"The lion's story will never be known

有句非洲諺語說：

as long as the hunter is the one to tell it."

「只要說故事的人是獵人，

More than a racial conversation, we need a racial literacy

獅子的故事就永遠不會被知道。」

to decode the politics of racial threat in America.

比起種族談話， 我們更需要種族知識，

Key to this literacy is a forgotten truth,

才能理解美國種族威脅的政治。

that the more we understand

種族知識的關鍵是 一個被遺忘的事實：

that our cultural differences represent the power

我們越是了解

to heal the centuries

我們的文化差異代表著一種力量，

of racial discrimination,

它能治癒數個世紀以來的種族歧視、

dehumanization and illness.

去人性化，以及病症。

Both of my parents were African-American.

我的雙親都是非裔美國人。

My father was born in Southern Delaware,

我父親出生於南達拉威，

my mother, North Philadelphia,

我母親出生於北費城，

and these two places are as different from each other as east is from west,

這兩個地方的差異 可說是南轅北轍，

as New York City is from Montgomery, Alabama.

就如同紐約市 與阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利。

My father's way of dealing with racial conflict

我父親處理種族矛盾的方式

was to have my brother Bryan, my sister Christy and I in church

就是讓我弟弟布萊恩、 我妹妹克莉斯蒂，和我

what seemed like 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

一週七天，一天二十四 小時都待在教堂裡。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

If anybody bothered us because of the color of our skin,

如果有任何人因為 我們的膚色而騷擾我們，

he believed that you should pray for them,

他認為你應該要為他們禱告，

knowing that God would get them back in the end.

因為你知道上帝最終會給他們報應。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

You could say that his racial-coping approach was spiritual --

你可以說他處理種族 問題的方式很靈性－－

for later on, one day,

要等到後來，等到有一天，

like Martin Luther King.

就像金恩博士。

My mother's coping approach was a little different.

我母親的處理方式有點不同。

She was, uh, you could say, more relational --

她…呃，可以說是比較關係式的－－

right now, like, in your face,

現在就做，當著你的面，

right now.

現在就做。

More like Malcolm X.

比較像麥爾坎Ｘ。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

She was raised from neighborhoods

她成長的街坊

in which there was racial violence and segregation,

有著種族暴力與種族隔離，

where she was chased out of neighborhoods,

她會被趕出別人的街坊，

and she exacted violence to chase others out of hers.

而她會採用暴力 把他人趕出她的街坊。

When she came to Southern Delaware,

當她來到南達拉威時，

she thought she had come to a foreign country.

她以為她到了國外。

She didn't understand anybody,

她無法理解任何人，

particularly the few black and brown folks

尤其是少數幾個黑人和棕皮膚的人，

who were physically deferential and verbally deferential

在身體上和言語上都會對白人

in the presence of whites.

特別恭敬。

Not my mother.

我母親不會。

When she wanted to go somewhere, she walked.

當她想去某個地方，她就去。

She didn't care what you thought.

她不在乎你怎麼想。

And she pissed a lot of people off with her cultural style.

而她的文化風格也惹惱了很多人。

Before we get into the supermarket,

在我們進入超市之前，

she would give us the talk:

她會這樣對我們說：

"Don't ask for nothin',

「不要要求任何東西，

don't touch nothin'.

不要碰任何東西。

Do you understand what I'm saying to you?

你們知道我在說什麼嗎？

I don't care if all the other children are climbing the walls.

我不管其他小孩是不是在爬牆。

They're not my children.

他們不是我的孩子。

Do you understand what I'm saying to you?"

你們了解我在說什麼嗎？」

In three-part harmony:

我們三人會一致回答：

"Yes, Mom."

「了解，母親。」

Before we'd get into the supermarket,

在我們進入超市之前，

that talk was all we needed.

我們需要的就只有這段談話。

Now, how many of you ever got that talk?

在座有多少人接受過這種談話？

How many of you ever give that talk?

有多少人曾經給過這種談話？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

How many of you ever give that talk today?

有多少人今天給過這種談話？

My mother didn't give us the talk because she was worried about money

我母親這樣對我們說， 並不是因為擔心錢、

or reputation

名譽，或

or us misbehaving.

我們有不當行為。

We never misbehaved.

我們從來沒有不當行為。

We were too scared.

我們太害怕了。

We were in church 24 hours a day,

我們一天二十四小時，

seven days a week.

一週七天都在教堂裡。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

She gave us that talk to remind us

她對我們說那番話，是要提醒我們

that some people in the world would interpret us as misbehaving

世界上有些人會認為我們行為不當，

just by being black.

只因為我們是黑人。

Not every parent has to worry about their children being misjudged

不是所有家長都要擔心 他們的小孩因為膚色，

because of the color of their skin,

連只是呼吸都會被錯誤評斷。

just by breathing.

所以，我們進入了超市，

So we get into the supermarket,

大家看著我們－－

and people look at us --

好像我們偷了東西似的盯著我們。

stare at us as if we just stole something.

偶爾，店員會做些什麼或說些什麼，

Every now and then, a salesperson would do something or say something

因為他們被我們的文化風格給惹惱，

because they were pissed with our cultural style,

通常會發生在傳輸帶結帳台時。

and it would usually happen at the conveyor belt.

他們能做出最糟的事

And the worst thing they could do was to throw our food into the bag.

就是把我們的食物丟到袋子裡。

And when that happened, it was on.

發生這種事時，好戲就上場了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

My mother began to tell them who they were,

我母親會開始告訴他們他們是誰、

who their family was,

他們的家人是誰、

where to go,

要去哪裡、

how fast to get there.

多快能到達那裡。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

If you haven't been cursed out by my mother, you haven't lived.

如果你沒被我母親罵過， 你就不算真正活過。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The person would be on the floor,

那個人就會趴在地上，

writhing in utter decay and decomposition,

因為完全腐爛分解而扭曲，

whimpering in a pool of racial shame.

在種族恥辱的池子中啜泣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now, both my parents were Christians.

我的雙親都是基督徒。

The difference is my father prayed before a racial conflict

差別在於，我父親會在 種族衝突發生之前禱告，

and my mother prayed after.

我母親是在之後才禱告。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

There is a time, if you use both of their strategies,

有時候，若你用他們兩人的策略，

if you use them in the right time and the right way.

如果你在對的時間點 以對的方式用出來。

But it's never a time --

但從來沒有時間－－

there's a time for conciliation,

有調解的時間，

there's a time for confrontation,

有對立的時間，

but it's never a time to freeze up like a deer in the headlights,

但從來沒有像鹿在 車燈前呆住不動的時間，

and it's never a time to lash out in heedless, thoughtless anger.

從來沒有出於不留心、不經 大腦的憤怒而猛烈攻擊的時間。

The lesson in this is

從中我們能學到的是，

that when it comes to race relations,

談到種族關係時，

sometimes, we've got to know how to pray,

有時，我們得要知道如何禱告，

think through, process, prepare.

想清楚、處理、準備。

And other times, we've got to know how to push,

其他時候，我們得要如何推進，

how to do something.

如何做點什麼。

And I'm afraid that neither of these two skills --

我擔心的是，這兩種技巧－－

preparing,

準備，

pushing --

推進－－

are prevalent in our society today.

在現今社會中都不普遍。

If you look at the neuroscience research

如果你去看神經科學研究，

which says that when we are racially threatened,

研究指出，當我們受到 種族方面的威脅時，

our brains go on lockdown,

我們的大腦就會封鎖起來，

and we dehumanize black and brown people.

不會將黑人及棕色人種當人看待。

Our brains imagine that children and adults are older than they really are,

我們的大腦會想像，孩童和成人 比他們的實際年齡更老，

larger than they really are

體型比實際更大，

and closer than they really are.

也比實際更接近。

When we're at our worst, we convince ourselves

我們最糟的時候，會說服自己，

that they don't deserve affection or protection.

他們不應該得到愛或是保護。

At the Racial Empowerment Collaborative,

在「種族賦權合作社」，

we know that some of the scariest moments are racial encounters,

我們知道，一些最駭人的時刻，

some of the scariest moments that people will ever face.

就是種族衝突，

If you look at the police encounters that have led to some wrongful deaths

人會面臨到的一些最駭人的時刻。

of mostly Native Americans and African-Americans in this country,

有些警察衝突造成誤殺，受害者通常

they've lasted about two minutes.

是這個國家中的 原住民和非裔美國人，

Within 60 seconds,

這類衝突都不到兩分鐘。

our brains go on lockdown.

在六十秒內，

And when we're unprepared,

我們的大腦會封鎖起來。

we overreact.

當我們沒有準備時，

At best, we shut down.

就會過度反應。

At worst, we shoot first and ask no questions.

最好的狀況是沒反應。

Imagine if we could reduce the intensity of threat

最糟的狀況是不問問題就先開槍。

within those 60 seconds

想像一下，若能減少那六十秒之內的

and keep our brains from going on lockdown.

威脅強度，

Imagine how many children would get to come home from school

避免我們的大腦被封鎖住。

or 7-Eleven

想像一下，有多少孩子 就能夠從學校回家，

without getting expelled or shot.

或從 7-11 回家，

Imagine how many mothers and fathers wouldn't have to cry.

而不會被驅逐或射殺。

Racial socialization can help young people negotiate 60-second encounters,

想像一下，有多少 父母親就不用哭泣。

but it's going to take more than a chat.

種族社會化能夠協助年輕人 順利通過那六十秒的衝突遭遇，

It requires a racial literacy.

但不可能只是透過聊聊天就能辦到。

Now, how do parents have these conversations,

需要的是種族知識。

and what is a racial literacy?

父母親要如何進行這類談話？

Thank you for asking.

種族知識又是什麼？

(Laughter)

感謝發問。

A racial literacy involves the ability to read,

（笑聲）

recast and resolve a racially stressful encounter.

種族知識涉及了 覺察能力、改換角色，

Reading involves recognizing when a racial moment happens

及解決在種族方面很有壓力的衝突。

and noticing our stress reactions to it.

覺察包括要能夠辨識出 種族時刻正在發生，

Recasting involves

並注意到我們對它的壓力反應。

taking mindfulness and reducing my tsunami interpretation of this moment

改換角色包括

and reducing it to a mountain-climbing experience,

要能留心保持正念，減少 對於這個時刻的海嘯詮釋，

one that is --

把它減輕為爬山經驗，

from impossible situation to one that is much more doable

也就是

and challenging.

從不可能之情境的經驗 變成可愛許多

Resolving a racially stressful encounter involves

且有挑戰性的經驗。

being able to make a healthy decision

至於解決在種族方面 很有壓力的衝突，

that is not an underreaction, where I pretend, "That didn't bother me,"

需要能夠做出健康的決策，

or an overreaction, where I exaggerate the moment.

並不是要反應不足， 假裝「這不會困擾我」，

Now, we can teach parents and children how to read, recast and resolve

也不是過度反應，把這個時刻誇大。

using a mindfulness strategy we call: "Calculate, locate, communicate,

我們能夠教導父母和孩子如何 覺察、改換角色、解決衝突，

breathe and exhale."

用的是一種正念策略，我們 稱之為：「估算、定位、溝通、

Stay with me.

呼吸，和吐氣。」

"Calculate" asks,

跟上我。

"What feeling am I having right now,

「估算」是要問：

and how intense is it on a scale of one to 10?"

「我現在有什麼樣的感覺？

"Locate" asks, "Where in my body do I feel it?"

從一分到十分，這感覺有多強？」

And be specific,

「定位」是要問：「我在 身體中的哪裡有這種感覺？」

like the Native American girl at a Chicago fifth-grade school said to me,

明確地辨識位置，

"I feel angry at a nine because I'm the only Native American.

就像一位芝加哥的五年級 原住民女孩對我說：

And I can feel it in my stomach,

「我感受到九分的憤怒， 因為我是唯一的美國原住民。

like a bunch of butterflies are fighting with each other,

而這感覺是在我的胃裡，

so much so that they fly up into my throat and choke me."

就像是一群蝴蝶在對抗彼此，

The more detailed you can be,

激烈到牠們甚至飛到我的 喉嚨，讓我被哽住。」

the easier it is to reduce that spot.

你能描述越多細節，

"Communicate" asks,

在當下就越容易將它減緩。

"What self-talk and what images are coming in my mind?"

「溝通」是要問：

And if you really want help, try breathing in

「我腦中出現了什麼樣的 自我對話和影像？」

and exhaling slowly.

若你真的希望有所幫助，試著吸氣，

With the help of my many colleagues at the Racial Empowerment Collaborative,

再慢慢吐氣。

we use in-the-moment stress-reduction

許多「種族賦權合作社」的 同事協助我，

in several research and therapy projects.

讓我們能夠在數項研究及治療計畫中

One project is where we use basketball to help youth manage their emotions

使用「當下壓力緩和」。

during 60-second eruptions on the court.

在一個計畫中，我們 用籃球來協助年輕人，

Another project, with the help of my colleagues Loretta and John Jemmott,

在球場上的六十秒爆發 時刻，管理他們的情緒。

we leverage the cultural style of African-American barbershops,

在另一個計畫中，有我同事 蘿瑞塔和約翰賈摩特的協助，

where we train black barbers to be health educators in two areas:

我們發揮了非裔美國人 理髮廳文化風格的功效，

one, to safely reduce the sexual risk in their partner relationships;

在理髮廳，我們訓練黑人理髮師 成為兩個領域的健康教育者：

and the other,

第一，安全地減低 伴侶關係中的性風險；

to stop retaliation violence.

第二，

The cool part is the barbers use their cultural style

阻止關係中的暴力。

to deliver this health education to 18- to 24-year-old men

很酷的一點是，理髮師 會用他們的文化風格，

while they're cutting their hair.

一邊幫 18~24 歲的男性理髮，

Another project is where we teach teachers

一邊把這些健康教育傳授給他們。

how to read, recast and resolve stressful moments in the classroom.

還有另一個計畫，我們教導老師

And a final project, in which we teach parents and their children separately

如何覺察、改換角色， 及解決教室中的壓力時刻。

to understand their racial traumas

最後一個計畫，我們分開 教導家長和他們的孩子，

before we bring them together to problem-solve daily microaggressions.

讓他們了解他們的種族創傷，

Now, racially literate conversations with our children can be healing,

然後才把他們集合在一起， 來解決每天日常的微侵略問題。

but it takes practice.

和我們的孩子進行關於種族 知識的對談，是有治癒效果的，

And I know some of you are saying, "Practice?

但需要練習。

Practice?

我知道有些人在說：「練習？

We're talking about practice?"

練習？

Yes, we are talking about practice.

我們要談練習？」

I have two sons.

是的，我們要談練習。

My oldest, Bryan, is 26,

我有兩個兒子。

and my youngest, Julian, is 12.

大兒子布萊恩 26 歲，

And we do not have time to talk about how that happened.

小兒子朱利安 12 歲。

(Laughter)

我們沒時間談這是怎麼發生的。

But,

（笑聲）

when I think of them,

但，

they are still babies to me,

當我想到他們時，

and I worry every day that the world will misjudge them.

仍把他們視為寶寶，

In August of 2013,

我每天都會擔心這個世界 會錯誤評斷他們。

Julian, who was eight at the time, and I were folding laundry,

2013 年 8 月，

which in and of itself is such a rare occurrence,

朱利安那時 8 歲， 我正在摺洗好的衣服，

I should have known something strange was going to happen.

這本身就是件很罕見的事。

On the TV were Trayvon Martin's parents,

我當時應該要知道 有奇怪的事情即將發生的。

and they were crying

電視上播的是特雷文馬丁的父母，

because of the acquittal of George Zimmerman.

他們在哭泣，

And Julian was glued to the TV.

因為喬治齊默曼被宣告無罪。

He had a thousand questions, and I was not prepared.

朱利安緊盯著電視。

He wanted to know why:

他有一大堆問題，而我沒有準備。

Why would a grown man stalk and hunt down and kill

他想要知道為什麼：

an unarmed 17-year-old boy?

為什麼會有成人要跟蹤、追捕、殺害

And I did not know what to say.

一個沒有武裝的 17 歲男孩？

The best thing that could come out of my mouth was,

我不知道該說什麼。

"Julian, sometimes in this world, there are people

我這張嘴能說出最好的話就是：

who look down on black and brown people

「朱利安，有時候， 在這個世界上，有些人

and do not treat them -- and children, too --

會看不起黑人和棕色人種，

do not treat them as human."

且不會把他們－－也包括孩子－－

He interpreted the whole situation as sad.

不會把他們當人看待。」

(Voice-over) Julian Stevenson: That's sad.

他把這整個情況詮釋為感傷。

"We don't care. You're not our kind."

（畫外音）朱利安史帝文森： 那好感傷。

HS: Yes.

「我們不在乎。你非我族類。」

JS: It's like, "We're better than you."

霍華：是的。

HS: Yes.

朱利安：就像是：「我們比你好。」

JS: "And there's nothing you can do about that.

霍華：是的。