From the metro station it's just ten blocks to their school,

這間學校離地鐵站只距十條街

but these children aren't totally safe. Old men from their community have to stand at

然而學生們並不全然安全 必須有來自他們社區的老警衛

every corner to make sure that these kids aren't harassed or bullied.

守在每個街口來確保他們不被騷擾或霸凌

It's happened before. In fact, there's been a lot of rallies in Tokyo lately:

因為這樣的事件曾發生過 其實 最近在東京有許多示威

protesting these kids and their school.

抗議這些學生和他們的學校

This is because, even though these kids

因為這些孩子

and their parents were born in Japan, they're not Japanese.

還有家長 雖然生在日本 卻不是日本人

This is North Korea's bubble in Japan.

這是日本的北朝鮮同溫層

It's a community of about 150,000 Koreans,

社群之中有約15萬朝鮮人

holdovers from the 1940's when Japan's military forcibly brought over

他們是日本軍隊在1940年代

their relatives.

強行挾著他們的親屬一起帶來的

They run a network of schools, where they teach their kids

這個社群擁有學校體系

about Korean history, teach them Korean language. They teach them the ideology of

教育他們的孩子朝鮮歷史和韓文 還有偉大領導金日成的思想意識

the great leader Kim Il-Sung.

今天警衛出現在這裡是因為

The guards are here this morning because three days ago,

三天前北朝鮮飛彈試射 就落在日本海岸外

North Korea tested a bunch of missiles that landed right off Japan's shores.

學生放學前 他們必須換掉傳統朝鮮服裝

Before the students can leave, they have to change out of the traditional Korean clothing.

（要是我還穿著傳統服裝）我會怕 路人會盯著我 我只是為了上學才穿

But this community isn't giving in to the pressure.

但這群人沒有屈服於壓力

Their schools are the place where they can protect their identity

學校是他們可以捍衛自己身分的地方

and quietly revere their great leader and the homeland that he founded.

並在此安靜的讚嘆偉大的領導 和他所建立的祖國

A place none of them have ever lived.

那是他們從未居住過的地方

This North Korean bubble is a nation within a nation,

這個北朝鮮同溫層是一個國中之國

whose borders are made out of culture, language, history, and ideology.

它的國界由文化、語言、歷史、意識形態所劃分

And it shows how borders exist as much in our minds as they do on maps.

展現了思想的國界和地圖上的一樣真實

In 1910 the Korean Peninsula was annexed by Japan's expanding empire. During its rule

1910年 朝鮮半島遭擴張中的日本帝國併吞

the empire brought tens of thousands of Koreans to Japan, mainly to work and to

日本在統治期間運送了數萬的朝鮮人到日本

serve in their army. Or in the case of Korean women, to serve as sex slaves in

主要是為了勞力和軍事需求 而朝鮮女性 則被當作性奴

brothels for Japanese soldiers.

被安置在日本軍的妓院

Japan's empire grew until 1945 when World War II,

日本帝國的成長持續至1945年

brought its sudden defeat and the loss of much of its empire, including Korea.

直到二戰使之面臨挫敗 輸掉了多數的帝國領土 其中包含朝鮮

The Koreans who were in Japan were free, but they found themselves in a country that

在日本的朝鮮人獲得自由 卻身在一個不被

didn't recognize them as citizens. The United States and the Soviet Union

當作國民的國家

quickly filled the power vacuum of this newly liberated Korean Peninsula and two

美國和蘇聯迅速的填補了權力的空缺

new countries were formed: the U.S. backing the new South Korea, and the

剛被解放的朝鮮半島上就誕生了兩個國家 美國支持的南韓

Soviet Union backing the North, installing a rising leader, Kim Il-Sung

以及蘇聯支持的北朝鮮 並扶持了領袖金日成

who a few years later invaded the U.S.-backed South, starting the Korean War.

他在幾年後侵略了美國支撐的南韓 造成韓戰

Most of the Koreans in Japan went back to Korea, but about 600,000 decided to

多數在日本的朝鮮人都回到了朝鮮半島 但有約60萬名決定留在日本

stay in Japan.

韓戰改變了一切

The Korean War changed everything,

它造成南北兩方的對立 所以在日朝鮮人

creating a bitter division between these two new Koreas. So the Koreans in Japan

不能單純只是朝鮮人 他們突然就需要決定

could no longer just be Korean. They suddenly had to choose which Korea they

自己隸屬於哪邊 他們多數都來自現在的南韓

affiliated with. Almost all of them had originally been from what was now South Korea,

但北朝鮮開始關注這些位於日本的朝鮮族人

but this new North Korea began paying special attention to the Koreans

給予他們金援、蓋學校、幫忙創業

in Japan, sending the money and helping them build schools and businesses.

有效地建立了文化認同 並保護他們的身分和語言

Effectively, helping them build a cultural border, to help protect their identity and language

免於日本社會意圖的改變及破壞

against the Japanese society that sought to change or destroy it.

（千頁縣朝鮮學校校長） 在1950年代 是北朝鮮在最低迷的氛圍中

This school where the graduation is taking place, was built with funding from

幫助我們在非常有限的資源裡蓋學校

Kim Il-Sung in those early days, after the war.

這個畢業典禮的場所就是那個時候

For these stateless Koreans in

用金日成在戰後提供的經費蓋的

Japan, this support from a faraway government built trust and loyalty to a

對於這些在日本的朝鮮國際孤兒

regime that they had never actually lived under.

來自遙遠政權的支持 建立了他們對

The North Korean backed organization in Japan called themselves the Chongryon and

一個從未生活在其統治之下的政府 產生信任與忠誠

over the following decades they built a network of schools, banks, and gambling parlors.

（位於東京的朝鮮大學學生） 我們之所以能在這 都要感謝金日成還有他的政策

They became rich, and started sending millions of dollars back to

是他給予我作為朝鮮人的生活 這點我很確定

North Korea to support the regime. In their heyday the Chongryon was worth

北朝鮮所支持的這個組織 稱自己為朝鮮總聯

around $25 billion dollars.

在接下來的數十年他們建立了教育體系 銀行還有賭博店

But something happened that would mark the

他們逐漸營利 送了數百萬美元回北朝鮮支持北朝鮮政權

beginning of the end for this North Korean business empire in Japan.

在全盛時期 朝鮮總聯價值約250億美元

In the late 70's North Korea started sending spies disguised as fishermen to Japanese

不過一個事件導致

beaches, to start kidnapping Japanese citizens. They brought them back to North Korea

北朝鮮在日本的事業由全盛走向衰敗

so that they could use them for their language and cultural

在1970年代晚期 北朝鮮開始把偽裝成漁民的間諜

understanding of Japan, so they could help train their spies. The victims, including

送到日本去綁架日本人 帶回北朝鮮

a 13 year old girl who allegedly died in captivity, gripped the nation's attention for years,

利用他們的語言、文化知識來訓練其間諜

their stories making their way into pop culture,

具指控 包含一個13歲女童在內的受害者 都在囚禁期間死亡

their faces known to every citizen. Around the same time, North Korea

這個事件引發全國關注 成為流行文化的主題

began developing its long-range missile program, a program that would eventually

受害者的臉孔烙印在國民心中

lead North Korea to having nuclear weapon delivery capabilities. Both the

同時 北朝鮮開始研發長程飛彈 這個計畫最終使得北朝鮮擁有發射核武的能力

nuclear and abduction issues came to a head in the early 2000's, when North Korea

核武及綁架兩個問題在21世紀初來到重要關頭

withdrew from the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, a treaty that

北朝鮮退出核武禁擴條約

prevents countries from building more nuclear weapons. The regime also

此條約約束各國進一步建造核武

officially admitted that they were behind some of the kidnappings of

另外 北朝鮮官方承認了

Japanese citizens. This set off a wave of violent attacks and hate speech

部分日本國民的綁架是由其指使

against North Koreans living in Japan.

這掀起了日本一連串對於 國內北朝鮮人的暴力衝突和仇恨言論

The Japanese government demanded that the Chongryon repay its outstanding debts.

日本政府要求朝鮮總聯償還債務

When the organization couldn't do this, they were forced to declare bankruptcy.

朝鮮總聯因無法償還而被迫宣布破產

Many of their buildings, including their headquarters, were seized.

包含總部在內的多數不動產都被查封

The organization was left in financial ruin, with only its network of a few dozen

組織陷入財政困難 僅剩數十間學校

schools standing. These schools became the next target for Japanese animosity

這些學校成為日本對於北朝鮮仇恨的攻擊目標

towards North Korea.

朝鮮學生猛然發現自己身處於棘手的國際矛盾之間

Korean students suddenly found themselves in the middle of this heated

將兒童及教育跟政治掛勾是不對的

international conflict.

這像是把兒童拿來當作外交談判的籌碼

This graph shows the amount of state funding for

這個表顯示了每個時期 日本地方給予朝鮮學校的補助

Korean schools by Japanese prefectures over time.

在2006年北朝鮮測試了核武

2006 was the year that North Korea tested a nuclear weapon. And you can see the

很明顯地在這之後每年的補助都在下降

immediate drop-off of funding every year thereafter. Prefectures providing

地方提供的學費補助從06年的28間學校 掉到現在的12間

tuition subsidies for Korean schools went from 28 in 2006, down to 12 today.

官方教育權責機關明確指出綁架議題

Education officials specifically cite the abduction issue as well as the

還有其他北朝鮮的總體「情況」 做為取消教育補助的動機

general "situation" in North Korea, as their motive for defunding the schools.

我們長期無法支付教師足夠的薪水

Japan's Ministry of Education declined my request for an interview

要是我們能付出一半的薪水已經是很好了

on this, but I did talk to an anti-Korean activist who defended these

日本文部科學省（教育部）對此拒絕接受採訪

actions by putting the issue into terms that I, as an American, could understand.

但我有機會和一位支持這個做法的反朝人士談話

As I visited these schools and talked with these people who live in a country

他用我這個美國人能理解的方式來解釋

that is openly hostile towards them, I found myself torn. This organization

（在特會成員） 要是在美國蓋一間賓拉登紀念學校後果如何？

pledges allegiance to a regime that has committed some of the most horrific

你作何感想？

atrocities that our modern world knows.

當我在造訪這些學校 和這些居住在不被歡迎的環境底下的人交談

Each and every conceivable human right is violated.

我的內心很掙扎

There are 80,000 to 100,000 people who are languishing in political prison camps.

這個組織與當代犯下最殘暴行為的政權結盟

Yet at the same time, they are also victims of severe structural discrimination.

（脫北者） 我看著我朋友的母親被公開處死

The U.N. and other international bodies have repeatedly condemned the Japanese

罪名：觀看好萊塢電影

structural discrimination against Koreans. The North Korean community often

（北朝鮮人權協會執行董事） 侵害了所有想像的到的人權

cites this as validation for their plight, but the U.N. has also called North Korea's

有8到10萬條人命因政治正在獄中凋零

human rights violations so grave that they have "no parallel in the contemporary world".

但同時 他們也是嚴重結構性歧視的受害者

When you ask them how they reconcile this contradiction, the

聯合國及其他國際組織一再譴責

response is always some version of:

日本對朝鮮人的歧視 而北朝鮮社群常將之

"any country has human rights issues."

作為他們效忠的正當理由

At first I found this astounding, that

不過聯合國也指出北朝鮮侵害人權 到了「現代社會沒有其他地方能比擬」的地步

there could be such a willful ignorance to the atrocities of the North Korean

若是問他們如何調和這個矛盾

regime, but the more embedded I got into this North Korean community in Japan, the

答案都是類似：

more I realized that, to this marginalized community, North Korea

（人權倡議人士） 「每個國家都有自己的人權問題」

represents more of a refuge of safety for their identity - something they crave

那美國和日本的人權問題呢？ 它們有很多更嚴重的議題

while they're living in a country that is actively working to diminish their

刮別人鬍子之前 先刮乾淨自己的

heritage and culture.

一開始我很吃驚

While younger generations are more likely to assimilate into Japanese society,

對於北朝鮮政權的暴行 竟然能有如此堅定的無視

the Chongryon have done an exceptional job

但我越深入在日朝鮮人社群越能查覺

at cultivating the strong Korean identity despite all the pressure and

對這個被邊緣化的社群來說 北韓象徵他們能找到認同感和安全感的避風港

hardship. In their last year of high school the students have an opportunity

居住在一個努力剷平他們傳統和文化的國家 這是他們迫切渴望的

to go visit North Korea.

我出生在日本

Seeing and hearing the accounts of this highly

我只在電影或其他人的故事裡見過我的祖國

choreographed visit to Pyongyang, is all you need to understand the

我第一次踏上祖國的土地時非常感動

relationship that this disenfranchised community has towards its adopted homeland.

雖然年輕的一代很容易融入當地社會

I visited the North Korean university where they've curated a museum dedicated to

朝鮮總聯即使面對壓力和逆境 還是成功培養出很強烈的朝鮮認同感

everything Korean. Every rock, tree, species of fish, plant, animal, root, that

在高中最後一年 學生能有機會到北朝鮮一遊

has ever existed on the Korean Peninsula is found in this museum, which was built

門一打開 他們發現溫暖的人 看見他們的「心」

with support from the North Korean government. I had never seen such a

看著他們對這刻意安排的行程的心得

meticulously comprehensive collection to enshrine a place in a history.

就足以理解這個被褫奪權利的社群 對於祖國的情感

This place does not exist for visitors. It's much more of a statement that, in spite of

我沒辦法用言語說出我的感受

intense pressure and hostility, Korean culture endures in Japan.

所有人在最後要離開的時候都哭了

North Korea isn't their home country in the way that you would think. They weren't born there,

朝鮮大學 位於東京

they've never lived there, but they see it as their home country because the

我來到朝鮮大學 他們設立了一間朝鮮博物館

country that they were born in actively works to make their lives harder.

每個朝鮮半島有的石、樹、魚、草、獸、根 這裡都有

Like in many parts of the world, right-wing nationalism is surging in Japan.

這全仰賴北朝鮮政府的支持

Anti-Korean rallies are on the rise, according to an investigation by

我從未見過如此精細、全面的收藏 只為珍藏一個地方

Japanese law enforcement. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is a fierce nationalist and

此處不為遊客而存在 它的意義是要宣稱 儘管受到打壓、敵視

he's caught up in a scandal right now for having given secret donations to an

朝鮮文化在日本還是屹立不搖

ultra-nationalist kindergarten with anti-Korean views. Japanese nationalism leads

這展現了他們對於在日朝鮮人的重視

to discrimination against Koreans. This causes the Koreans to resist Japan

他們希望年輕人能對祖國感到更親近

as their home country, looking to a country they've never lived in for

他們對北朝鮮作為祖國的感受不是一般人能理解

support and protection of their identity.

他們生不在那 活也不在那 但他們都視北朝鮮為祖國

Affiliating with this universally

因為他們所出生的地方持續主動的打壓他們

reviled regime, that routinely vows to destroy Japan creates more resentment

如同其他很多國家 右翼民族主義正在日本高漲

from the Japanese population and politicians, leading to more

根據日本執法單位調查 反朝遊行越來越多

discrimination which leads to again deeper commitment to North Korea as a protector.

首相安倍晉三是強烈的民族主義者 他最近陷入醜聞

And in my mind there's no doubt that the cycle will continue.

指向他暗中捐款給有反朝立場的極端民族主義的幼稚園

While I was in Japan making this video, I also spent a lot of time with these

日本民族主義導致對朝鮮的歧視

ultra right-wing groups who are anti-Korean and I didn't go into that much in

這造成朝鮮族不願認同日本為祖國

this video, but I made an entire separate video about the rise of right-wing

尋求一個沒居住過的國家來取得支持和認同感

politics in Japan and kind of the anti-Korean sentiment and where that comes

和這個一致被世界譴責 並誓言摧毀日本的政權扯上關係

from, from like a historical perspective.

導致更多來自日本民眾與政治家的仇恨

And of course: big THANK YOU to lululemon

進而造成更多歧視 然後又更加深化北朝鮮作為保護者的觀念

who is a sponsor of Borders, they sent me these ABC pants a while back that I've

我認為這個循環無疑會繼續下去

been wearing. They are sturdy, and flexible and you can wear them when

不是因為出生在朝鮮才身為朝鮮人

you're hiking or when you're at home. So thank you lululemon, but more importantly

只因這個環境才養育出朝鮮人

thank you for supporting Borders and making this project possible. I'm gonna

不管多艱難 我們都要守護這個地方 這是我一生的使命

leave a link here for the lululemon shop for men online, and you can check out

我在日本做這支影片的時候 我也跟些反朝的極右翼團體做了很多交流

your own pair of ABC pants.

在這裡我沒有太多著墨

Alright, we're three episodes into

但我做了另一部關於日本右翼政治崛起的影片

Borders, we have three to go. Get ready for next Tuesday when I publish the fourth.

中間涉及到了一些反朝情緒 還有其中的來由 用歷史的角度去看

And wish me luck in the meantime I've got a lot of editing to do.

00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:07,600