At first, I didn't really mind.

對我來說，是沒有 被邀請參加朋友的婚禮。

I thought he was having a small reception.

一開始，我其實不介意。

But then I kept meeting people who were going to the same wedding,

我以為他只想辦個小型宴會。

and they weren't as close to the groom as I was ...

但接著，我不斷遇到 有參加這場婚禮的人，

and I felt left out.

但他們不比我和新郎更親近......

That really sucked.

我感覺被遺漏了。

It felt really unfair.

那真的讓我很沮喪。

For my daughters, Lipsi and Greta, it was last week.

我感覺很不公平。

They were taking turns massaging their mom's back

對我的女兒莉普西 和葛蕾塔而言，則是上星期。

with a toy for back rubs,

她們輪流按摩她們母親的背，

and then one of the girls felt that the other girl had a longer go.

用的是個揉搓背部的玩具。

That's when I walk into the room

接著，兩人之一覺得 另一人按摩的時間比較長。

to find Greta in a rage, shouting, "That's not fair!"

那時，我走進房間，

and Lipsi in tears,

發現葛蕾塔生氣地大叫： 「那不公平！」

and my wife holding a stopwatch

而莉普西在流淚。

to make sure that each girl had precisely one minute on the toy.

而我太太拿著一隻計時器，

So if you're anything like me or my girls,

以確保每個女兒使用玩具的 時間是恰好一分鐘。

the last thing that upset you

所以，如果你像我 或是我的女兒一樣，

probably also had to do with unfairness.

最近一次讓你沮喪的事

That's because unfairness triggers us so strongly

很可能也和不公平有關。

that we can't think straight.

那是因為不公平 很強烈地影響我們，

We become afraid and suspicious.

導致我們無法想清楚。

Our unfairness antennae stick up.

我們變得害怕且有疑心。

We feel pain, and we walk away.

我們偵測不公平的天線伸了出來。

Unfairness is one of the defining issues of our society,

我們感到痛苦，我們一走了之。

it's one of the root causes of polarization,

不公平是我們社會的關鍵議題之一。

and it's bad news for business.

它是社會兩極化的根本原因之一，

At work, unfairness makes people defensive and disengaged.

而且它對於商業的影響很不好。

A study shows that 70 percent of workers in the US are disengaged,

在工作上，不公平會讓人 起防禦心且不願投入。

and this is costing the companies

一份研究顯示，美國有 70% 的工作者 沒有真正投入工作。

550 billion dollars a year every year.

這個現象造成公司

This is, like, half the total spent on education in the US.

每年損失達 5500 億美元。

This is the size of the GDP of a country like Austria.

這差不多等於美國每年 在教育上的一半花費。

So removing unfairness and promoting fairness

相當於奧地利這種大小國家的 國內生產總值（GDP）。

should be our priority.

因此，消除不公平和推動公平

But what does it mean in practice?

應是我們的首要任務。

Is it about more rules? Is it about systems?

但是在實際操作上，要如何做呢？

Is it about equality?

需要更多的規則嗎？ 還是和體制有關嗎？

Well, partly, but fairness is more interesting than rules and equality.

它和平等有關嗎？

Fairness works in surprising ways.

部分是，但公平比 規則和平等有趣得多。

15 years ago, I left a US investment bank

公平的運作很讓人驚奇。

to join a large Italian state-owned oil company.

十五年前， 我離開了一間美國投資銀行，

It was a different world.

加入一間義大利 國有的大型石油公司。

I thought the key to getting the best performance

那是個不同的世界。

was a risk-reward system

我那時以為，帶來最佳表現的關鍵

where you could give the high performers bonuses and promotions

取決於一個風險回報的體制。

and give the underperformers something to worry about.

以這個體制，你可以給予 表現好的員工獎金和升遷，

But in this company, we had fixed salaries

讓表現不佳的員工提心吊膽。

and lifelong jobs.

但在這間公司， 我們的薪水是固定的，

Careers were set,

而工作是終身職。

so my toolkit wasn't very effective,

職涯就這樣定了，

and I was frustrated.

所以我的慣用工具不是很有效，

But then I saw that this company was producing some pockets of excellence,

我感到很挫折。

areas in which they beat the competition

然後我看見這間公司裡 有些部門有非常優越的表現。

in very tough, competitive sectors.

在一些領域中他們打敗競爭對手，

This was true in trading,

且是在非常棘手且競爭激烈的領域。

in project management --

在貿易上是如此，

it was very true in exploration.

在專案管理上也是如此，

Our exploration team was finding more oil and gas

在探勘上更是如此。

than any other company in the world.

我們的探勘團隊 找到的石油和天然氣

It was a phenomenon.

比世界上任何其他公司都還要多。

Everyone was trying to figure out how this was possible.

那是個很不尋常的現象。

I thought it was luck,

每個人都想要知道這怎麼有可能。

but after each new discovery, that became less and less likely.

我那時以為是好運，

So did we have a special tool? No.

但在每一次新發現之後， 越來越覺得不可能只是運氣。

Did we have a killer application that no one else had? No.

我們有特別的工具嗎？

Was it one genius who was finding oil for the whole team?

沒有。

No, we hadn't hired a senior guy in years.

我們有別人沒有的 殺手級應用程式嗎？

So what was our secret sauce?

沒有。

I started looking at them really carefully.

我們有一個天才在為 整個團隊找到石油嗎？

I looked at my friend,

不是，我們已經許多年 沒有僱用過資深的人。

who drilled seven dry wells,

所以我們的秘密武器是什麼？

writing off more than a billion dollars for the company,

我開始非常仔細地研究他們。

and found oil on the eighth.

我研究我的朋友，

I was nervous for him ...

他鑽了七座乾油井。

but he was so relaxed.

花了公司超過十億元，

I mean, these guys knew what they were doing.

在第八座井挖到了石油。

And then it hit me: it was about fairness.

我一直很替他緊張......

These guys were working in a company

然而他很放鬆。

where they didn't need to worry about short-term results.

這些人知道他們在做什麼。

They weren't going to be penalized for bad luck or for an honest mistake.

然後，我突然靈光一現： 這和公平有關。

They knew they were valued for what they were trying to do,

這些人在這間公司工作，

not the outcome.

他們不需要擔心短期的績效。

They were valued as human beings. They were part of a community.

他們不會因為運氣不好 或是無心之過而受罰。

Whatever happened, the company would stand by them.

他們知道，公司珍視 他們嘗試著在做的事情，

And for me, this is the definition of fairness.

而非結果。

It's when you can lower those unfairness antennae, put them at rest.

他們被當做人來珍視。 他們是這個共同體的一部分。

Then great things follow.

不論發生什麼事， 公司會站在他們這一邊。

These guys could be true to their purpose, which was finding oil and gas.

對我來說，這就是公平的定義。

They didn't have to worry about company politics or greed or fear.

當你可以收起偵測 不公平的天線，讓它們休息。

They could be good risk-takers,

好事就會隨之而來。

because they weren't too defensive

他們忠於他們的目標， 也就是找到石油和天然氣。

and they weren't gambling to take huge rewards.

他們不用擔心公司政治、 貪婪，或恐懼。

And they were excellent team workers.

他們可以大膽地冒險，

They could trust their colleagues.

因為他們沒有很強的防禦心，

They didn't need to look behind their backs.

而且他們不會為了大獎賞而冒險。

And they were basically having fun.

同時，他們是出色的團隊工作者。

They were having so much fun,

他們信任他們的同事。

one guy even confessed

他們不用擔心同事的背叛。

that he was having more fun at the company Christmas dinner

基本上，他們工作時很開心。

than at his own Christmas dinner.

他們開心到

(Laughter)

有個人甚至承認，

But these guys, essentially, were working in a fair system

他在公司的聖誕節晚餐

where they could do what they felt was right

遠比他自己家裡的 聖誕節晚餐更開心。

instead of what's selfish, what's quick, what's convenient,

（笑聲）

and to be able to do what we feel is right

基本上，這些人是在 一個公平的體制下工作，

is a key ingredient for fairness, but it is also a great motivator.

在這裡他們能做他們覺得對的事，

And it wasn't just explorers who were doing the right thing.

而不是去做自私的、 快速的、方便的事。

There was an HR director who proposed that I hire someone internally

能夠去做我們認為對的事，

and give him a managerial job.

就是公平的關鍵要素， 同時也是強大的動因。

This guy was very good, but he didn't finish high school,

不只是探勘者在做對的事。

so formally, he had no qualifications.

有位人力資源的主任， 提議要我在內部僱用某個人，

But he was so good, it made sense, and so we gave him the job.

給他一個管理職位。

Or the other guy, who asked me for a budget to build a cheese factory

這個人很優秀，但他沒讀完高中，

next to our plant in Ecuador, in the village.

正式來說，他不符合資格。

It didn't make any sense: no one ever built a cheese factory.

但他真的很優秀，很適合這個工作， 所以我們給了他那個職位。

But this is what the village wanted, because the milk they had would spoil

還有另一個人，他向我 要建造一間起司工廠的預算，

before they could sell it, so that's what they needed.

位於我們厄瓜多工廠 旁邊的一間村落中。

And so we built it.

這個要求很難讓人理解： 公司裡沒有人曾經建過起司工廠。

So in these examples and many others,

但那是那個村落想要的， 因為他們的牛奶在賣出之前就壞了，

I learned that to be fair,

所以他們需要起司工廠。

my colleagues and I, we needed to take a risk and stick our head out,

所以我們就建了。

but in a fair system, you can do that.

從這些例子以及許多其他例子，

You can dare to be fair.

我學到：若要公平，

So I realized that these guys and other colleagues

我的同事和我得要冒風險 並把我們的頭伸出去，

were achieving great results, doing great things,

但在一個公平的體制下，

in a way that no bonus could buy.

你敢做公平的事。

So I was fascinated.

所以，我了解到 這些人以及其他同事

I wanted to learn how this thing really worked,

所達成的極佳結果 並做出了不起的事，

and I wanted to learn it also for myself, to become a better leader.

不是任何獎金能買到的。

So I started talking to colleagues, to coaches,

所以，我很著迷。

to headhunters and neuroscientists,

我想要知道 實際上這是如何運作。

and what I discovered

我自己也想學這些， 以成為更好的領導者。

is that what these guys were up to and the way they worked

所以，我開始和同事、教練、

is really supported by recent brain science.

人才仲介，以及神經科學家交談。

And I've also discovered that this can work at all levels

我發現的是，

in any type of company.

這些人熱衷的事 以及他們工作的方式，

You don't need the fixed salaries or the stable careers.

其實與近期的大腦科學發現相符合。

This is because science shows

我也發現，這在任何層級、任何公司

that humans have an innate sense of fairness.

都能行得通。

We know what is right and what is wrong

你不需要有固定的薪水 或穩定的職涯。

before we can talk or think about it.

這是因為，科學研究顯示

My favorite experiment

人類有與生俱來的公平感。

has six-month old babies

我們都知道什麼是對的、 什麼是錯的。

watching a ball trying to struggle up a hill.

在我們說出來 或思考以前就知道了。

And there's a helpful, friendly square that pushes the ball up the hill,

我最愛的實驗，

and then a mean triangle pushes the ball back down.

是讓六個月大的寶寶

After watching this several times,

看著一顆球努力地爬上山丘。

they ask the babies to pick,

有一個熱心助人又友善的方形， 幫忙推著球上山丘，

to choose what to play with.

然後有個卑鄙的三角形 把球推下去。

They can pick a ball, a square or a triangle.

在看了這影片好幾遍之後，

They never pick up the triangle.

他們要求寶寶去挑選，

All the babies want to be the square.

選擇要玩什麼。

And science also shows

他們可以挑的有球、 方形，以及三角形。

that when we see or perceive fairness,

從來沒有寶寶選三角形。

our brain releases a substance that gives us pleasure,

所有的寶寶都想要成為方形。

proper joy.

科學也顯示，

But when we perceive unfairness, we feel pain ...

當我們看見或感知到公平時，

even greater pain

我們的大腦會釋放一種物質， 使我們覺得愉快，

than the same type of pain as if I really hurt myself.

和適量的喜悅感。

That's because unfairness triggers the primitive, reptile part of our brain,

但當我們感知到不公平時， 我們感到痛苦......

the part that deals with threats and survival,

甚至比我們傷害自己 那類型的痛苦更痛。

and when unfairness triggers a threat, that's all we can think about.

那是因為不公平觸發了我們大腦中 原始的，與爬蟲類的腦一樣的部分。

Motivation, creativity, teamwork,

這部分處理我們受到威脅時 有關存亡的情況。

they all go way back.

當不公平感觸發了受威脅感， 我們就無法釋懷。

And it makes sense that we're wired this way,

動機、創意、團隊合作，

because we're social animals.

都被拋到腦後。

We need to be part of a community to survive.

我們天生如此，這是可以理解的，

We're born so helpless

因為我們是社交動物。

that someone needs to look after us until we're maybe 10 years old,

我們得要是共同體的 一部分，才能生存。

so our brain evolves towards food.

我們生出來時很無助，

We need to be in that community.

需要有人來照顧我們， 直到大約十歲。

So whether I like it or not,

所以我們的大腦根據食物來演化。

not being invited to the friend's wedding,

我們得要在那共同體中生存。

my lizard brain is generating the same response

所以，不管我喜不喜歡，

as if I'm about to be pushed out from my community.

沒被邀請參加朋友的婚禮，

So science explains quite nicely why fairness is good

我的蜥蜴大腦會產生出

and why unfairness makes us really defensive,

如同我將被趕出我的共同體的反應。

but science also shows that in a fair environment,

所以，科學很合理地解釋了 為什麼公平是個好事，

not only do we all want to be the square,

以及為什麼公平會 讓我們生起防禦心。

but we tend to be the square,

但科學也顯示， 在一個公平的環境中，

and this allows other people to be fair in turn.

我們不僅都想要當方形，

This creates a beautiful fairness circle.

我們也傾向去當方形。

But while we start off fair ...

接著其他人也會對我們公平對待，

one drop of unfairness contaminates the whole pool,

因而創造出一個美麗的公平循環。

and unfortunately, there's plenty of drops in that pool.

但，雖然我們一開始是公平的。。。

So our effort should be to filter out

一滴不公平就能污染整池水。

as much unfairness as we can from everywhere,

不幸的是，在那池水中 有很多不公平的水滴。

starting from our communities, starting from our companies.

所以，我們該努力做的 是要盡我們所能

I worry about this a lot because I lead a team of 3,000 excellent people,

去過濾掉來自各處的不公平。

and the difference between 3,000 happy, motivated team workers

從我們的共同體開始， 從我們的公司開始。

and 3,000 clock-watchers is everything.

我很擔心這一點，因為我領導的團隊 有三千名出色的成員。

So the first thing I try to do in my fairness crusade

三千名快樂、有動機的團隊工作者

is to try to take myself out of the equation.

和三千名看著時鐘等下班的人， 兩者之間的差別極為重要。

That means being aware of my own biases.

所以，在我的促進公平的努力中， 我首先嘗試去做的事情

For example, I really like people who say yes

是試著把我自己從方程式中抽掉。

to whatever I suggest.

那就是我必須意識到我自己的偏見。

(Laughter)

比如，我真的很喜歡

But that's not very good for the company

贊同我的所有建議的人。

and not very good for anyone who has different ideas.

（笑聲）

So we try to actively promote a culture of diversity of opinions

但那樣對公司並不是很好，

and diversity of character.

對有不同想法的人也不是很好。

The second thing we do is a little more procedural.

所以，我們試著積極推動 一種有著意見多樣性

We look at all the rules, the processes, the systems in the company,

和性格多樣性的文化。

the ones we use to take decisions and allocate resources,

我們做的第二件事比較程序性的。

and we try to get rid of anything that's not very clear,

我們檢視公司所有做決策和分配資源

not very rational, doesn't make sense,

所根據的規則、程序和體制。

and we also try to fix anything that's limiting

我們嘗試捨棄任何不太清楚的、

the transfer of information within the company.

不太理性的、不合理的。

We then look at the culture and the motivation for the same reasons.

我們也試著使 公司內部的資訊轉移

But my point is that however hard you look at the rules,

盡量不受到限制。

the processes, the systems -- and we have to do that --

接著，基於同樣的理由， 我們檢視公司裡的文化和動機。

but however hard we look,

但是我的重點是， 不論你如何努力檢視規則、

we're never going to do enough to get to the real essence of fairness.

程序、體制——我們得要那麼做——

That's because the last mile of fairness requires something else.

但不論我們多努力檢視，

It's about what people's emotions are,

我們做的永遠無法 觸及公平的真正本質。

what their needs are,

那是因為，公平的最後一哩路 需要的是其他的東西。

what's going on in their private lives,

那就是人們的情緒為何、

what society needs.

他們的需求為何、

These are all questions and elements

他們的私人生活中發生了什麼事，

that are very hard to put into a spreadsheet, into an algorithm.

以及社會需要的是什麼。

It's very hard to make them part of our rational decision.

這些都是很難放入試算表、

But if we miss these, we're missing key important points,

放入演算法的問題以及元素。

and the outcome is likely to feel unfair.

很難把它們變成我們 理性決策的一部分。

So we should cross-check our decisions with our fairness center switched on.

但如果我們忽略這些， 我們就是忽略了關鍵重點，

Is it right that this guy should get the job he's really hoping to get?

而結果很可能會讓人感覺不公平。

Is it right that this guy should be fired?

所以我們應該在將公平中心打開的 情況下交叉檢查我們的決策。

Is it right that we should be charging so much for this product?

讓這個人得到他真的 很想要的工作，是對的嗎？

These are tough questions.

這個人應該被開除，是對的嗎？

But if we take the time to ask ourselves

我們這個產品的收費這麼高， 是對的嗎？