Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt.

非常謝謝大家！晚上好！

And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering

有些人也許已經留意到 我的姓氏常被取笑成「瘋子」。

how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone.

如果你有注意到了的話， 我不見怪你們納悶著：

I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted

一個瘋子怎麼可能煞費苦心 淪落到戰爭區裡？

a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia,

剛從醫學院畢業後真的有人提出、 而且我也接受了一份志工契約－

that was worth one dollar.

與「聯合國兒童基金會」 在受戰火摧殘的索馬利亞服務，

And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar

合約價是 1 美元！

in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order,

人家必須付我這 1 美元，

so that I would be covered.

因為如果聯合國需要發佈撤離命令，

I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places.

我才會因此受到保障；

And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves,

總之我前往了世界上最危險的地方。

and I just want to reassure you,

現在你們有些人也許心裡正在問，

that I did get half the money up front.

而我正要來打消你們的疑慮：

(Laughter)

我有預先拿到該金額的一半。

But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket,

（笑聲）

I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia.

這就是我的皮包裡如何有著 50 美分，

Journalists called it the "city of death."

終究去了索馬利亞的拜多雅，

And they called it the city of death

記者們管它叫「死城」，

because 300,000 people had lost their lives there --

他們這樣叫是因為已經有 三十萬人在那邊喪命了；

300,000 people,

「三十萬人」──

mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.

大多是戰禍牽扯出的 飢荒和疾病所導致！

I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out

我加入的團隊被託付任務，

how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe.

試圖找出妥善之計來應對這個人禍，

It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide,

它接踵於盧安達大屠殺之後；

and aid money to the region was drying up.

對這個地區的援助資金即將用罄，

Many aid organizations, unfortunately,

許多援助機構不幸早已關門收攤。

had been forced to close their doors.

所以人家特別請我 幫忙解答的問題──

And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer,

全世界戰爭區的援助工作人員 問自己的一個問題：

which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over,

「我們現在做的是什麼狗屁事啊？」

is: What the hell do we do now?

索馬利亞的治安環境在那個時刻

You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time --

──現在也沒多大的改變──

and nothing has really changed too much --

可以形容成發條橘子式的瘋狂麥斯。

can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."

我非常鮮明地記得在我抵達的數天後，

And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival,

我遠赴一處兒童哺育診間，

I went up to a feeding clinic.

那裡有著數十位婦女正排著隊，

There were dozens of women who were standing in line,

她們緊密摟著自己的幼嬰。

and they were clutching their infants very close.

我和一位年輕婦女有著 大概 20 分鐘的對話，

About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having

我向前湊身過去、

with this one young woman,

試著把手指放在她小寶貝的掌心中，

I leaned forward

當我這樣做的時候，

and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand.

察覺了她的小寶貝早已僵硬，

And when I did this,

她是僵直的了、

I discovered that her baby was already in rigor.

沒了生命的小手捲縮起來，

She was stiff,

她幾個小時前已經死去──

and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself.

營養不足與脫水。

She had died hours before

我後來得知當她的小寶貝 快要死掉的時候，

of malnutrition and dehydration.

她已經被人挾持兩天了──

I later learned that as her baby was dying,

一些十來歲配有突擊步槍的男孩們，

this young woman had been held for two days

他們企圖壓榨她更多錢──

by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles,

這錢很明顯她沒有。

and they were trying to shake her down for more money,

這是我在世界各地的戰爭區中

money she very clearly did not have.

所面臨過一個的場景，

And this is a scene that I have confronted

地方上的孩子們有些才八歲 ──他們是這般高大吧──

in war zones the world over;

而那些小孩從未上過學，

places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big --

但是他們已經用自動步槍 打過仗、殺過人了！

and those kids, they have never been to school.

難道萬般皆是命嗎？

But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.

有些人會跟你們說戰爭避無可避，

Is this just the way the world is?

畢竟它就跟世界的存在一樣長久；

Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human.

我們說絕對不要再來一次， 它卻一次又一次的上演。

After all, it is as old as existence itself.

我將會告訴你我已經見識過 全然最惡劣的事情，

We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again.

我們這些人類有本事 對其他人做出來的事；

But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst

不過我始終深信 不一樣的結果是有望的，

of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another,

你們想知道為什麼嗎？

and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible.

因為做這工作，

Do you want to know why?

進出世界各地戰爭區長達二十年來，

Because over 20 years of doing this work,

我已經明白

going in and out of war zones around the world,

這個難題的有些方面，

I have come to understand

我們全體 ──佔有這個共享空間的人們──

that there are aspects of this problem

能夠改變！

that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space,

並非透過武力、逼迫或是侵略，

that we can change --

而是透過去看對我們來說 摸得著的所有選項，

not through force or coercion or invasion,

擇取有利於以消弭戰爭 為代價的和平，

but by simply looking at all of the options available to us

頂替失去和平做代價的戰爭。

and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war,

該如何做呢？

instead of war at the expense of peace.

我要你斟酌一件事：

How so?

至少有著八億件的 小型槍械、輕型武器

Well, I want you to consider this:

今天在世界上流通！

there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons

龐大主體的老百姓 ──就像那個小嬰兒──

in circulation in the world today.

在世界各地的戰爭區持續死去；

The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby,

死於眾多武裝團體的手上，

who are dying in war zones around the world,

這些人憑藉近乎無限量供應之 便宜、容易和高效的武器，

are dying at the hands of various armed groups

每回以之強暴、威脅、 恐嚇和殘害那些老百姓。

who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons

多便宜呢？

to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians

在世界上的某些地方

at every turn.

你能夠用與 10 美元一樣的小錢 買到一把 AK-47 步槍；

How cheap?

在很多我曾經工作過的地方，

Well, in some parts of the world,

取得一把自動步槍

you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars.

還比取得乾淨的飲用水容易！

In many places in which I have worked,

現在重點是──

it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle

我們能為這個做什麼事嗎？

than it is to get access to clean drinking water.

為了回答該問題，

And so now the important part:

讓我們看一眼這張世界地圖吧！

Can anything be done about this?

讓我們加總目前在戰禍中的國家，

To answer that question,

以及因為暴力

let's take a look at this map of the world.

造成的死亡與流離失所之人數，

And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war,

這是個叫人傻眼的數字：

and the number of people who have either died

超過四千萬人！

or have been displaced as a result of that violence.

不過關於這張地圖 你也會發現另外一些東西，

It is a staggering number --

你會發現那些國家大部份 是在南半球。

more than 40 million people.

現在我們來看看

But you will also notice something else about this map.

世界前二十大的小型槍械出口國，

You will notice that most of those countries

我們會發現什麼呢？

are in the Global South.

你看到了綠色的這些國家，

Now, let's look at the countries

你會注意到絕大多數 是北半球的國家，

that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world.

以西方國家為主。

And what do we notice?

這告知我們什麼事情？

Well, you see them in green.

這告訴我們大多數在戰禍中 接連死去的民眾，

You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North,

住在貧窮的國家；

primarily Western countries.

而大多數不斷發戰爭財的人，

What does this tell us?

住在富庶的國家 ──就好比你、我般的人。

This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war

要是我們去看小型槍械呢？

are living in poor countries,

要是我們著眼世界上 所有流通的武器呢？

and yet most of the people who are profiting from war

誰做最大宗的生意呢？

are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.

約 80% 的武器

And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second.

出自聯合國安理會的 五個常任理事國，

What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world?

再加上德國，

Who does the biggest business?

很震撼沒錯吧！

Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons

你們有的人此刻也許馬上要說：

come from none other than the five permanent members

「是喔！好！ 在這邊打住一下，瘋子！」

of the United Nations Security Council,

(笑聲)

plus Germany.

小學對我來說是動人深刻的，

It's shocking, isn't it?

那真是個精采的歷程。

Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time,

（笑聲）

"Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."

不過你也許會跟自己說──

(Laughter)

所有在戰爭區的武器， 它們並不是起因，

Grade school was spectacular for me.

而是暴力的結果 日復一日折磨每個人。

It was, really, a wonderful experience.

就像伊拉克、阿富汗等地方，

(Laughter)

在那裡它們需要這些武器 以維護法律和秩序、

But you might be saying to yourselves,

增進和平與安全、打擊恐怖團體；

You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause,

毫無疑問這是好事情！

but an effect of the violence that plagues them

讓我們稍微來看看該假設，

each and every single day.

因為自從反恐戰爭展開以來，

You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan,

小型軍火交易激增；

where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order,

事實上那是個過去 15 年來

promote peace and security, to combat terror groups --

已經成長了三倍的生意。

surely this is a good thing.

現在讓我們來比對這個數字

Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment,

與同時期全世界直接喪命於 武裝衝突的人數，

because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade

你發現什麼了呢？

since the start of the War on Terror.

你會注意到事實上該人數也上升 約略三到四倍左右，

In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold

它們兩者基本上 在相同的時點上升與休止。

over the past 15 years.

現在這裡可以有個 剪不斷理還亂的爭論，

And now let's compare that to the number of people

關於到底傷亡的增加

who have directly died in armed conflict around the world

是小型槍械變多的責任？

in that same period.

或是因為其他手段？

What do you notice?

不過我們真的應該跳脫出這裡，

Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up

我們應該跳脫──

roughly three- to fourfold.

這是個值得細究的關聯。

They basically go up and end at the same point.

尤其當你考量到小型槍械 被載運到伊拉克為其軍隊所用，

Now, we can have a circular argument here

或是送到敘利亞給俗稱的 「溫和反對派戰士」，

about whether this increase in fatalities is a response

那些槍械現今多數落入 「伊斯蘭國恐怖組織」的手中；

to the increase of small arms, or the other way around.

或是當你考量槍械被載運到利比亞，

But here's what we should really take away from this.

現正熱絡地貫穿薩赫爾地帶，

What we should take away from this

最後到了像是博科聖地、蓋達組織

is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing,

以及其他武裝團體的手上。

especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq

在這裡就存在著問題！

for use by the Iraqi Army,

你也知道──

or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters,

小型槍械在任何地方 都是一種全面危害，

that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS;

因為它們的第一個停靠站 很少是它們的最終歸處。

or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya

對戰爭的開銷以每人年計來說

are now actively drifting across the Sahel,

金額到了大概 249 美元：

and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda

「每人花 249 美元」

and other militant groups.

大概是我們花在國際援助的 12 倍，

And therein lies the problem.

那些錢花在南半球小孩的 教育、疫苗接種

Because, you see,

以及制衡營養不良。

small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere,

但是我們可以左右該差額，

because their first stop is rarely their last.

我們該怎麼做呢？

Spending on war per person per year

這基本上是個供給與需求面 都包含在內的問題，

now amounts to about 249 dollars --

因此我們可以 一併從雙方面下手處理！

249 dollars per person,

在供給方面，

which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid,

我們可以推動我們的政府

money that is used to educate and vaccinate children

接受國際軍火買賣透明機制， 好比「武器貿易條約，」

and combat malnutrition in the Global South.

該機制使得富庶的國家對於 它們的武器銷售到哪裡去、

But we can shift that balance.

可能做什麼用途更有責任。

How do we do this?

在美國這裡

Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand,

──至今世界上最大的武器出口國──

so we can tackle it from both sides.

歐巴馬總統已經實實在在地 簽署好「武器貿易條約」，

On the supply side,

但是壓根未生效－

we can push our governments

直到被國會核可、批准前 是沒有法律約束力的。

to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms

我們需要讓我們的聲音 在這裡被聽見！

like the Arms Trade Treaty,

整治小型槍械

which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable

不會解決戰禍的問題、

for where their arms are going

增補的控管機制不會解決該問題，

and what their arms might be used for.

但是它是正確方向上重要的一步，

Here in the United States,

這端賴於住在富庶國家的我們，

the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far,

在這裡做改變！

President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty,

需求面又如何呢？

but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding,

世界上各地數世代的人們 被葬送在戰爭裡，

until it is approved and ratified by the Senate.

要打破暴力的循環是可行的，

This is where we need to make our voices heard.

在教育、法律的落實、 以及經濟發展上有所投資──

You know, the curbing of small arms --

特別是挹注給婦女們！

it's not going to solve the problem of war.

我已經親身在世界各地見識過

Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem.

那些付出是多麼神奇，力遠弗屆。

But it's an important step in the right direction.

不過關鍵在這──

And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries

它們得花時間，

to make change here.

這代表假使身為獨立個體的你 想要捐贈的話，

What about on the demand side?

請悉隨尊便；

You know, there are generations around the world

不過搞清楚該如何捐贈

who are being lost to war.

就跟要捐贈多少東西同等重要，

It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence

像是月制捐款的定期捐款

with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law

是更為實用的捐贈方式。

and in economic development, especially for women.

因為它們讓人道組織得以完善規劃、

I have personally seen

用在長期的資助，

just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be

以及已經被戰爭 所影響之家庭的生活所需──

around the world.

老實說我們許多人 都太快遺忘的諸場戰爭。

But here's the thing:

年輕醫師的我首次坐上 開往索馬利亞的班機，

they take time,

我對與戰禍共存沒什麼概念；

which means for you as individuals, if you want to give,

不過我可以告訴你現在我懂了，

please, by all means do it.

我知道這個滋味──

But know that how you give is just as important

漆黑的夜躺在床上，

as how much you give.

聽著自動步槍揮之不卻的 「砰砰砰砰砰」聲，

Regular contributions like monthly contributions

以及無比恐懼的臆想──

are a far more effective way of giving,

直到子彈打中我的頭頂前 我還剩多少時間。

because they allow humanitarian organizations

我能跟你說那是個很恐怖 又折騰人的恐懼，

to properly plan and be invested over the long term,

世界上數百萬人

and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war,

無日無刻不得不面對的恐懼──

wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.

尤其是孩童們！

When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor,

做這樣的工作長年下來，

I had no idea what it meant to live with war.

很不幸地，戰禍已經奪走我週遭 太多、太多人的性命了，

But I can tell you that I know what it means now.

而且至少有好幾回的機緣，

And I know what it means

戰禍也幾乎要了我的命。

to lie in bed in the pitch-black night

不過我堅信著：

and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!"

在這裡我們能夠做不同的選擇！

of automatic gunfire,

這是我每一天下床工作的道理。

and wonder with absolute dread

因為大家都知道戰禍是 我們身為人類所共有的，

how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me.

我們收購、兜售、散播還有引爆它！

I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear,

因此我們不該束手無策，

one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront

相反地我們是唯一能彌平戰禍之人！

each and every single day,

非常謝謝大家！ 我想祝你們無比成功！

especially children.

（掌聲）

Over the years of doing this work,