in Uvira in eastern Congo.

時間是 1996 年，

This is Bukeni.

地點在剛果東部的烏維拉。

Militia commanders walk into his village,

這位是布肯尼。

knock on his neighbors' doors

民兵的指揮官來到他的村落，

and whisk their children away to training camps.

敲他鄰居的門，

Bukeni borrows a video camera from a local wedding photographer,

把他們的孩子帶走，帶到訓練營。

he disguises as a journalist

布肯尼向當地的婚禮攝影師 借了一台攝影機，

and he walks into the camps to negotiate the release of the children.

他假扮成記者，

He filmed footage of the children being trained as soldiers.

他進入營地去談判， 希望他們釋放孩子。

[Soldiers don't worry!]

他拍下了孩子被訓練成士兵的影片。

[You'll wear uniforms!]

〔士兵們不用擔心！〕

[You'll have free cars!]

〔你們將會穿上制服！〕

[Free beans!]

〔你們將會有免費的車！〕

Many of these children are under 15 years old,

〔免費的豆子！〕

and that is a war crime.

這些孩子很多都不到十五歲，

[Free!]

那是戰爭犯罪。

But you don't have to go to eastern Congo to find human rights abuses.

〔免費！〕

In America, a country with a rapidly aging population,

並不需要到東剛果 也能夠找到人權濫用。

experts estimate that one in 10 people over 60

在美國，一個人口快速老化的國家，

will experience abuse.

專家估計，超過六十歲的人， 十個中就有一個

It's a hidden epidemic,

會經歷到虐待。

and most of that abuse actually happens at the hands

它是種隱藏的傳染病，

of close caretakers or family.

大部份的虐待，施虐者都是

This is Vicky.

親近的照護者或是家人。

Vicky put an iron gate on her bedroom door

這位是薇奇。

and she became a prisoner, in fact, in her own house,

薇奇在她的臥房門上加裝了鐵門，

out of fear for her nephew who had taken over her home as a drug den.

她成了囚犯，事實上， 是被囚禁在她自己家裡，

And this is Mary.

因為她的姪兒佔據她家 當作毒窟，讓她很害怕。

Mary picked up a video camera for the first time in her life

這位是瑪莉。

when she was 65 years old,

她人生中第一次拿起攝影機，

and she asked Vicky and 99 other older people

是她 65 歲時，

who had experienced abuse to tell their stories on camera.

她請薇奇和其他 受過虐待的 99 位老人

And I am Dutch,

對著攝影機說出他們的故事。

so in the Netherlands we are obsessed with the truth.

我是荷蘭人，

Now, when you are a child, that's a great thing,

在荷蘭，我們對真相很著迷。

because you can basically get away with anything,

當你是孩子時，那是很棒的事，

like "Yes, Mama, it was me who smoked the cigars."

因為基本上你可以從任何事情開脫，

(Laughter)

比如：「是的，媽媽， 偷抽雪茄的人是我。」

But I think this is why I have dedicated my life

（笑聲）

to promoting citizen video to expose human rights violations,

但，我想，這就是為什麼 我會把我的一生

because I believe in the power of video to create undeniable truths.

投入在推動公民影片， 來揭發違反人權的行為，

And my organization, WITNESS,

因為我相信影片有力量， 可以創造出無法否認的真相。

helped use the Congolese videos

我的組織「WITNESS（見證）」

to help convict and send a notorious warlord called Thomas Lubanga to jail.

協助使用那些剛果的影片

And the videos that Mary shot,

來將一位惡名昭彰的軍閥 湯瑪士路邦加定罪並送進監獄。

we trained Mary and many other elder justice advocates,

至於瑪莉拍攝的影片，

to make sure that the stories of elder abuse

我們訓練瑪莉和許多 其他年長的正義擁護者，

reached lawmakers,

來確保老年人受虐的故事

and those stories helped convince lawmakers

能傳達給立法者，

to pass landmark legislation to protect older Americans.

而那些故事協助說服了立法者，

So I wonder,

通過了重要的立法， 來保護年長的美國人。

billions of us now have this powerful tool right at our fingertips.

所以，我很納悶，

It's a camera.

我們數十億人現在手上 都有這項強大的工具，

So why are all of us not a more powerful army of civic witnesses,

就是攝影機，

like Mary and Bukeni?

那為什麼我們沒有變成 更強大的公民證人大軍，

Why is it that so much more video

像瑪莉和布肯尼那樣？

is not leading to more rights and more justice?

為什麼影片多了這麼多，

And I think it is because being an eyewitness is hard.

卻沒有導致更多的權利 和更多的正義？

Your story will get denied,

我想，這是因為當目擊證人很難。

your video will get lost in a sea of images,

你的故事會被否認。

your story will not be trusted, and you will be targeted.

你的影片會在一大堆的影像中失縱，

So how do we help witnesses?

你的故事不會被相信， 且你會成為箭靶。

In Oaxaca, in Mexico,

所以，我們要如何協助證人？

the teachers' movement organized a protest

在墨西哥的瓦哈卡市，

after the president pushed down very undemocratic reforms.

教師運動安排了一項抗議活動，

The federal police came down in buses and started shooting at the protesters.

這是在總統打壓了 非常不民主的改革之後。

At least seven people died and many, many more were wounded.

好幾車的聯邦警察到現場， 開始對抗議者開槍。

Images started circulating of the shootings,

至少有七個人死亡， 還有許多許多人受傷。

and the Mexican government did what it always does.

射殺的影像開始流傳，

It issued a formal statement,

墨西哥政府採用了一貫的做法，

and the statement basically accused the independent media

發佈了一項正式聲明，

of creating fake news.

基本上，那份聲明是在指控獨立媒體

It said, "We were not there,

創造假新聞。

that was not us doing the shooting,

聲明寫著：「我們不在那裡，

this did not happen."

射殺不是我們做的，

But we had just trained activists in Mexico

這件事沒有發生。」

to use metadata strategically with their images.

但我們剛訓練了墨西哥的行動主義者

Now, metadata is the kind of information that your camera captures

搭配他們的影像， 策略性地使用元數據。

that shows the date, the location,

元數據可說是 你的攝影機所捕捉的資訊，

the temperature, the weather.

能顯示出日期、地點、

It can even show the very unique way you hold your camera

溫度、天氣。

when you capture something.

它甚至可以顯示出 在拍攝時你用手拿著

So the images started recirculating,

攝影機的獨特方式。

and this time with the very verifying,

所以，影像開始重新流傳，

validating information on top of them.

這次上面有著非常清楚可證實

And the federal government had to retract their statement.

且有效的資訊。

Now, justice for the people for Oaxaca

而聯邦政府得要收回他們的聲明。

is still far off,

對於瓦哈卡市的人來說，

but their stories, their truths, can no longer be denied.

正義還很遠，

So we started thinking:

但他們的故事、他們的真相 不會再被否認。

What if you had "Proof Mode?"

所以，我們開始想：

What if everybody had a camera in their hands

如果有「證據模式」呢？

and all the platforms had that kind of validating ability.

如果每個人手上都有一台攝影機，

So we developed --

且所有的平台都有那種驗證能力呢？

together with amazing Android developers called the Guardian Project,

所以我們和很棒的安卓開發者合作，

we developed something called a technology that's called Proof Mode,

開發了「守護者計畫」，

that marries those metadata together with your image,

我們開發了一種技術， 叫做「證據模式」，

and it validates and it verifies your video.

把那些元數據和 你的影像結合在一起，

Now, imagine there is a deluge of images

它能證明和驗證你的影片。

coming from the world's camera phones.

想像一下，有大量的影像

Imagine if that information could be trusted just a little bit more,

來自世界的攝影機手機。

what the potential would be for journalists,

想像一下，如果資訊 能變得更可信一點，

for human rights investigators,

對記者、對人權調查者、

for human rights lawyers.

對人權律師而言，

So we started sharing Proof Mode with our partners in Brazil

會有什麼潛力？

who are an amazing media collective called Coletivo Papo Reto.

所以，我們開始和巴西的 合作伙伴分享「證據模式」，

Brazil is a tough place for human rights.

他們是個很棒的媒體集團， 叫「Coletivo Papo Reto」。

The Brazilian police kills thousands of people every year.

在人權方面， 巴西是個很棘手的地方。

The only time that there's an investigation,

巴西警方每年會殺死數千人。

guess when?

唯一會有調查的時候，

When there's video.

猜猜是何時？

Seventeen-year-old Eduardo was killed in broad daylight

當有影片的時候。

by the Rio police,

十七歲的伊度瓦多在光天化日下

and look what happens after they kill him.

被里約警察殺害，

They put a gun in the dead boy's hand,

看看他們殺了他之後發生了什麼事。

they shoot the gun twice --

他們把一把槍放到男孩屍體的手中，

(Shot)

他們用那把槍開了兩槍－

to fabricate their story of self-defense.

（槍聲）

The woman who filmed this was a very, very courageous eyewitness,

來假造他們的自衛故事。

and she had to go into hiding after she posted her video

拍下這段影片的女子 是位非常勇敢的目擊證人，

for fear of her life.

她發佈了她的影片之後， 她得要躲藏起來，

But people are filming, and they're not going to stop filming,

擔心有生命危險。

so we're now working together with media collectives

但人們在拍攝， 且他們不會停止拍攝，

so the residents on their WhatsApp

所以，我們正在和媒體集團合作，

frequently get guidance and tips,

讓居民可以透過 WhatsApp

how to film safely,

經常得到指導和秘訣，

how to upload the video that you shoot safely,

讓他們知道如何安全拍攝、

how to capture a scene so that it can actually count as evidence.

如何將安全拍攝的影片上傳、

And here is an inspiration

要如何捕捉一個場面 才能讓影片被視為是證據。

from a group called Mídia Ninja in Brazil.

這裡有件鼓舞人心的事，

The man on left is a heavily armed military policeman.

來自一個巴西的團體「媒體忍者」。

He walks up to a protester --

左手邊的人是重度武裝的軍方警察。

when you protest in Brazil, you can be arrested or worse --

他走向一名抗議者－

and he says to the protester, "Watch me,

當你在巴西抗議時， 你可能會被逮捕或更糟－

I am going to search you right now."

他對抗議者說：「看著我，

And the protester is a live-streaming activist --

我現在要對你進行搜身。」

he wears a little camera --

而抗議者是一位 實況直播的行動主義者－

and he says to the military policeman, he says, "I am watching you,

他戴著一個小攝影機－

and there are 5,000 people watching you with me."

他對軍方警察說：「我在看著你，

Now, the tables are turned.

還有五千人和我一起看著你。」

The distant witnesses, the watching audience, they matter.

現在，局勢翻轉了。

So we started thinking,

遠方的證人，在看著的觀眾， 他們是有重要性的。

what if you could tap into that power,

所以，我們開始思考，

the power of distant witnesses?

如果能夠利用那種力量，

What if you could pull in their expertise, their leverage,

遠方證人的力量，會如何？

their solidarity, their skills

如果能夠取得他們的專才、 他們的影響力、

when a frontline community needs them to be there?

他們的團結、他們的技能，

And we started developing a project that's called Mobilize Us,

當前線社區需要他們在那裡時， 是否能有幫助？

because many of us, I would assume,

我們開始開發一個計畫， 叫做「動員我們」，

want to help

因為，我假設，我們之中有許多人

and lend our skills and our expertise,

都想要幫忙，

but we are often not there when a frontline community

想要提供我們的技能和專才，

or a single individual faces an abuse.

但我們通常都不在現場， 不在前線社區

And it could be as simple as this little app that we created

或是單獨一人面對虐待時的現場。

that just shows the perpetrator on the other side of the phone

一個很簡單的做法，就是用 我們創造的這個小應用程式，

how many people are watching him.

讓手機另一端的作惡者能夠知道

But now, imagine that you could put a layer of computer task routing

有多少人正在看著他。

on top of that.

但，想像一下，你可以把 一層電腦工作任務指派功能

Imagine that you're a community facing an immigration raid,

加在那上面。

and at that very moment, at that right moment, via livestream,

想像一下，你們社區正面臨移民搜捕，

you could pull in a hundred legal observers.

在那重要時刻， 適當的時刻，透過直播，

How would that change the situation?

你就可以拉進上百名合法觀察者。

So we started piloting this with our partner communities in Brazil.

那會讓局勢有什麼改變？

This is a woman called Camilla,

我們開始和我們在巴西的 社區伙伴合作來做試驗。

and she was able -- she's the leader in a favela called Favela Skol --

這位女子叫做卡蜜拉，

she was able to pull in distant witnesses

她是「Favela Skol 」 貧民區的領袖，

via livestream

她能夠拉進遠方的證人，

to help translation,

透過直播，

to help distribution,

來協助翻譯、

to help amplify her story

來協助散布、

after her community was forcibly evicted

來協助擴大她的故事，

to make room for a very glossy Olympic event last summer.

因為她的社區先前被強迫驅逐，

So we're talking about good witnessing,

騰出空間給去年夏天 非常光鮮亮麗的奧運活動。

but what happens if the perpetrators are filming?

我們在談的是好的見證，

What happens if a bystander films and doesn't do anything?

但如果是作惡者在拍攝， 會發生什麼事？

This is the story of Chrissy.

如果有旁觀者在拍攝， 卻什麼也不做，會發生什麼事？

Chrissy is a transgender woman

這是克莉西的故事。

who walked into a McDonald's in Maryland

克莉西是位變性女子，

to use the women's bathroom.

她走進馬里蘭州的麥當勞，

Two teens viciously beat her for using that woman's bathroom,

去使用女廁。

and the McDonald's employee filmed this on his mobile phone.

兩位年輕人因為她用女廁 而把她打了一頓，

And he posted his video,

麥當勞的員工用手機拍下了過程。

and it has garnered

他將影片放上網。

thousands of racist and transphobic comments.

影片得到了

So we started a project that's called Capturing Hate.

數千則來自種族主義者 和跨性別恐懼症者的留言。

We took a very, very small sample of eyewitness videos

所以我們開始了一個計畫， 叫做「捕捉仇恨」。

that showed abuse against transgender and gender-nonconforming people.

我們從目擊證人影片中， 取了非常非常少的樣本，

We searched two words, "tranny fight" and "stud fight."

影片中是對於變性人 或性別不一致者的虐待。

And those 329 videos were watched and are still being watched

我們搜尋了兩組關鍵字： 「變性人打鬥」和「種馬打鬥」。

as we sit here in this theater,

有 329 支影片被看過， 且當我們現在坐在這裡時，

a stunning almost 90 million times,

它們仍然持續被觀看著，

and there are hundreds of thousands of comments with these videos,

很驚人的是，觀看人次有近九千萬，

egging on to more violence and more hate.

且這些影片下面的留言有數十萬則，

So we started developing a methodology

慫恿更多的暴力和仇恨。

that took all that unquantified visual evidence

所以，我們開始發展一項方法論，

and turned it into data, turning video into data,

把所有那些沒被量化的視覺證據

and with that tool,

轉換成資料，把影片轉換為資料，

LGBT organizations are now using that data

有了那樣工具，

to fight for rights.

多元性別組織現在能夠用那些資料

And we take that data and we take it back to Silicon Valley,

來爭取權利。

and we say to them:

我們把那些資料帶回到矽谷，

"How is it possible

我們對他們說：

that these videos are still out there

「怎麼有可能

in a climate of hate

這些影片還在外面

egging on more hate,

仇恨的風氣中，

summoning more violence,

慫恿更多的仇恨，

when you have policies that actually say

召集更多的暴力，

you do not allow this kind of content? --

而政策卻表明

urging them to change their policies.

這種內容是不被允許的？」

So I have hope.

以此強烈要求他們改變政策。

I have hope that we can turn more video into more rights and more justice.

所以，我抱有希望。

Ten billion video views on Snapchat,

我希望我們能把更多的影片 轉變成更多的權利和更多的正義。

per day.

在 Snapchat 上，每天有一百億人次

So what if we could turn that Snapchat generation

觀看影片。

into effective and safe civic witnesses?

我們是否能把這 Snapchat 世代

What if they could become the Bukenis of this new generation?

轉變為有效且安全的公民證人？

In India, women have already started using Snapchat filters

他們是否能變成 這個新世代的布肯尼？

to protect their identity when they speak out about domestic violence.

在印度，女性已經開始 用 Snapchat 濾鏡

[They tortured me at home and never let me go out.]

來保護她們的身份， 讓她們可以說出遭家暴的事。

The truth is, the real truth, the truth that doesn't fit into any TED Talk,

〔他們在家折磨我， 且從來不讓我出門。〕

is fighting human rights abuse is hard.

真相，真正的真相， 無法放入任何 TED 演講中的真相，

There are no easy solutions for human rights abuse.

就是：對抗人權濫用是很困難的。

And there's not a single piece of technology

對於人權濫用問題， 沒有簡單的解決方案。

that can ever stop the perpetrators.

沒有任何一種技術，

But for the survivors,

能夠阻止作惡者。

for the victims,

但，對生存者而言、

for the marginalized communities,

對受害者而言、

their stories, their truths, matter.

對被邊緣化的社區而言，

And that is where justice begins.

他們的故事、他們的真相很重要。

Thank you.

那就是正義開始之處。

(Applause)

謝謝。