and that's true if you're a robot as well as if you're a person.

你只有一次機會建立第一印象，

The first time that I met one of these robots

不論你是機器人或人類，都是如此。

was at a place called Willow Garage in 2008.

當我初次見到一隻這種機器人，

When I went to visit there, my host walked me into the building

是 2008 年， 在一個叫柳樹車庫公司的地方。

and we met this little guy.

當我去那裡造訪時， 東道主陪我走進大樓，

He was rolling into the hallway,

我們見到了這個小傢伙。

came up to me, sat there,

它在門廳跑來跑去，

stared blankly past me,

跑到我面前，坐在那裡，

did nothing for a while,

面無表情地望穿我，

rapidly spun his head around 180 degrees

好一陣子什麼都沒做，

and then ran away.

快速把它的頭扭轉了180 度，

And that was not a great first impression.

然後跑走了。

The thing that I learned about robots that day

那不是很好的第一印象。

is that they kind of do their own thing,

我那天學到一件關於機器人的事，

and they're not totally aware of us.

就是它們會做自己的事，

And I think as we're experimenting with these possible robot futures,

並且完全沒有意識到我們的存在。

we actually end up learning a lot more about ourselves

我想，當我們在實驗這些 可能的未來機器人時，

as opposed to just these machines.

我們其實最後學到很多 關於我們自己的事，

And what I learned that day

不只學到關於這些機器的事。

was that I had pretty high expectations for this little dude.

我那天學到的是，

He was not only supposed to be able to navigate the physical world,

我對這個小傢伙有很高的期望。

but also be able to navigate my social world --

它不僅應該要能夠引導實體世界，

he's in my space; it's a personal robot.

也應該要能引導我的社交世界。

wWhy didn't it understand me?

它在我的空間中，它是個人機器人，

My host explained to me,

為什麼它不了解我？

"Well, the robot is trying to get from point A to point B,

東道主向我解釋：

and you were an obstacle in his way,

「嗯，機器人試著從Ａ點到達Ｂ點，

so he had to replan his path,

而你是擋在它路上的障礙物，

figure out where to go,

所以它得重新規劃它的路徑，

and then get there some other way,"

搞清楚要走去哪裡，

which was actually not a very efficient thing to do.

然後走其他的路到達目的地。」

If that robot had figured out that I was a person, not a chair,

這其實並不是很有效益的做法。

and that I was willing to get out of its way

如果那隻機器人能理解 我是一個人，不是一張椅子，

if it was trying to get somewhere,

那我其實願意讓開，

then it actually would have been more efficient

讓它能到它的目的地，

at getting its job done

這樣就會用更有效益的方式

if it had bothered to notice that I was a human

完成它的工作，

and that I have different affordances than things like chairs and walls do.

如果它花點功夫注意到我是一個人，

You know, we tend to think of these robots as being from outer space

且我有著和椅子及牆壁 不同的能力，就可以做到這點。

and from the future and from science fiction,

我們傾向於認為 這些機器人是來自外太空，

and while that could be true,

來自未來，來自科幻小說，

I'd actually like to argue that robots are here today,

雖然那是有可能的，

and they live and work amongst us right now.

但其實我認為， 機器人現今就在這裡了，

These are two robots that live in my home.

它們現在就在人類當中生活、工作。

They vacuum the floors and they cut the grass

這兩隻機器人住在我家。

every single day,

它們會吸地板和除草，

which is more than I would do if I actually had time to do these tasks,

每天都做，

and they probably do it better than I would, too.

就算我有時間做這些工作， 我也無法做到這麼多，

This one actually takes care of my kitty.

且它們可能也做得比我好。

Every single time he uses the box, it cleans it,

這隻機器人會照顧我的貓。

which is not something I'm willing to do,

每當牠使用貓砂時，它就會清理，

and it actually makes his life better as well as mine.

這就不是我願意做的事了，

And while we call these robot products --

它讓牠和我的生活都變得更好。

it's a "robot vacuum cleaner, it's a robot lawnmower,

雖然我們稱這些機器人為產品，

it's a robot littler box,"

它是打掃機器人、 它是除草機器人、

I think there's actually a bunch of other robots hiding in plain sight

它是貓砂機器人，

that have just become so darn useful

我認為，在我們視線能及之處 還隱藏了一堆其他的機器人，

and so darn mundane

只是它們變得太有用、太平凡，

that we call them things like, "dishwasher," right?

以致於我們為它們另外命名， 比如「洗碗機」，對吧？

They get new names.

它們得到新的名字。

They don't get called robot anymore

它們不再被稱為機器人，

because they actually serve a purpose in our lives.

因為，在我們的人生中， 它們有目的、用途。

Similarly, a thermostat, right?

同樣的，自動調溫器，對吧？

I know my robotics friends out there

我知道外頭那些機器人朋友們

are probably cringing at me calling this a robot,

大概對我稱呼它們為機器人 感到難為情，

but it has a goal.

但它有個目標，

Its goal is to make my house 66 degrees Fahrenheit,

它的目標就是讓我的房子 維持在華氏 66 度。

and it senses the world.

它會感知這個世界，

It knows it's a little bit cold,

知道有一點冷，

it makes a plan and then it acts on the physical world.

它會做計畫，然後 在實體世界採取行動。

It's robotics.

這就是機器人。

Even if it might not look like Rosie the Robot,

即使它看起來不像 《傑森一家》裡的機器人，

it's doing something that's really useful in my life

但在我的人生中， 它所做的事非常有用，

so I don't have to take care

它讓我不用去費心

of turning the temperature up and down myself.

自己把溫度調高調低。

And I think these systems live and work amongst us now,

我認為，這些系統在 我們人類當中生活和工作，

and not only are these systems living amongst us

且，不僅這些系統生活在我們當中，

but you are probably a robot operator, too.

你可能也是個機器人操作員。

When you drive your car,

當你駕駛你的車時，

it feels like you are operating machinery.

感覺就像你在操作機械。

You are also going from point A to point B,

你也是在從Ａ點前往Ｂ點，

but your car probably has power steering,

但你的車可能有動力方向盤，

it probably has automatic braking systems,

它可能有自動煞車系統，

it might have an automatic transmission and maybe even adaptive cruise control.

它可能有自排變速箱， 甚至有主動車距控制巡航系統。

And while it might not be a fully autonomous car,

雖然它可能不是完全自主的車，

it has bits of autonomy,

它還是有一些自主性，

and they're so useful

且這些自主性很有用，

and they make us drive safer,

讓我們能更安全地開車，

and we just sort of feel like they're invisible-in-use, right?

我們只會感覺到，在使用它們時， 它們好像隱形了，對嗎？

So when you're driving your car,

當你在駕駛你的車時，

you should just feel like you're going from one place to another.

你應該只會感覺到你是 從一個地方到另一個地方。

It doesn't feel like it's this big thing that you have to deal with and operate

感覺並不像是件需要你 去處理、操作、使用

and use these controls

這些控制功能的大事，

because we spent so long learning how to drive

因為我們花了太多時間學習駕駛，

that they've become extensions of ourselves.

以致於它們已經成了 我們自己的延伸體。

When you park that car in that tight little garage space,

當你把車停在那狹小的車庫空間中，

you know where your corners are.

你知道車子的邊角在什麼位置。

And when you drive a rental car that maybe you haven't driven before,

當你開一輛你可能以前 沒開過的出租車時，

it takes some time to get used to your new robot body.

要花一點時間去習慣 你的機器人身體。

And this is also true for people who operate other types of robots,

操作其他種類的機器人也是這樣的，

so I'd like to share with you a few stories about that.

所以我想要和各位 分享幾個相關的故事。

Dealing with the problem of remote collaboration.

處理遠端協同作業的問題。

So, at Willow Garage I had a coworker named Dallas,

在柳樹車庫，我有個同事叫達拉斯，

and Dallas looked like this.

達拉斯看起來是這樣子。

He worked from his home in Indiana in our company in California.

在我們加州的公司中， 他在印第安納州的家中工作。

He was a voice in a box on the table in most of our meetings,

在我們大部分的會議中， 他是桌上盒子裡傳出來的聲音，

which was kind of OK except that, you know,

這樣是還好，不過，你們知道的，

if we had a really heated debate and we didn't like what he was saying,

如果我們發生火熱的辯論， 且我們不喜歡他的說法時，

we might just hang up on him.

我們可能就會把他掛斷。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Then we might have a meeting after that meeting

在那場會議後， 我們會再開一場會議，

and actually make the decisions in the hallway afterwards

且之後就在走廊做決策，

when he wasn't there anymore.

當他不在那裡的時候。

So that wasn't so great for him.

那對他而言並非好事。

And as a robotics company at Willow,

柳樹車庫是間機器人公司，

we had some extra robot body parts laying around,

在公司裡滿地都是 機器人的身體部件，

so Dallas and his buddy Curt put together this thing,

所以，達拉斯和他的伙伴柯特 組裝了這個東西，

which looks kind of like Skype on a stick on wheels,

看起來像是 Skype 接著一根棍子且下面有輪子，

which seems like a techy, silly toy,

它看來是個很蠢的科技玩具，

but really it's probably one of the most powerful tools

但其實，它可能是我所見過 所有為了遠端協同作業所製出

that I've seen ever made for remote collaboration.

最強大工具中的其中之一。

So now, if I didn't answer Dallas' email question,

所以，現在，如果我沒回覆 達拉斯在電子郵件中問的問題，

he could literally roll into my office,

他可以直接進入我的辦公室，

block my doorway and ask me the question again --

擋住我的門，再問我一次那個問題

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

until I answered it.

直到我回答為止。

And I'm not going to turn him off, right? That's kind of rude.

我不會把他關機， 對吧？那樣有點失禮。

Not only was it good for these one-on-one communications,

它不只很適合用在一對一的溝通上，

but also for just showing up at the company all-hands meeting.

也很適合出席公司的全員大會。

Getting your butt in that chair

把你的屁股坐到椅子上，

and showing people that you're present and committed to your project

讓人們看到你有出席， 有投入你的專案計畫，

is a big deal

這是很重要的，

and can help remote collaboration a ton.

且能大大協助遠端協同作業。

We saw this over the period of months and then years,

在數個月、接著數年的期間， 我們都看到這個狀況，

not only at our company but at others, too.

不只在我們的公司裡， 也在其他公司裡。

The best thing that can happen with these systems

對於這些系統，最棒的情況就是

is that it starts to feel like you're just there.

你開始覺得你就是在那裡。

It's just you, it's just your body,

那就是你，那就是你的身體，

and so people actually start to give these things personal space.

所以人們開始留 個人空間給這些東西。

So when you're having a stand-up meeting,

當你參加一場站立會議時，

people will stand around the space

人們在那空間中站立的位置，

just as they would if you were there in person.

就跟真人開會時的情況一樣。

That's great until there's breakdowns and it's not.

一切都很美好， 直到當機，就不好了。

People, when they first see these robots,

當人們初次看到這些機器人時，

are like, "Wow, where's the components? There must be a camera over there,"

通常會：「哇，零件在哪裡？ 這裡一定有個攝影機。」

and they start poking your face.

他們開始戳你的臉。

"You're talking too softly, I'm going to turn up your volume,"

「你說話太輕柔了， 我要把你的音量調高。」

which is like having a coworker walk up to you and say,

這感覺就像有個同事 走到你面前，說：

"You're speaking too softly, I'm going to turn up your face."

「你說話太輕柔了， 我來把你的臉調一下。」

That's awkward and not OK,

那挺尷尬的，且不太好，

and so we end up having to build these new social norms

所以我們最後就建立了使用 這些系統時的新社交規範。

around using these systems.

同樣的，當你開始覺得 它是你身體的一部分時，

Similarly, as you start feeling like it's your body,

你就會開始注意到一些事： 「喔，我的機器人有點矮。」

you start noticing things like, "Oh, my robot is kind of short."

達拉斯會對我說些事。他有六呎高。

Dallas would say things to me -- he was six-foot tall --

而我們會透過機器人帶他去 雞尾酒派對之類的活動，

and we would take him via robot to cocktail parties and things like that,

跟你會做的一樣。

as you do,

而機器人大約五呎高，和我差不多。

and the robot was about five-foot-tall, which is close to my height.

他會告訴我：

And he would tell me,

「你知道嗎，人們沒有真正看著我。

"You know, people are not really looking at me.

我覺得我好像是看著一片肩膀海，

I feel like I'm just looking at this sea of shoulders,

那就是──我們需要更高的機器人。」

and it's just -- we need a taller robot."

而我告訴他：

And I told him,

「呃，不。

"Um, no.

今天，你要嚐嚐當我的滋味。

You get to walk in my shoes for today.

你可以體會一下身為 比較矮的族群是什麼感覺。」

You get to see what it's like to be on the shorter end of the spectrum."

結果他從那次經驗 建立起了相當的同理心，

And he actually ended up building a lot of empathy for that experience,

這樣挺好的。

which was kind of great.

所以當他親自來造訪時，

So when he'd come visit in person,

他若要跟我說話， 也不會站得比我高，

he no longer stood over me as he was talking to me,

他會坐下來， 和我能真正面對面談話，

he would sit down and talk to me eye to eye,

這是件很美好的事。

which was kind of a beautiful thing.

所以，我們決定在 實驗室中研究這一點，

So we actually decided to look at this in the laboratory

看看像類似機器人身高 這種特性會造什麼其他的差異。

and see what others kinds of differences things like robot height would make.

在我們的研究中，半數 受試者使用較矮的機器人，

And so half of the people in our study used a shorter robot,

另外半數則用較高的機器人，

half of the people in our study used a taller robot

結果發現，當同一個人

and we actually found that the exact same person

用同樣的身體，說同樣的話，

who has the exact same body and says the exact same things as someone,

如果用比較高的機器人， 就會比較有說服力，

is more persuasive and perceived as being more credible

且被認為比較可靠。

if they're in a taller robot form.

這沒有理性的解釋，

It makes no rational sense,

但那就是為什麼我們要研究心理學。

but that's why we study psychology.

其實，用克利福德那斯的說法，

And really, you know, the way that Cliff Nass would put this

我們得要處理這些嶄新的技術，

is that we're having to deal with these new technologies

儘管我們的大腦是老舊的。

despite the fact that we have very old brains.

人類心理學的改變速度沒有科技快，

Human psychology is not changing at the same speed that tech is

所以我們一直在努力追趕，

and so we're always playing catch-up,

試圖把這個有很多自動的東西 跑來跑去的世界給合理化。

trying to make sense of this world

通常，會說話的就是人， 不是機器，對嗎？

where these autonomous things are running around.

所以我們把很多的意義帶到 像機器高度這樣的事物中，

Usually, things that talk are people, not machines, right?

而非人，

And so we breathe a lot of meaning into things like just height of a machine,

然後將之歸因給使用系統的人。

not a person,

當談到機器人學的時候，

and attribute that to the person using the system.

我認為這點十分重要。

You know, this, I think, is really important

它的重點並不是在重新發明人類，

when you're thinking about robotics.

比較是在於我們要如何 延伸我們自己，對嗎？

It's not so much about reinventing humans,

結果是，我們會用 蠻讓人訝異的方式來使用東西。

it's more about figuring out how we extend ourselves, right?

這些人無法玩撞球， 因為機器人沒有手臂，

And we end up using things in ways that are sort of surprising.

但他們能和玩撞球的那些人起鬨，

So these guys can't play pool because the robots don't have arms,

那對於團隊連結來說 可能是件重要的事，

but they can heckle the guys who are playing pool

這樣挺好的。

and that can be an important thing for team bonding,

非常擅長操作這些系統的人

which is kind of neat.

能做到像是創造新遊戲這類的事，

People who get really good at operating these systems

比如半夜玩機器人足球，

will even do things like make up new games,

把垃圾筒推來推去。

like robot soccer in the middle of the night,

但並非每個人都很擅長。

pushing the trash cans around.

有些人在操作這些 系統時會遇到問題。

But not everyone's good.

這個人登入了機器人，

A lot of people have trouble operating these systems.

而他的眼球向左轉了九十度。

This is actually a guy who logged into the robot

他自己並沒察覺，

and his eyeball was turned 90 degrees to the left.

結果他在辦公室裡頭亂撞，

He didn't know that,

撞到別人的桌子，弄得非常尷尬，

so he ended up just bashing around the office,

因此而大笑。他的音量太高了。

running into people's desks, getting super embarrassed,

而照片裡的這個人告訴我：

laughing about it -- his volume was way too high.

「我們需要機器人靜音按鈕。」

And this guy here in the image is telling me,

他那麼說的意思是，我們不希望 機器人會這樣引起混亂。

"We need a robot mute button."

所以，既然我們是機器人公司，

And by that what he really meant was we don't want it to be so disruptive.

我們就在系統上加裝了 障礙閃避功能。

So as a robotics company,

機器人有了一個小雷射測距儀， 能夠看見障礙物，

we added some obstacle avoidance to the system.

如果我在操作機器人時， 試圖比如撞向一張椅子，

It got a little laser range finder that could see the obstacles,

它不會讓我這麼做，它會規劃繞路，

and if I as a robot operator try to say, run into a chair,

這看似是個好主意。

it wouldn't let me, it would just plan a path around,

很顯然，用了那個系統之後， 人們比較少撞到障礙物，

which seems like a good idea.

但，對一些人而言，