for an American city in crisis.

在 2010 年底特律已經成為了

There was a housing collapse,

危機中的美國城市的代言：

an auto industry collapse,

房地產市場崩塌，

and the population had plummeted by 25 percent

汽車工業崩塌，

between 2000 and 2010,

在 2000 到 2005 年之間，

and many people were beginning to write it off,

人口也已經直線下跌了 25%；

as it had topped the list of American shrinking cities.

很多人開始接受了這個現實，

By 2010, I had also been asked by

因為底特律已經位列 美國正在萎縮城市的名單榜首。

the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit

在 2010 年的時候，我曾經被

to join them in leading a citywide planning process

克雷斯吉基金會和底特律城邀請

for the city to create a shared vision for its future.

去加入他們，參與一個城市規劃專案，

I come to this work

構建城市未來的共同遠景。

as an architect and an urban planner,

我作為

and I've spent my career working in other contested cities,

一名建築師和一名城市規劃師 參與到這項工作當中，

like Chicago, my hometown;

在我的職業生涯當中， 我也曾經為其他對手城市工作過，

Harlem, which is my current home;

比如我的故鄉芝加哥、

Washington, D.C.; and Newark, New Jersey.

我現在的家，哈萊姆區、

All of these cities, to me, still had a number

華盛頓特區，以及紐瓦克，新澤西。

of unresolved issues related to urban justice,

所有的這些城市，對我而言，仍然存在著一些

issues of equity, inclusion and access.

和城市正義、公平、包容性

Now by 2010, as well,

平等和接納性相關的未解決的問題。

popular design magazines were also beginning

現在，2010年，

to take a closer look at cities like Detroit,

流行的設計雜誌也開始

and devoting whole issues to "fixing the city."

更關注像底特律這樣的城市，

I was asked by a good friend, Fred Bernstein,

用了一整期的雜誌 去討論「修復城市」的問題。

to do an interview for the October issue

我被好友福德博恩斯坦，

of Architect magazine,

叫去為十月份的一本 建築雜誌做一次採訪，

and he and I kind of had a good chuckle

做一次採訪，

when we saw the magazine released with the title,

我和他竊笑了幾聲

"Can This Planner Save Detroit?"

當我們看到雜誌的選題是

So I'm smiling with a little bit of embarrassment right now,

「這個規劃者能夠拯救底特律嗎?」

because obviously, it's completely absurd

我的笑裡帶著一絲尷尬，

that a single person, let alone a planner,

因為這很明顯，

could save a city.

某一個人，一個規劃者，

But I'm also smiling because I thought it represented

能去拯救一座城市是荒謬的。

a sense of hopefulness that our profession

但是我笑還因為這代表著

could play a role in helping the city to think about

一種對我們職業的希望，

how it would recover from its severe crisis.

能夠在幫助這個城市思考

So I'd like to spend a little bit of time this afternoon

怎樣從嚴重的危機重振起來 的過程中，扮演一個角色。

and tell you a little bit about our process

因此我想用這個下午的一點時間

for fixing the city, a little bit about Detroit,

告訴你一些我們重整城市的過程，

and I want to do that through the voices of Detroiters.

和關於底特律的新聞。

So we began our process in September of 2010.

我想通過底特律居民 的聲音來傳遞這些資訊。

It's just after a special mayoral election,

我們從 2010 年 9 月開始。

and word has gotten out that there is going to be

那是剛剛在一次 特殊的市長選舉之後，

this citywide planning process,

即將有城市範圍規劃的消息

which brings a lot of anxiety and fears

已經被放出，

among Detroiters.

給底特律人帶來了一些

We had planned to hold a number of community meetings in rooms like this

焦慮和恐懼。

to introduce the planning process,

我們已經籌劃了在這樣的 場合舉辦一些社區會議

and people came out from all over the city,

來介紹這個規劃的過程。

including areas that were stable neighborhoods,

人們從城市不同的角落過來，

as well as areas that were beginning to see

包括住在穩定社區的人們

a lot of vacancy.

和住在已經開始出現

And most of our audience was representative

空城狀況區域的人們。

of the 82 percent African-American population

我們多數的聽眾代表來自

in the city at that time.

當時城市中佔百分之八十二

So obviously, we have a Q&A portion of our program,

的非洲裔美國人。

and people line up to mics to ask questions.

當然，有一個關於 我們計劃的問答環節，

Many of them step very firmly to the mic,

人們排起隊問問題。

put their hands across their chest, and go,

他們中的很多人 非常堅定地走向麥克風，

"I know you people are trying to move me out of my house, right?"

雙手盤在胸膛上說：

So that question is really powerful,

“我知道，你們這些人在嘗試 把我們趕出我們的房子，對吧？”

and it was certainly powerful to us in the moment,

這是一個擲地有聲的問題，

when you connect it to the stories

對當時的我們非常非常震撼，

that some Detroiters had,

尤其當你把這個問題和

and actually a lot of African-Americans'

許多底特律人的故事，

families have had

特別是那些居住在像

that are living in Midwestern cities like Detroit.

中西部城市非裔美國人的

Many of them told us the stories about

家庭經歷聯繫起來的時候。

how they came to own their home

他們當中很多人告訴我們

through their grandparents or great-grandparents,

他們怎樣來到他們現在的家：

who were one of 1.6 million people who migrated

他們祖父母輩或曾祖父母輩，

from the rural South to the industrial North,

作為一百六十萬人

as depicted in this painting by Jacob Lawrence,

從荒蕪的南方移民 到工業化的北方之中的成員，

"The Great Migration."

情景如同這幅 雅各布勞倫斯的油畫

They came to Detroit for a better way of life.

《大移民》。

Many found work in the automobile industry,

他們爲了更好的生活 而來到底特律。

the Ford Motor Company, as depicted in this mural

很多人為汽車工業工作，

by Diego Rivera in the Detroit Institute of Art.

正如同在這幅在底特律藝術館， 出自迪亞戈日瓦樂的壁畫當中描繪的

The fruits of their labors would afford them a home,

《福特汽車公司》。

for many the first piece of property that they would ever know,

他們勞動的果實支撐著他們的家，

and a community with other first-time

那是他們之中很多人 所購置的第一份不動產，

African-American home buyers.

也是一個和其他第一次

The first couple of decades of their life in the North

買房的非裔美國人組成的一個社區。

is quite well, up until about 1950,

他們在美國北方生活的前幾十年

which coincides with the city's peak population

是非常不錯的，直到大約 1950 年，

at 1.8 million people.

城市人口數量達到巔峰，

Now it's at this time that Detroit begins to see

有一百八十萬人。

a second kind of migration,

這時，底特律開始出現

a migration to the suburbs.

第二種形式的移民，

Between 1950 and 2000,

從城市遷往市郊。

the region grows by 30 percent.

在 1950 年到 2000 年之間，

But this time, the migration leaves

這個區域增長了 30%

African-Americans in place,

但是這次，移民潮留下了

as families and businesses flee the city,

非洲裔美國人在原處，

leaving the city pretty desolate of people

與此同時，很多家庭和商業逃出城市，

as well as jobs.

讓這座城市非常缺乏人

During that same period, between 1950 and 2000, 2010,

和工作。

the city loses 60 percent of its population,

同期，即在 1950 到 2000 和 2010 之間，

and today it hovers at above 700,000.

底特律人口減少了 60%，

The audience members who come and talk to us that night

以至於現在城市 人口數量在七十萬左右。

tell us the stories of what it's like to live in a city

那晚在場的觀眾告訴我們

with such depleted population.

在一個人口匱乏的城市

Many tell us that they're one of only a few homes

是怎樣生活的。

on their block that are occupied,

很多人告訴我們， 他們的房子是街區裡

and that they can see several abandoned homes

為數不多還住著人的，

from where they sit on their porches.

他們坐在自家的門廊

Citywide, there are 80,000 vacant homes.

就可以看到好幾座廢棄的房子。

They can also see vacant property.

整個城市有八萬空房子。

They're beginning to see illegal activities

他們也能看到空置的房產。

on these properties, like illegal dumping,

一些非法活動開始出現，

and they know that because the city has lost so much population,

比如非法傾倒垃圾，

their costs for water, electricity, gas are rising,

他們也知道，因為城市人口大量流失，

because there are not enough people to pay property taxes

他們的水費、電費、瓦斯費都在上漲，

to help support the services that they need.

因為沒有足夠人去交房產稅

Citywide, there are about 100,000 vacant parcels.

以支撐他們所需要的服務。

Now, to quickly give you all a sense of a scale,

整個城市裡大約有 十萬筆空置土地。

because I know that sounds like a big number,

現在，我簡單解釋一下 這是怎樣的規模，

but I don't think you quite understand until you look at the city map.

因為我知道這聽起來 像是一個很大的數字，

So the city is 139 square miles.

我認為你得看一看 城市地圖才會更加清楚。

You can fit Boston, San Francisco,

城市面積是 139 平方英里。

and the island of Manhattan

其面積可以將波士頓、 舊金山

within its footprint.

和曼哈頓島

So if we take all of that vacant and abandoned property

包括在內。

and we smush it together,

因此，如果我們把所有的 空置和遺棄的不動產

it looks like about 20 square miles,

加在一起，

and that's roughly equivalent to the size

有約 20 平方英里，

of the island we're sitting on today, Manhattan,

其面積就大致相當於

at 22 square miles.

今天我們身處的曼哈頓島，

So it's a lot of vacancy.

約為 22 平方英里。

Now some of our audience members

所以它意謂著很多的空置面積。

also tell us about some of the positive things

我們觀眾中的一些人

that are happening in their communities,

也告訴我們正發生在他們

and many of them are banding together

社區的一些正面的事情，

to take control of some of the vacant lots,

很多人團結在一起

and they're starting community gardens,

採取一些措施 控制空置土地，

which are creating a great sense of community stewardship,

他們開始在社區建造花園，

but they're very, very clear to tell us

這建立了社區管理責任感，

that this is not enough,

但他們非常、非常清楚地告訴我們

that they want to see their neighborhoods

這是遠遠不夠的，

return to the way that their grandparents had found them.

他們想要看到他們的社區

Now there's been a lot of speculation since 2010

回到他們祖父母時期的生活方式。

about what to do with the vacant property,

自 2010 年起，就有很多關於

and a lot of that speculation has been around community gardening,

如何處置空置房產的猜測，

or what we call urban agriculture.

關於如何打理社區園藝，

So many people would say to us,

也就是我們稱為的都市農業。

"What if you just take all that vacant land and you could make it farmland?

很多人跟我們說：

It can provide fresh foods,

「可以把空置的土地變成農田嗎？

and it can put Detroiters back to work too."

這樣可以提供新鮮食物，

When I hear that story,

也可以讓底特律人願意 回來這座城市工作。」

I always imagine the folks from the Great Migration

每當我聽到這個故事，

rolling over in their graves,

總是想像著大遷徙時代的人

because you can imagine that they didn't sacrifice

翻身爬出他們的墳墓，

moving from the South to the North

因為你可以想像

to create a better life for their families,

他們付出了多少努力 從南方遷徙到北方

only to see their great-grandchildren return to an agrarian lifestyle,

若要創建更好的家庭生活

especially in a city where they came

只是為了看其曾孫 返回到一種耕地的生活方式，

with little less than a high school education

尤其是當他們拿著

or even a grammar school education

比高中文憑更低的學歷

and were able to afford the basic elements

甚至是初中文憑來到這座城市

of the American dream:

能夠負擔得起

steady work and a home that they owned.

美國夢的基本所需：

Now, there's a third wave of migration

穩定的工作和屬於自己的一個家。

happening in Detroit:

現在，第三次移民潮

a new ascendant of cultural entrepreneurs.

在底特律出現了：

These folks see that same vacant land

一些新興的文化企業家。

and those same abandoned homes

這些人視那些空置土地

as opportunity for new,

和那些同樣被遺棄的住房

entrepreneurial ideas and profit,

為新的機會，

so much so that former models

創業想法和利潤，

can move to Detroit,

此前的發展模式

buy property, start successful

可以照搬到底特律，

businesses and restaurants,

購買物業，開始成功的

and become successful community activists in their neighborhood,

企業和餐館，

bringing about very positive change.

成為社區積極分子，

Similarly, we have small manufacturing companies

帶來了非常積極的改變。

making conscious decisions to relocate to the city.

同樣的，有小型製造業公司

This company, Shinola, which is a luxury watch

決意遷往這座城市。

and bicycle company,

這個公司，Shinola（公司名）， 是一家經營名貴手錶

deliberately chose to relocate to Detroit,

和自行車的公司，

and they quote themselves by saying

選擇搬遷到底特律，

they were drawn to the global brand of Detroit's innovation.

他們引述自己的話說

And they also knew that they can tap into a workforce

他們要成為底特律 創新的全球品牌。

that was still very skilled in how to make things.

他們也知道，他們可以僱用

Now we have community stewardship

對工作非常熟練的團隊。

happening in neighborhoods,

現在我們的居民區

we have cultural entrepreneurs making decisions

有了社區管理，

to move to the city and create enterprises,

我們有文化企業家決意

and we have businesses relocating,

遷往這座城市創建企業，

and this is all in the context

我們有企業迴流，

of what is no secret to us all,

在這樣的狀況下

a city that's under the control

對我們所有人來說都不是秘密，

of an emergency manager,

這座城市在緊急情況處理下

and just this July filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.

運作情況正常，

So 2010, we started this process, and by 2013,

今年 7 月只有 9 起破產申請。

we released Detroit Future City,

所以 2010 年，我們開始這個案子， 在 2013 年的時候

which was our strategic plan to guide the city

我們推出底特律未來城市計劃，

into a better and more prosperous

這是我們用於指導城市的計畫

and more sustainable existence --

引導城市更加繁榮

not what it was, but what it could be,

與更多永續發展的可能性——

looking at new ways of economic growth,

不是過去，而是未來的可能性，

new forms of land use,

我們尋找新的經濟增長方式，

more sustainable and denser neighborhoods,

新的土地使用方式，

a reconfigured infrastructure and city service system,

更多永續且高密度的居民社群，

and a heightened capacity for civic leaders

一個改組後的基礎設施 和城市服務系統，

to take action and implement change.

和能力得到提高的公民領袖

Three key imperatives were really important

來採取行動和實施變革。

to our work.

三項關鍵要務

One was that the city itself wasn't necessarily too large,

對我們的工作很重要。

but the economy was too small.

一個是，城市本身並不一定太大，

There are only 27 jobs per 100 people in Detroit,

但是，經濟規模太小。

very different from a Denver or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia

每百人僅有 27 個工作崗位，

that are anywhere between 35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.

這和丹佛、亞特蘭大 或費城情況非常不同，

Secondly, there had to be an acceptance

那些城市每百人就有 35 到 70 個工作崗位。

that we were not going to be able to use

第二，必須接受

all of this vacant land in the way that we had before

我們不打算使用

and maybe for some time to come.

以前的方式來使用 所有的空置土地，

It wasn't going to be our traditional residential neighborhoods

也許要等待一段時間。

as we had before,

它不會是我們傳統的住宅社區

and urban agriculture, while a very productive

如同以前那樣，

and successful intervention happening in Detroit,

城市農業，在底特律

was not the only answer,

非常成功且高效，

that what we had to do is look at these areas

並不是唯一的解決方法，

where we had significant vacancy

我們所要做的是，看看這些領域

but still had a significant number of population

這些有大量空缺

of what could be new, productive, innovative,

但仍有相當多的人口的區域

and entrepreneurial uses

能否有新的、 更有成效的、 創新的，

that could stabilize those communities,

創業用途

where still nearly 300,000 residents lived.

能穩定這些，

So we came up with one neighborhood typology --

仍有近三十萬居民居住的社區。

there are several -- called a live-make neighborhood,

所以我們想出了一個鄰里類型學 — —

where folks could reappropriate

有幾個 — — 稱為社區發展，

abandoned structures

在那裡，人們可以重拾

and turn them into entrepreneurial enterprises,

被遺棄的結構

with a specific emphasis on looking at the, again,

然後將它們發展成創業企業，

majority 82 percent African-American population.

再次特別強調

So they, too, could take businesses

大多數占 82% 的非洲裔美國人人口。

that they maybe were doing out of their home

所以他們，也可以開展商業活動，

and grow them to more prosperous industries

他們也許能從本地發展

and actually acquire property so they were actually

增長成為更繁榮的產業，

property owners as well as business owners

並且購置產業， 這樣他們實際上是

in the communities with which they resided.

物業的業主，同時也是企業擁有者

Then we also wanted to look at other ways

就在他們所居住的社區。

of using land in addition to growing food