I have a responsibility to welcome all of you once again.

因為我來自坦尚尼亞。

Thank you for coming.

我想我有責任要再次歡迎各位。

So, first of all, before we start,

謝謝你們來到這裡。

how many of you in the audience

首先，在我們開始之前，

have been in the past a victim of this bug here?

在座有哪些人

We apologize on behalf of all the mosquito catchers.

在過去曾經是這隻蟲子的受害者？

(Laughter)

我們代表捕蚊者深表歉意。

Ladies and gentlemen,

（笑聲）

imagine getting seven infectious mosquito bites every day.

各位先生女士，

That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.

想像一下，每天被 有傳染性的蚊子叮咬七次。

When I was in college, I moved to the Kilombero River valley

一年就會被叮到 2,555 次。

in the southeastern part of Tanzania.

讀大學時，我搬到基隆貝羅河谷，

This is historically one of the most malarious zones

位在坦尚尼亞的東南部。

in the world at that time.

在當時，這是歷史上全世界瘧疾

Life here was difficult.

最嚴重的地區。

In its later stages

在這裡的生活很辛苦。

malaria manifested with extreme seizures locally known as degedege.

在後期，

It's killed both women and men, adults and children,

瘧疾會導致極端癲癇， 在當地稱為 degedege。

without mercy.

不論女性或男性、 成人或小孩，都無法倖免，

My home institution, Ifakara Health Institute,

它就是這麼無情。

began in this valley in the 1950s

我所屬的機構， 伊法克拉衛生研究所，

to address priority health needs for the local communities.

從 1950 年代就在這個河谷成立，

In fact, the name Ifakara refers to a place you go to die,

協助當地的社區重要的健康需求。

which is a reflection of what life used to be here

事實上，伊法克拉這個字 意味著你過世的地方，

in the days before organized public health care.

它反映出了以前這裡，

When I first moved here,

在有組織的公眾健康照護 出現之前的生活。

my primary role was to estimate

我剛搬來這裡時，

how much malaria transmission was going on across the villages

我的主要角色是要估計

and which mosquitoes were transmitting the disease.

在這些村落有多少瘧疾傳染，

So my colleague and myself came

以及哪些蚊子在傳染這種疾病。

30 kilometers south of Ifakara town across the river.

所以，我同事和我越過河

Every evening we went into the villages with flashlights and siphons.

前往伊法克拉鎮的南方三十公里處。

We rolled up our trousers,

每晚，我們帶著手電筒 和虹吸管進入村落。

and waited for mosquitoes that were coming to bite us

我們把褲管捲起來，

so we could collect them

然後等待蚊子來叮咬我們，

to check if they were carrying malaria.

這樣我們才能捕捉牠們，

(Laughter)

檢查牠們是否帶有瘧疾。

My colleague and myself selected a household,

（笑聲）

and we started inside and outside, swapping positions every half hour.

我同事和我選了一戶人家，

And we did this for 12 hours every night for 24 consecutive nights.

我們分別從內部和外部開始， 每半小時換一次位置。

We slept for four hours every morning

每晚我們花十二小時做這件事， 連續做了二十四個晚上。

and worked the rest of the day,

每天早上我們睡四個小時，

sorting mosquitoes, identifying them and chopping off their heads

剩下的時間都在工作，

so they could be analyzed in the lab

把蚊子分類、辨識牠們， 並把牠們的頭砍下來，

to check if they were carrying malaria parasites

以此在實驗室中分析牠們，

in their blood mouthparts.

檢查牠們的吸血口器上

This way we were able to not only know how much malaria was going on here

是否帶有瘧原蟲。

but also which mosquitoes were carrying this malaria.

這樣我們不僅能知道 這裡有多少瘧疾，

We were also able to know

也能知道是哪些蚊子帶著瘧疾。

whether malaria was mostly inside houses or outside houses.

我們也能夠知道，

Today, ladies and gentlemen, I still catch mosquitoes for a living.

瘧疾主要是在屋內或屋外。

But I do this mostly to improve people's lives and well-being.

現今，各位先生女士， 我仍然靠捕捉蚊子維生。

This has been called by some people the most dangerous animal on earth --

但我這麼做，主要是為了 改善人們的生活和安康。

which unfortunately is true.

牠們被一些人稱為是 地球上最危險的動物──

But what do we really know about mosquitoes?

很不幸的，實情確實是如此。

It turns out we actually know very little.

但我們對蚊子到底了解多少？

Consider the fact that at the moment our best practice against malaria

結果發現，我們所知甚少。

are bednets -- insecticide treated bednets.

想想看，目前，我們 對抗瘧疾最好的做法

We know now that across Africa

是蚊帳──有經過殺蟲處理的蚊帳。

you have widespread resistance to insecticides.

現在我們知道，在整個非洲

And these are the same insecticides,

處處可見殺蟲劑抗藥性出現。

the pyrethroid class, that are put on these bednets.

而用在蚊帳上的，

We know now that these bednets protect you from bites

正是這種殺蟲劑，除蟲菊精類。

but only minimally kill the mosquitoes that they should.

我們現在知道，這些蚊帳 能保護你不被叮咬，

What it means is that we've got to do more to be able to get to zero.

但對於蚊子的殺傷力卻是最低限度。

And that's part of our duty.

這意味著，我們得要 做更多，才能消滅瘧疾。

At Ifakara Health Institute

那就是我們的職責之一。

we focus very much on the biology of the mosquito,

在伊法克拉衛生研究所，

and we try to do this so we can identify new opportunities.

我們非常著重在蚊子的生物學，

A new approach.

我們試著這麼做， 是希望能找出新機會。

New ways to try and get new options

新的方法。

that we can use together with things such as bednets

可以嘗試的新方式，和新的選擇，

to be able to get to zero.

把它們和像蚊帳這類東西做結合，

And I'm going to share with you a few examples

來消滅瘧疾。

of the things that my colleagues and myself do.

接著讓我與各位分享幾個例子，

Take this, for example.

說明我同事和我所做了些什麼。

Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.

以這個為例。

Not all of them are easy to find --

蚊子在小水池中滋生。

they can be scattered across villages,

牠們並非全都很容易找到──

they can be as small as hoofprints.

牠們可能散落在村落各處，

They can be behind your house or far from your house.

牠們可能和蹄印一樣小。

And so, if you wanted to control mosquito larvae,

牠們可能在你的房子後面， 或離你的房子很遠。

it can actually be quite difficult to get them.

所以，如果你想要控制蚊子幼蟲，

What my colleagues and I have decided to do

其實要找到牠們還蠻困難的。

is to think about what if we used mosquitoes themselves

但我同事和我決定要做的是

to carry the insecticides from a place of our choice

想看看如果由我們來主導，

to their own breeding habitats

讓蚊子本身從一個地方帶著殺蟲劑

so that whichever eggs they lay there shall not survive.

回到牠們自己的繁殖棲息地，

This is Dickson Lwetoijera.

不論牠們在哪下蛋， 都不會有蚊子存活。

This is my colleague who runs this show at Ifakara.

這位是狄克森路威突傑拉。

And he has demonstrated cleverly that you can actually get mosquitoes

我的同事，也是在 伊法克拉主導此事的人。

to come to the place where they normally come to get blood

他很聰明地證明了你其實可以讓蚊子

to pick up a dose of sterilants or insecticide,

來到牠們通常去吸血的地方，

carry this back to their own breeding habitat

取得一劑殺菌劑或殺蟲劑，

and kill all their progeny.

將之帶回到牠們的繁殖棲息地，

And we have demonstrated that you can do this

殺光牠們的後代。

and crush populations very, very rapidly.

我們已經證明了，用這種方式

This is beautiful.

可以非常快速地減少蚊子數量。

This is our mosquito city.

這樣很美好。

It is the largest mosquito farm

這是我們的蚊子城市。

available in the world for malaria research.

它是全世界最大、

Here we have large-scale self-sustaining colonies of malaria mosquitoes

為研究瘧疾所建立的蚊子飼養場。

that we rear in these facilities.

在此，我們有大規模 自立謀生的瘧疾蚊子群體，

Of course, they are disease-free.

我們在這些場所培養牠們。

But what these systems allow us to do

當然，牠們是不帶疾病的。

is to introduce new tools and test them immediately,

但這些系統讓我們能夠

very quickly,

引入新工具，並立即測試它們，

and see if we can crush these populations or control them in some way.

快速地測試，

And my colleagues have demonstrated

看看我們能否減少蚊子數量 或以某種方式控制其數量。

that if you just put two or three positions

我的同事已經證明

where mosquitoes can go pick up these lethal substances,

你只要設立兩個或三個位置，

we can crush these colonies in just three months.

若蚊子可以去吸取這些致命物質，

That's autodissemination, as we call it.

我們就可以在三個月內 將這些群體消滅。

But what if we could use

我們稱之為：自動散播。

the mosquitoes' sexual behavior

如果我們也能夠使用

to also control them?

蚊子的性行為

So, first of all I would like to tell you

來控制牠們，如何？

that actually mosquitoes mate in what we call swarms.

首先，我想要告訴各位，

Male mosquitoes usually congregate

蚊子其實是以我們所謂的 成群方式在交配的。

in clusters around the horizon, usually after sunset.

公蚊子通常會聚集起來，

The males go there for a dance,

通常是日落後， 在地平線附近成群結隊，

the females fly into that dance

公蚊子去那裡飛舞，

and select a male mosquito of their choice,

母蚊子飛入牠們當中，

usually the best-looking male in their view.

選擇牠們想要的公蚊子，

They clump together and fall down onto the floor.

通常是以牠們的觀點 選最好看的公蚊子。

If you watch this, it's beautiful.

牠們會結成一體，落到地面上。

It's a fantastic phenomenon.

如果你能看到，其實很美。

This is where our mosquito-catching work gets really interesting.

這是個很了不起的現象。

What we have seen, when we go swarm hunting in the villages,

我們的捕捉蚊子工作 在此處就變得很有意思了。

is that these swarm locations tend to be at exactly the same location

當我們到村落裡去獵捕 成群的蚊子，我們看見

every day, every week, every month,

集結成群的地點通常不會改變，

year in, year out.

每天、每周、每月、

They start at exactly the same time of the evening,

年復一年，都沒改變。

and they are at exactly the same locations.

牠們會在晚上同一時間開始聚集，

What does this tell us?

且是在完全相同的地點。

It means that if we can map all these locations across villages,

這告訴我們什麼？

we could actually

這表示，如果我們能把村落中的 這些地點標在地圖上，

crush these populations by just a single blow.

我們就可以

Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them or nuke them out.

僅靠一擊就將牠們消滅。

And that is what we try to do with young men and women

有點像是，對牠們 投炸彈或是原子彈。

across the villages.

我們和村落中的年輕男女就在

We organize these crews, teach them how to identify the swarms,

嘗試這麼做。

and spray them out.

我們把這些人組織起來， 教導他們如何辨識蚊子集群，

My colleagues and I believe we have a new window

然後噴殺牠們。

to get mosquitoes out of the valley.

我同事和我相信，我們有新機會

But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes eat blood, human blood,

把蚊子趕出村落。

is the reason they are the most dangerous animal on earth.

但，或許因為蚊子吸血，人類的血，

But think about it this way --

牠們才會是地球上最危險的動物。

mosquitoes actually smell you.

但換種方式來思考──

And they have developed

蚊子其實能聞到你。

incredible sensory organs.

牠們已經發展出

They can smell from as far sometimes as 100 meters away.

很了不起的感官器官。

And when they get closer,

牠們從一百公尺外就能聞到。

they can even tell the difference between two family members.

當牠們靠近時，

They know who you are based on what you produce

牠們甚至能夠分辨出 不同的兩位家人。

from your breath, skin, sweat and body odor.

根據你的呼吸、皮膚、汗水、

What we have done at Ifakara

體味所產生出的味道， 牠們就知道你是誰。

is to identify what it is in your skin, your body, your sweat or your breath

在伊法克拉，我們做的是

that these mosquitoes like.

找出你的皮膚、身體、汗水， 或呼吸中，有什麼成份

Once we identified these substances, we created a concoction,

是會吸引蚊子的。

kind of a mixture, a blend of synthetic substances

一旦我們找出了這些物質， 我們就能調製出

that are reminiscent of what you produce from your body.

一種混合物，合成物質的混合物，

And we made a synthetic blend

它能散發出你的身體所產生的味道。

that was attracting three to five times more mosquitoes than a human being.

我們做了一種合成混合物，

What can you do with this?

比起人類，它能夠吸引的 蚊子數量有三到五倍之多。

You put in a trap, lure a lot of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?

它能怎麼使用？

And of course, you can also use it for surveillance.

把它放到陷阱中，引誘許多蚊子， 再把蚊子殺光，對吧？

At Ifakara

當然，它也可以用在監視上。

we wish to expand our knowledge on the biology of the mosquito;

在伊法克拉，

to control many other diseases, including, of course, the malaria,

我們希望能拓展我們對於 蚊子之生物學的了解；

but also those other diseases that mosquitoes transmit

以控制許多其他疾病， 當然，包括瘧疾，

like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.

還有其他由蚊子傳播的疾病，

And this is why my colleagues, for example --

比如登革熱、屈公熱，及茲卡病毒。

we have looked at the fact

這就是為什麼我的同事，比如──

that some mosquitoes like to bite you on the leg region.

我們研究了一些蚊子喜歡 叮咬人類腿部的狀況。

And we've now created these mosquito repellent sandals

我們現在創造出了這些驅蚊拖鞋，

that tourists and locals can wear when they're coming.

遊客和本地人到這裡時可以穿著它。

And you don't get bitten --

你就不會被叮咬──

this gives you 'round the clock protection

它能提供你不分晝夜的保護，

until the time you go under your bednet.

直到你進到蚊帳底下。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

My love-hate relationship with mosquitoes continues.

我和蚊子之間那 愛恨交織的關係持續著，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And it's going to go a long way, I can see.

且它會長長久久，我知道。

But that's OK.

但那沒關係。

WHO has set a goal of 2030 to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.

世界衛生組織設定了一個 2030 年 目標：消滅 35 個國家的瘧疾。

The African Union has set a goal

非洲聯盟設定了一個

of 2030 to eliminate malaria from the continent.

2030 年目標： 消滅非洲大陸上的瘧疾。

At Ifakara we are firmly behind these goals.

在伊法克拉，我們 強力支持這些目標。

And we've put together a cohort of young scientists,

我們已經組成了 一個年輕科學家團隊，

male and female,

有男有女，

who are champions,

都是出類拔萃的人，

who are interested in coming together to make this vision come true.

都有興趣要合作實現這項遠景。

They do what they can

他們盡自己所能，

to make it work.

要成就此事。

And we are supporting them.

而我們在支持他們。

We are here to make sure that these dreams come true.

我們要確保這些夢想能夠成真。

Ladies and gentlemen,

各位先生女士，

even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,

就算在我們這一生不會發生，

even if it doesn't happen

就算不會在你我離開人世之前發生，

before you and me go away,

我相信，你們的孩子和我的孩子

I believe that your child and my child

所繼承的世界， 不會有傳染瘧疾的蚊子，

shall inherit a world free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes

也沒有瘧疾。

and free of malaria.

非常謝謝你們，各位先生女士。

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

謝謝。

Thank you.

凱蘿庫布：好的，佛雷德羅斯。

Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.

咱們來談一下 CRISPR。 （註：一種基因編輯技術）

Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

它已經完全攻佔了世界，

It's taken the world by storm,

它保證能做很了不起的事。

it promises to do amazing things.

對於科學家用 CRISPR 來殺光蚊子，你的看法是？

What do you think of scientists using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?

佛雷德羅斯歐庫姆：我回答之前， 我們先想想問題是什麼。

Fredros Okumu: To answer this question, let's start from what the problem is.

首先，我們在談的是 一種還會造成死亡的疾病──

First of all, we're talking about a disease that still kills --

根據世界衛生組織的最新數據──

according to the latest figures we have from WHO --

429,000 人因此而死。

429,000 people.

大部分都是非洲孩童。

Most of these are African children.

當然，我們有進展，

Of course, we've made progress,

有些國家已經成功

there are countries that have achieved

將瘧疾的重擔減輕了 50%~60%。

up to 50-60 percent reduction in malaria burden.

但我們還需要做更多， 才能完全消滅它。

But we still have to do more to get to zero.

已經有概念性驗證，

There is already proof of principle

證明基因改造技術，如 CRISPR，

that gene-editing techniques, such as CRISPR,

可以被有效地使用，

can be used effectively

來改造蚊子，讓牠們不會傳染瘧疾，

to transform mosquitoes so that either they do not transmit malaria --

我們稱之為族群改變；

we call this population alteration --

或讓牠們不再存在，

or that they no longer exist,

稱為族群抑制。

population suppression.

在實驗室中已經證明可行。

This is already proven in the lab.

也有用建模的方式

There is also modeling work

證明了即使你只釋放出

that has demonstrated that even if you were to release

少量的這種基因改造蚊子，

just a small number of these genetically modified mosquitoes,

也可以非常快就達成滅蚊目標。

that you can actually achieve elimination very, very quickly.

所以，CRISPR 以及這類工具 提供給我們真實的機會──

So, CRISPR and tools like this offer us some real opportunities --

現實的機會，讓我們能使用

real-life opportunities to have high-impact interventions

具高影響力的干預方式，

that we can use in addition to what we have now