in all its forms, all its colors, aromas and tastes.

談論食物是很時髦且合乎體統的，

But after the food goes through the digestive system,

無論是討論它的各種形狀、 不同顏色、氣味和味道。

when it is thrown out as crap,

但是食物經過消化系統後，

it is no longer fashionable to speak about it.

當它成為廢物被排出時，

It is rather revolting.

談論它就不再時髦了。

I'm a guy who has graduated from bullshit to full-shit.

那甚至是令人厭惡的。

(Laughter)

我是一個從「牛屎」畢業後 成為「全屎」的傢伙。

My organization, Gram Vikas, which means "village development organization,"

（笑聲）

was working in the area of renewable energy.

我的組織，「Gram Vikas」， 意思是「村莊發展組織」，

On the most part, we were producing biogas,

致力於可再生能源方面。

biogas for rural kitchens.

主要是生產沼氣，

We produce biogas in India by using animal manure,

供給鄉村廚房用的沼氣。

which usually, in India, is called cow dung.

我們在印度用動物糞便生產沼氣，

But as the gender-sensitive person that I am,

這些動物糞便在印度就是叫做母牛糞。

I would like to call it bullshit.

但我對性別很敏感，

But realizing later on

所以我要稱它為公牛糞。

how important were sanitation and the disposal of crap in a proper way,

但我後來我了解到

we went into the arena of sanitation.

衛生設備和正確地處理廢物 是非常重要的，

Eighty percent of all diseases in India and most developing countries

我們就進入了衛生設備的領域。

are because of poor quality water.

在印度和大多數的開發中國家，

And when we look at the reason for poor quality water,

所有疾病中的百分之八十

you find that it is our abysmal attitude to the disposal of human waste.

是因為不良品質地水所引起的。

Human waste, in its rawest form,

然後當我們調查不良水質的原因時，

finds its way back to drinking water, bathing water, washing water,

你會發現原因在於 我們對於處理人類糞便的

irrigation water, whatever water you see.

無法想像的態度。

And this is the cause for 80 percent of the diseases in rural areas.

人類糞便以其最原始的形式，

In India, it is unfortunately only the women who carry water.

污染了飲用水、洗澡水、洗滌用水、

So for all domestic needs, women have to carry water.

灌溉水，幾乎你可看到的所有水。

So that is a pitiable state of affairs.

而這是在鄉村地區 百分之八十疾病的主因。

Open defecation is rampant.

在印度，非常不幸的是， 只有婦女在取水。

Seventy percent of India defecates in the open.

所有家用水都由婦女來取水。

They sit there out in the open,

那是一件很可憐的事。

with the wind on their sails,

公開如廁是很普遍的。

hiding their faces, exposing their bases,

印度百分之七十的人公開如廁。

and sitting there in pristine glory --

他們在戶外如廁，

70 percent of India.

風吹著，掩藏他們的臉，

And if you look at the world total,

露出他們的下部，

60 percent of all the crap that is thrown into the open is by Indians.

以原始的榮耀般坐在那裡 －

A fantastic distinction.

百分之七十的印度人都如此。

I don't know if we Indians can be proud of such a distinction.

如果你以世界的全部來統計，

(Laughter)

所有丟在戶外的糞便中 有60％是印度人的。

So we, together with a lot of villages,

多麼奇異的特性。

we began to talk about how to really address this situation of sanitation.

我不知道我們印度人 是否能對此特性感到自豪。

And we came together and formed a project called MANTRA.

（笑聲）

MANTRA stands for Movement and Action Network for Transformation of Rural Areas.

所以我們與許多的鄉村一起，

So we are speaking about transformation, transformation in rural areas.

我們開始討論如何真正地 改善衛生設備的狀況。

Villages that agree to implement this project,

然後我們一起組成了一個專案， 名為「曼特拉」。

they organize a legal society

「曼特拉」（MANTRA）指代的是

where the general body consists of all members

「鄉村地區改造的運動和行動網」。

who elect a group of men and women who implement the project

我們討論改造，鄉村地區的改造。

and, later on, who look after the operation and maintenance.

同意執行這個專案的那些鄉村，

They decide to build a toilet and a shower room.

他們組織一個合法的協會， 由所有會員所組成。

And from a protected water source,

他們選舉一些男人和女人，

water will be brought to an elevated water reservoir and piped to all households

作為執行這個專案的個團體，

through three taps:

以後他們負責操作和維修。

one in the toilet, one in the shower, one in the kitchen, 24 hours a day.

他們決定每戶都要 蓋一間廁所和淋浴間。

The pity is that our cities, like New Delhi and Bombay,

並且用一個被保護的水源，

do not have a 24-hour water supply.

水從在架高的蓄水池， 以水管輸送到所有家裡，

But in these villages, we want to have it.

通向三個水龍頭：

There is a distinct difference in the quality.

一個在廁所、一個在淋浴間、 一個在廚房，每天 24 小時。

Well in India, we have a theory, which is very much accepted

可惜的是我們的城市， 如新德里和孟買，

by the government bureaucracy and all those who matter,

沒有全天候的自來水供應。

that poor people deserve poor solutions

但在這些鄉村裡，我們要有。

and absolutely poor people deserve pathetic solutions.

生活品質上會有明顯的區別。

This, combined with a Nobel Prize-worthy theory that

在印度，有一個理論被政府官僚 和所有相關的人廣泛地接受，

the cheapest is the most economic,

他們認為貧窮的人 應該得到差勁的解決方法

is the heady cocktail that the poor are forced to drink.

最貧窮的人就應該得到 可悲的解決方法。

We are fighting against this.

這個理論與一個配得上 諾貝爾獎的理論相結合，

We feel that the poor have been humiliated for centuries.

即『最便宜就是最經濟的』。

And even in sanitation,

所以窮人被迫喝『污水雞尾酒』。

they should not be humiliated.

我們在抗爭這一點。

Sanitation is more about dignity

我們覺得窮人在數世紀以來 就一直被羞辱。

than about human disposal of waste.

然而在衛生設備，

And so you build these toilets and very often,

他們不應被羞辱。

we have to hear that the toilets are better than their houses.

衛生設備事關尊嚴， 而非僅僅是人類如何處理糞便。

And you can see that in front are the attached houses

所以我們蓋這些廁所，

and the others are the toilets.

我們經常聽說，廁所比他們的房子還好。

So these people, without a single exception of a family in a village,

你可以看到的是， 房子在前面，其他的就是廁所。

decide to build a toilet, a bathing room.

這些人，沒有一個例外， 村裡的每一個家庭，

And for that, they come together, collect all the local materials --

都決定要蓋一個廁所、一個浴室。

local materials like rubble, sand, aggregates,

為此，他們聚集在一起， 收集所有當地的材料 --

usually a government subsidy is available

當地的材料如瓦礫、沙、聚合物，

to meet at least part of the cost of external materials

通常政府會提供補貼，

like cement, steel, toilet commode.

来支付一部分外用材料的成本，

And they build a toilet and a bathing room.

如水泥、鋼筋、馬桶。

Also, all the unskilled laborers, that is daily wage earners, mostly landless,

他們以此蓋廁所和浴室。

are given an opportunity to be trained as masons and plumbers.

同時，所有非技術勞工，

So while these people are being trained, others are collecting the materials.

就是每日打零工生活者， 主要是沒有土地者，

And when both are ready, they build a toilet, a shower room,

得到被訓練成为 泥水匠和水管工人的機會。

and of course also a water tower, an elevated water reservoir.

當這些人在接受訓練時， 其他人就收集材料。

We use a system of two leach pits to treat the waste.

然後當兩者都準備好時，

From the toilet, the muck comes into the first leach pit.

他們就蓋了一個廁所和一個浴室，

And when it is full, it is blocked and it can go to the next.

當然也包括一個水塔， 一個挑高的蓄水池。

But we discovered that if you plant banana trees, papaya trees

我們用兩個浸出坑的系統來處理廢水。

on the periphery of these leach pits,

從廁所，糞便進入第一個浸出坑的。

they grow very well because they suck up all the nutrients

當第一個浸出坑滿的時候， 糞便就流入第二個。

and you get very tasty bananas, papayas.

我們發現，如果你在 這兩個浸出坑的周圍

If any of you come to my place,

種香蕉樹和木瓜樹的話，

I would be happy to share these bananas and papayas with you.

它們就會長得很好， 因為它們有所有的營養，

So there you can see the completed toilets, the water towers.

会成为很好吃的香蕉和木瓜。

This is in a village where most of the people are even illiterate.

各位如果到我家，

It is always a 24-hour water supply

我會很樂意拿這些 香蕉和木瓜與你分享。

because water gets polluted very often when you store it --

這是完工後的廁所和水塔。

a child dips his or her hand into it, something falls into it.

這是在一個幾乎所有居民 都是文盲的鄉村。

So no water is stored. It's always on tap.

那裡有全天候的供水

This is how an elevated water reservoir is constructed.

因為當你儲存水的話 水很快就被污染 --

And that is the end product.

例如小孩用手伸進去， 或者東西掉進去。

Because it has to go high, and there is some space available,

因此他們都不儲藏水，都用自來水。

two or three rooms are made under the water tower,

這是挑高的蓄水塔建造的方法。

which are used by the village for different committee meetings.

然後這是完成品。

We have had clear evidence of the great impact of this program.

因為它必須放在高的地方， 所以下面就有一些空間，

Before we started, there were, as usual,

在水塔下我們建造了兩三個房間，

more than 80 percent of people suffering from waterborne diseases.

用來做村民開會的地方。

But after this, we have empirical evidence that 82 percent, on average,

我們有很清楚的證據 证明這個計畫效果显著。

among all these villages -- 1,200 villages have completed it --

在我們開始以前，

waterborne diseases have come down 82 percent.

那里一直有多於百分之八十的人

(Applause)

得到藉由水傳染的疾病。

Women usually used to spend, especially in the summer months,

這以後，我們有實證

about six to seven hours a day carrying water.

證明在這些鄉村裡， 平均有82%的村民 --

And when they went to carry water,

共1200個鄉村完成了這個計畫 --

because, as I said earlier, it's only women who carry water,

藉由水傳染的疾病減少了82%。

they used to take their little children, girl children, also to carry water,

（掌聲）

or else to be back at home to look after the siblings.

以前婦女通常， 特別是在夏天的時候，

So there were less than nine percent of girl children attending school,

每天大約花6到7個小時取水。

even if there was a school.

當她們去取水的時候，

And boys, about 30 percent.

如我前面提到，

But girls, it has gone to about 90 percent and boys, almost to 100 percent.

因為只有婦女去取水，

(Applause)

她們通常會帶著孩子們、 女兒們一起去取水，

The most vulnerable section in a village

或者讓她們在家看顧小孩。

are the landless laborers who are the daily wage-earners.

因此女孩上学的比例不到百分之九，

Because they have gone through this training

即使村裡有學校。

to be masons and plumbers and bar benders,

男孩子約百分之三十。

now their ability to earn has increased 300 to 400 percent.

現在女孩子已提高到90%，男孩幾乎100%。

So this is a democracy in action

（掌聲）

because there is a general body, a governing board, the committee.

在鄉村最脆弱的部分，

People are questioning, people are governing themselves,

是那些無土地做零工的勞工。

people are learning to manage their own affairs,

因為他們得到訓練， 成為水泥匠、水管工和彎管工，

they are taking their own futures into their hands.

現在他們的謀生能力 增加了300%到400%。

And that is democracy at the grassroots level in action.

這就是一個採取行動的民主，

More than 1,200 villages have so far done this.

因為那裡有人民組成的團體、 一個管理的董事會，也就是委員會。

It benefits over 400,000 people and it's still going on.

人們質疑，管理他們自己， 並學習管理他們的事務，

And I hope it continues to move ahead.

他們自己掌握他們自己的將來。

For India and such developing countries,

這就是正在行動中的草根民主。

armies and armaments,

到目前，超過 1200 個鄉村 已進行這個計劃。

software companies and spaceships

這個計劃已讓超過 40 萬人受益，

may not be as important as taps and toilets.

並且還在繼續進行當中。

Thank you. Thank you very much.

我希望這個計劃會繼續進行下去。

(Applause)

對印度和類似的開發中國家，

Thank you.

軍隊和軍備，軟體公司，和太空船