世界銀行集團。
has focused so much on just economic growth

書裡寫道，因為世界銀行集團
and said that governments have to shrink their budgets

已經花費如此多精力在經濟增長上，
and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --

並說政府不得不縮減預算，
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.

減少在健康、教育和社會福利方面的支出──
And we argued with the World Bank.

我們認為這是根本性的錯誤。
And then a crazy thing happened.

我們為此和世界銀行爭論。
President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.

然後發生了一件瘋狂的事情。
(Applause)

歐巴馬總統提名我擔任世界銀行總裁。
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,

（掌聲）
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.

在與歐巴馬總統團隊的審查過程中，
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?

他們拿著我們寫的「渴望增長」，他們每一頁都讀過了。
You guys are going to drop me?"

我說：「好的，就這樣，對吧？
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."

你們會剔除我，對吧？」
And I was nominated,

他說：「哦，不、不、沒關係。」
and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,

而且我被提名，
and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."

我在 2012 年 7 月，走進世界銀行集團的門，
A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:

牆上還有聲明：「我們的夢想是一個沒有貧困的世界。」
end extreme poverty by 2030,

幾個月後，我們真的把它當成了一個目標：
boost shared prosperity.

2030 年前結束極端貧困，
That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.

促進共同繁榮。
I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor

這就是我們現在在世界銀行所做的。
to the World Bank Group.

我覺得我已經把「關愛貧窮為先」理念
(Applause)

帶到了世界銀行集團。
But this is TED,

（掌聲）
and so I want to share with you some concerns,

但這是 TED 講臺，
and then make a proposal.

所以我想和你們分享一些共同關注的問題，
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,

然後提出建議。
now, you guys know so much better than I do,

第四次工業革命，
but here's the thing that concerns me.

現在，在座各位比我厲害的人很多，
What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.

但這是讓我覺得急需關切的事。
Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,

當我們聽到失業，大家都聽說過。
currently existing jobs in developing countries,

我們的數據向我們指出，三分之二的工作崗位，
will be lost because of automation.

目前在發展中國家現有的工作崗位，
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.

將會因為自動化而消失。
Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs

你必須填補這些消失的工作。
is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.

有一個方法能彌補這些消失的工作，
That's what we want to do.

就是讓社區衛生工作者成為正式的勞動力。
(Applause)

這就是我們想要做的。
We think the numbers will work out,

（掌聲）
that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,

我們認為這方法會有效，
we're going to be able to train them

隨著健康結果越來越好，隨著人們有正式工作，
with the soft-skills training that you add to it

我們將能夠利用你加入的軟技能訓練方法
to become workers that will have a huge impact,

來訓練他們，
and that may be the one area that grows the most.

讓他們成為能產生巨大影響的工作者，
But here's the other thing that bothers me:

這可能是一個發展最快的領域。
right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future

但這裡還有另一件事困擾我：
will be more digitally demanding,

現在對我來說，這一點似乎再清楚不過：未來的工作方向，
and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.

將會更加高科技數位化，
So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us

但在有些地方，面臨著兒童發育不良的危機。
from Harvard Medical School.

與我們分享這些照片的是查爾斯．納爾遜，
And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,

來自哈佛醫學院。
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:

這些照片所展示的是，在左邊，
not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.

是一個三個月大、發育不良的嬰兒：
And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,

營養不足，沒有足夠的生理刺激。
and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.

在另一邊，是一個正常的孩子，
Now, the neuronal connections are important,

正常的孩子具有所有這些神經元連接。
because that is the definition of human capital.

神經元的連接很重要，
Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.

因為那就是人力資本的定義。
We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,

現在，我們知道我們可以降低這些機率。
but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,

我們可以很快地減少世界上兒童發育不良的機率，
how are they going to compete in the economy of the future

如果我們不行動，舉印度為例， 38％的兒童發育遲緩，
if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally

他們在未來的經濟社會中要怎樣去同別人競爭？
and certainly we worry about achieving economically

有四成不能在教育上取得成功，
in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.

我們當然也擔心他們不能在經濟上取得成功，
Now, what are we going to do?

那麼這些人並不能幫助國家實現整體的發展。
78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.

但現在，我們要做什麼?
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.

全球經濟的規模達到了 78 兆美元。
That means that you give the German central bank your money

8.55 兆美元是投資在負利率債券。
and then you pay them to keep your money.

這意味著，你往德國中央銀行存錢，
That's a negative interest rate bond.

然後你付錢給他們讓他們來保管你的錢。
24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.

這就是負利率債券。
And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people

24.4 兆美元投資在獲利極低的政府債券。
under their very large mattresses.

8 兆元握在富人手中，
What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --

藏在他們非常大的床墊下。
and just to get nerdy for a second,

我們正在努力做的，是用我們自己的工具——
we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,

現在再讓我做個學究，就幾秒──
we're talking about derisking, blended finance,

我們在說第一損失風險債務工具，
we're talking about political risk insurance,

我們在說去風險化、公益金融，
credit enhancement --

我們在說政治風險保險，
all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group

信用增強——
that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,

這些是我在世界銀行學到的東西，
but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor

而富人每天都在用這些使自己更富有，
to bring this capital in.

但我們還沒有完全積極地為貧困的人們著想，
(Applause)

把這個資本帶給他們。
So does this work?

（掌聲）
Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country

那麼這個怎樣運作呢?
and really make things work?

你真的可以讓一家私營企業進入一個國家，
Well, we've done it a couple of times.

真的把事情做成嗎？
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.

嗯，我們已經有好幾次經驗了。
It's a box-set solution from the World Bank

這是尚比亞太陽能專案「Scaling Solar」。
where we come in and we do all the things you need

這是來自世界銀行的一個完整方案。
to attract private-sector investors.

我們參與進來，把所有你頭疼的問題都解決了，
And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity

來吸引私營部門投資者。
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,

在這種情況下，尚比亞地區電力的成本，
and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,

開始是每度 25 美分，
changing some policies,

而通過做些小事，例如做拍賣，
we were able to bring the cost down.

改變一些政策，
Lowest bid,

我們就能夠降低成本。
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?

在尚比亞，最低的標
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.

還是每度 25 美分嗎？
(Applause)

不，最低標為每度 4.7 美分。這是可能的。
But here's my proposal for you.

（掌聲）
This is from a group called Zipline,

但還是聽聽我的建議。
a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.

這是來自一個叫 Zipline （飛索）的小組，
They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.

一個很酷的公司，他們其實是火箭科學家。
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda

他們探究明白了如何在盧安達使用無人遙控飛機。
that delivers blood anywhere in the country

這是我在盧安達發射一架無人機，
in less than an hour.

它能在不到一個小時內，
So we save lives,

去國內的任何地方遞送血液。
this program saved lives --

所以我們拯救了生命，
(Applause)

這個計畫拯救了生命──
This program made money for Zipline

（掌聲）
and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.

這個計畫為「飛索」賺了錢，
That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.

這個計畫也省了盧安達了大筆的金錢。
I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains

這就是我們需要的，我們需要與你們所有人的合作。
to think about the technology that you work on,

我想請你，用一點時間思考一下，
the companies that you start, the design that you do.

思考你正在從事的技術，
Think a little bit and work with us

你開的公司，你做的設計。
to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.

想一下，和我們合作，
I'm going to leave you with one final story.

看看我們能否提出這些非凡的雙贏解決方案。
I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.

我要告訴你最後一個故事。
This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.

我在坦尚尼亞的一間教室裡，
And I asked them, as I always do,

這是我和一群 11 歲的孩子們在教室裡的樣子。
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"

我像往常一樣問他們，
Two raised their hands and said,

你長大後想成為什麼？
"I want to be President of the World Bank."

兩個孩子舉手說：
(Laughter)

「我想當世界銀行的總裁。」
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.

（笑聲）
But then I stopped them.

就像你們一樣，我自己的團隊、他們的老師都笑了起來。
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.

但是我阻止了他們。
When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.

我說：「看，我想告訴你一個故事。
This is where I came from.

當我在南韓出生時，這是它的樣子。
And when I was three years old,

我來自這兒。
in preschool,

當我三歲的時候，
I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,

在幼兒園，
if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,

我認為喬治 · 戴維 · 伍茲，當時的世界銀行總裁，
that he would have thought

如果他當天訪問韓國，來到我的教室，
that the future President of the World Bank

他絶不會想到，
was sitting in that classroom.

未來的世界銀行的總裁，
Don't let anyone ever tell you

就坐在那個教室裡。
that you cannot be President of the World Bank."

不要讓任何人告訴你，
Now -- thank you.

你做不了世界銀行的總裁。」
(Applause)

現在──謝謝大家。
Let me leave you with one thought.

（掌聲）
I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.

讓我送給大家一個想法。
I'm President of the World Bank.

我出生的國家，曾經是世界上最貧窮的國家。
I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.

現在，我是世界銀行總裁。
This is urgent.

我不能、也絶不會過河拆橋、讓貧苦的孩子無法實現夢想。
Aspirations are going up.

現在情況很緊急。
Everywhere aspirations are going up.

期望正在被激發著。
You folks in this room, work with us.

夢想正在被點亮，無處不在。
We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions

在座的各位，和我們一起工作吧。
and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,

我們知道我們可以找到更多像「飛索」這樣的解決方案，
but it won't happen until we work together.

並幫助窮人大幅跨越，進入一個更美好的世界。
The future "you" -- and especially for your children --

但只有我們團結一致，才可能成功。
the future you

未來的「你們」── 尤其是為了你們的孩子──
will depend on how much care and compassion we bring

未來的你們
to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity

將取決於我們給予了多少關懷及同情心，
for every child in the world.

以確保未來的「我們」能為世界上的每一個孩子
Thank you very much.

提供平等的機會。
(Applause)

非常感謝各位。
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

（掌聲）
(Applause)

謝謝、謝謝、謝謝。
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think

（掌聲）
people are surprised to hear a talk like this

克里斯·安德森：「你似乎在想，
from the President of the World Bank.

聽到來自世界銀行總裁這樣的演講，
It's kind of cool.

人們會很驚訝。
I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.

這很酷。
There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.

我鼓勵你讓你的建議聽起來更加具體一些。
How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?

在這個房間裡，有很多投資者與企業家。
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.

你將如何與他們合作？你的建議是甚麼？
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.

金墉：我可以再學究一下嗎？就一秒鐘。
Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,

克：學究一下。當然的。金：所以這是我們所做的。
for example, because they can't take the risk.

舉個例子，保險公司從來不投資在發展中國家的基礎設施，
They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.

因為不能承擔風險。
So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association

他們拿著支付保險費用人的錢。
gave us a little bit of money,

所以我們所做的就是，
we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,

一家瑞典國際開發協會給了我們一點點錢，
and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,

我們出去並籌集到了更多一點的錢，一億美元，
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,

我們實行了第一損失，意思是說如果這件事情沒有成功，
and the rest of you will be safe.

我們只需吃下 10％的損失，
And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche

其他部分都會是安全的。
that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.

這樣創造了一個占總量 90％的資金塊、份額，
So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money

達到了 3B 的投資級別，所以保險公司可以進行投資。
and using it to derisk specific instruments

對我們來說，我們在做的就是拿出我們的公共資金
to bring people in from the outside.

並使用它來降低特定的金融工具的風險，
So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,

讓人們從外界加入進來。
come to us. Right?

所以你們這些坐擁數萬億美元現金的人，
(Laughter)

加入我們，好嗎?
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals

（笑聲）
that create employment in the developing world.

克里斯：你專門在尋找的，
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.

是關於在發展中國家創造就業機會的投資建議。
So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,

金墉：當然的，絕對是這樣。
builds roads, bridges, ports.

所以舉一個例，這些將會進入基礎設施中，為我們帶來能源，
These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,

建設道路、橋樑、港口等。
but also what we're saying is

這些東西是創造就業機會所必需的，
you may think that the technology you're working on

而我們說的也是：
or the business that you're working on

你可能會認為你正在從事的這項技術，
may not have applications in the developing world,

或者你正在開展的業務，
but look at Zipline.

在發展中國家中可能沒有用途，
And that Zipline thing didn't happen

但看看飛索這個例子。
just because of the quality of the technology.

而飛索的成功，
It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early

不只是因為技術卓越，
and used artificial intelligence --

也是因為他們很早與盧安達人建立了密切的關係，
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --

並使用了人工智慧──
but these things fly completely on their own.

這值得一提，盧安達有很好的寬頻網路──
So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.

這些無人機能完全自主飛行。
We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.

所以我們會幫助你做到這樣的事。我們會幫忙做介紹。
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy

我們甚至會提供融資。我們會幫助你。
to back those kinds of efforts?

克里斯：世界銀行願意部屬多少資本
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.

來支持這些行動？
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.

金墉：克里斯，你總是讓我好難做人。
We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,

克里斯：我就是來找碴的。金墉：所以這是我們要做的。
the poorest countries.

我們現在每年投資給貧窮國家 250 億美元，
And as we invest over the next three years,

是那些最貧窮的國家。
25 billion a year,

當我們在未來三年裡投資，
we have got to think with you

一年 250 億美元，
about how to use that money more effectively.

我們必須和你一起思考，
So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.

如何更有效地使用這筆錢。
So bring us your ideas,

所以我不能給你一個具體的數字。它取決於各個方案的品質。
and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.

所以給我們你的方案，
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.

我不認為融資會是問題。
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.

克里斯：好的，我們都聽到他說的了。
(Applause)

吉姆，非常感謝。

【TED】金墉。難道不是每個人都值得擁有美好生活的機會嗎？(難道不是每個人都應該有一個好的生活機會嗎？|金墉) (【TED】Jim Yong Kim: Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? (Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim))