lives in our cities.

世界上 54% 的人口

In developing countries,

居住在我們的城市。

one third of that population

在發展中國家，

is living in slums.

有三分之一的人口

Seventy-five percent of global energy consumption

住在貧民窟。

occurs in our cities,

全球 75% 的能源消耗

and 80 percent of gas emissions

發生在我們的城市，

that cause global warming

而 80%

come from our cities.

導致全球暖化的氣體排放，

So things that you and I might think about

來自我們的城市。

as global problems,

你和我都認為屬於

like climate change, the energy crisis

全球問題的事情，

or poverty,

例如氣候變化、能源危機，

are really, in many ways, city problems.

或者貧窮，

They will not be solved

從各方面看， 事實上都是城市的問題。

unless people who live in cities,

問題不會解決，

like most of us,

除非住在城市裡的人，

actually start doing a better job,

就像我們大部份的人，

because right now, we are not doing a very good one.

真正開始做較好的事情，

And that becomes very clear

因為我們現在做的還不足夠。

when we look into three aspects of city life:

那就變得十分清楚，

first, our citizens' willingness to engage

當我們看看城市生活的三個面貌：

with democratic institutions;

首先，是我們市民

second, our cities' ability to really include

參與民主制度的意願；

all of their residents;

第二，我們城市能夠

and lastly, our own ability

使所有市民成為整體的一部分；

to live fulfilling and happy lives.

最後，我們自己能夠

When it comes to engagement,

充實且快樂地生活。

the data is very clear.

當談及參與的承諾時，

Voter turnout around the world

數據就十分清楚。

peaked in the late '80s,

全世界的投票率

and it has been declining at a pace

在八十年代後期達到高峰，

that we have never seen before,

然後以我們從未見過的步伐下降，

and if those numbers are bad at the national level,

在國家層面來說， 如果數字很糟榚的話，

at the level of our cities,

在我們城市的層面來說，

they are just dismal.

可以說是慘淡。

In the last two years,

在過去兩年，

two of the world's most consolidated,

全球兩個最團結

oldest democracies, the U.S. and France,

最古老的民主社會，美國和法國，

held nationwide municipal elections.

舉行了全國性的市政選舉。

In France, voter turnout hit a record low.

在法國，

Almost 40 percent of voters decided

投票率創下歷史新低，

not to show up.

約 40% 選民決定

In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.

不去投票。

In some American cities,

在美國，數字更為可怕。

voter turnout was close to five percent.

在一些美國城市，

I'll let that sink in for a second.

投票率接近 5%。

We're talking about democratic cities

待會我們再談談這個。

in which 95 percent of people

我們正在談及一些民主城市，

decided that it was not important

當中 95% 的人

to elect their leaders.

覺得選舉他們的領袖並不重要，

The city of L.A., a city of four million people,

洛杉機市，

elected its mayor with just a bit over 200,000 votes.

一個四百萬人口的城市，

That was the lowest turnout the city had seen

其市長選舉剛得到超過 20 萬票，

in 100 years.

那是 100 年來這個城市 最低的投票率，

Right here, in my city of Rio,

就在這裡，我的城市里約熱內盧，

in spite of mandatory voting,

盡管實施強制投票，

almost 30 percent of the voting population

約 30% 選民

chose to either annul their votes

卻選擇放棄他們的選票，

or stay home and pay a fine

選擇留在家裡並繳交罰款，

in the last mayoral elections.

也不願參與最近的市長選舉。

When it comes to inclusiveness,

當涉及到包容性，

our cities are not the best cases of success either,

我們的城市也不是最成功的個案，

and again, you don't need to look very far

而且，你並不需要看得太遠

in order to find proof of that.

去尋找證明。

The city of Rio is incredibly unequal.

里約熱內盧市是難以置信的不公平。

This is Leblon.

這是列布隆。

Leblon is the city's richest neighborhood.

列布隆是城市裡最富有的社區。

And this is Complexo do Alemão.

而這是阿萊芒街區，

This is where over 70,000

這座城市超過七萬名

of the city's poorest residents live.

最貧窮的居民住在此處，

Leblon has an HDI, a Human Development Index,

列布隆的人類發展指數 (HDI)，

of .967.

為 .967，

That is higher than Norway, Switzerland

較挪威、瑞士或瑞典還高。

or Sweden.

阿萊芒街區的 HDI 為 .711，

Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.

在阿爾及利亞與 加彭共和國的 HDI 之間。

It sits somewhere in between the HDI

那麼里約熱內盧

of Algeria and Gabon.

就像南半球的眾多城市，

So Rio, like so many cities across the global South,

是一個可從北歐

is a place where you can go from northern Europe

到非洲南撒哈拉

to sub-Saharan Africa

只要花三十分鐘的地方。

in the space of 30 minutes.

如果你駕車的話，就可以了。

If you drive, that is.

如果你乘搭公共交通，就需約二小時。

If you take public transit, it's about two hours.

最後，或者是最重要的，

And lastly, perhaps most importantly,

不同的城市，以及其非常活躍的

cities, with the incredible wealth

人際關係，使它可成為

of relations that they enable,

人類快樂幸褔發展的理想地。

could be the ideal places for human happiness

我們喜歡被其他人圍繞，

to flourish.

我們是群體動物。

We like being around people.

但是，

We are social animals.

都市化已達至高峰的國家，

Instead, countries where urbanization

正是那些城市不再使我們高興的國家。

has already peaked seem to be the very countries

美國人

in which cities have stopped making us happy.

整體而言已受到幸褔感下降之苦，

The United States population has suffered

過去三十年皆如此。

from a general decrease in happiness

主要原因正是：

for the past three decades,

以美國方式建設的城市

and the main reason is this.

使那麼高質素的公共空間

The American way of building cities

實質上在很多

has caused good quality public spaces

很多的美國城市之中消失，

to virtually disappear in many,

而結果是，他們看到

many American cities,

關係的倒退，

and as a result, they have seen

使我們快樂的事情消失。

a decline of relations,

很多研究都顯示現在孤獨感增加，

of the things that make us happy.

而減少了團結、

Many studies show an increase

誠信、社會及公民參與。

in solitude and a decrease in solidarity,

那麼我們是如何開始建立

honesty, and social and civic participation.

一些我們關心的城市？

So how do we start building cities

看重其最重要資產的城市：

that make us care?

住在城市裡的民眾

Cities that value their most important asset:

其異常豐富的多樣性？

the incredible diversity

使我們快樂的城市？

of the people who live in them?

我相信如果我們要改變

Cities that make us happy?

我們城市的樣貌，

Well, I believe that if we want to change

那麼我們真的要改變

what our cities look like,

決策過程，

then we really have to change

以及導致我們現在所得的結果。

the decision-making processes

我們需要參與革命，

that have given us the results that we have right now.

而且我們急迫需要。

We need a participation revolution,

投票這個我們唯一可行使的公民權利

and we need it fast.

已不再有意義，

The idea of voting as our only exercise in citizenship

民眾已厭倦每隔幾年

does not make sense anymore.

被看待成獲授權人士，

People are tired of only being treated

可將權力委派別人

as empowered individuals every few years

作代表。

when it's time to delegate that power

如果 2013 年 6 月的抗議潮 在巴西席捲後，

to someone else.

我們所學會的事情

If the protests that swept Brazil

就是每次嘗試

in June 2013 have taught us anything,

在選舉的背景之下，

it's that every time we try

行使我們的權力時，

to exercise our power

我們會遭受到毆打、 侮辱、甚至逮捕，

outside of an electoral context,

這個情況需要改變，

we are beaten up, humiliated or arrested.

因為當它真的改變時，

And this needs to change,

民眾不僅重新

because when it does,

參與代議體制，

not only will people re-engage

也會把這些組織

with the structures of representation,

與直接、有效的，

but also complement these structures

以及集體決策互補，

with direct, effective, and collective decision making,

這類決策

decision making of the kind

可以對抗這種結構本身的不平等；

that attacks inequality

這類決策

by its very inclusive nature,

可以改變我們的城市，

decision making of the kind

成為我們可活得更好的地方。

that can change our cities

但是明顯地這有個陷阱：

into better places for us to live.

實現廣泛的參與

But there is a catch, obviously:

以及重新分配權力

Enabling widespread participation

可會是難辦之事，

and redistributing power

而在這方面，技術可以擔當

can be a logistical nightmare,

一個極為有用的角色，

and there's where technology can play

使民眾更容易組織、

an incredibly helpful role,

溝通和做出決定，

by making it easier for people to organize,

而不必同時身處

communicate and make decisions

在同一個房間。

without having to be in the same room

不幸的是，

at the same time.

當我們談到促進民主進程時，

Unfortunately for us,

我們的市政府並沒有運用科技

when it comes to fostering democratic processes,

來充份發揮其潛力。

our city governments have not used technology

到目前為止， 大部分市政府有效地

to its full potential.

運用科技把市民變成人類感應器，

So far, most city governments have been effective

把城市裡的數據傳送給當局：

at using tech to turn citizens into human sensors

路面的坑洞、樹木倒塌 以至街燈損壞。

who serve authorities with data on the city:

在較小的程度上，

potholes, fallen trees or broken lamps.

他們也邀請市民參與改善

They have also, to a lesser extent,

那些已為他們決定的決策結果。

invited people to participate in improving

就像我八歲時，

the outcome of decisions

我媽告訴我：我可以選擇

that were already made for them,

在晚上八點前必須上床，

just like my mom when I was eight

但是我可以選擇 粉紅色睡衣或藍色睡衣。

and she told me that I had a choice:

這並不是參與。

I had to be in bed by 8 p.m.,

而事實上，各國政府從來也沒有

but I could choose my pink pajamas or my blue pajamas.

好好地運用技術

That's not participation,

增加要事的民眾參與度，

and in fact, governments have not been very good

像是我們分配預算的方式、

at using technology to enable participation

我們佔領土地的方式，

on what matters —

以及我們管理自然資源的方式。

the way we allocate our budget,

這些都是各種不同類型的決定，

the way we occupy our land,

實際上可影響全球的問題，

and the way we manage our natural resources.

而在我們的城市表露出來的。

Those are the kinds of decisions

好消息是，

that can actually impact global problems

我的確有好消息可跟大家分享，

that manifest themselves in our cities.

我們無需等待政府來做這件事。

The good news is,

我有理由相信，

and I do have good news to share with you,

市民的確有可能

we don't need to wait for governments to do this.

建立起代議體制。

I have reason to believe

三年前，我與其他人創辦了一個組織，

that it's possible for citizens to build

名為「我們的里約」(Meu Rio) 。

their own structures of participation.

我們讓里約熱內盧裡的市民，

Three years ago, I cofounded an organization

就著他們所關心的事情和地方

called Meu Rio,

更容易地組織起來，

and we make it easier for people in the city of Rio

對他們每日所關心的

to organize around causes and places

事情和地方產生影響。

that they care about in their own city,

在過去三年，「我們的里約」增長為

and have an impact on those causes and places

一個達到 16 萬居民的網絡。

every day.

大約 40％ 的成員是年輕人，

In these past three years, Meu Rio grew

年齡介於 20 歲至 29 歲。

to a network of 160,000 citizens of Rio.

在今天的里約熱內盧，

About 40 percent of those members are young people

每十五個青年中就有一個是那年紀。

aged 20 to 29.

這個可愛的小女孩是 我們其中一個會員，

That is one in every 15 young people

她叫比亞，你們右手邊這位，

of that age in Rio today.

比亞年僅 11 歲時，

Amongst our members is this adorable little girl,

就使用我們其中一個工具

Bia, to your right,

來挽救她的模範公立學校 以避免拆遷時，

and Bia was just 11 years old

事實上，她的學校

when she started a campaign using one of our tools

在全國公立學校中名列前茅，

to save her model public school from demolition.

它要被拆除是因為

Her school actually ranks among the best

里約熱內盧州政府，

public schools in the country,

我不是開玩笑，

and it was going to be demolished

為了要興建一個停車場

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

以供即將舉行的世界盃之用。

to build, I kid you not,

比亞開展了一場運動後，

a parking lot for the World Cup

我們甚至透過網路攝影機 全天候監測她的學校。

right before the event happened.

幾個月後，

Bia started a campaign, and we even watched

政府改變主意了。

her school 24/7 through webcam monitoring,

比亞的學校可保留在原地。

and many months afterwards,

還有袓菲達，

the government changed their minds.

她是一個了不起的女人，

Bia's school stayed in place.

大約 10 年前，她的女兒失蹤了。

There's also Jovita.

從那時起，

She's an amazing woman whose daughter

她一直在尋找女兒。

went missing about 10 years ago,

過程中，她首先發現

and since then, she has been looking

她並不孤單。

for her daughter.

僅在去年 2013 年，

In that process, she found out

在里約熱內盧市已有 6000 人失蹤。

that first, she was not alone.

但是她也發現，緃使如此，

In the last year alone, 2013,

里約熱內盧並沒有中央化的情報系統

6,000 people disappeared

以處理失蹤人口的案件。

in the state of Rio.

在巴西的其他城市，

But she also found out that in spite of that,

這些系統可協助警察 偵破高達 80 %的

Rio had no centralized intelligence system

失蹤人口案件。

for solving missing persons cases.

她展開了一場運動，

In other Brazilian cities, those systems

國家安全局局長收到 16000 封電郵，

have helped solve up to 80 percent

市民要求這樣做，

of missing persons cases.

他才回應訴求， 並建立一個警察單位，

She started a campaign,

專門對付這類案件。

and after the secretary of security got 16,000 emails

在上個月底，它向公眾開放，

from people asking him to do this,

袓菲達也在那裡

he responded, and started to build a police unit

接受採訪，非常引人注目。

specializing in those cases.

然後，還有萊昂德羅。

It was open to the public at the end of last month,

萊昂德羅是一個 在里約熱內盧貧民窟裡

and Jovita was there

了不起的傢伙，

giving interviews and being very fancy.

他在貧民窟創建了一個回收計劃。

And then, there is Leandro.

在去年年底，12 月 16 日，

Leandro is an amazing guy

他收到里約熱內盧州政府 發出的驅逐令，

in a slum in Rio,

要求他在兩個星期內

and he created a recycling project in the slum.

離開那個已使用了兩年的空間。

At the end of last year, December 16,

政府計劃把土地交給開發商，

he received an eviction order

打算把它發展成為一個工地。

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

萊昂德羅使用我們其中一個工具 展開了一場運動，

giving him two weeks to leave the space

高壓鍋，

that he had been using for two years.

比亞和袓菲達曾使用過的同一工具，

The plan was to hand it over to a developer,

州政府在平安夜前

who planned to turn it into a construction site.

改變了主意。

Leandro started a campaign using one of our tools,

這些故事使我感到高興，

the Pressure Cooker,

不只是因為他們都得到完滿結局。

the same one that Bia and Jovita used,

他們讓我高興是因為

and the state government changed their minds

它們是快樂的開端。

before Christmas Eve.

比亞學校裡的教師和家長團體

These stories make me happy,

正在尋找其他方法

but not just because they have happy endings.

以進一步改善那個空間。

They make me happy because they are

萊昂德羅有著雄心勃勃的計劃，

happy beginnings.

把他的模型帶到里約熱內盧 其他低收入的社區裡。

The teacher and parent community at Bia's school