I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,

小時候，每當我鑽進汽車

I basically had to roll down the window.

第一件事就是要搖下車窗

It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,

車廂裡不是太熱太悶，就是充滿異味

and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.

我父親還不允許我們開空調

He said that it would overheat the engine.

他說開空調會讓發動機過熱

And you might remember, some of you,

你們當中有些人可能還記得

how the cars were back then, and it was

以前的汽車什麼樣

a common problem of overheating.

那時候發動機過熱是個普遍的問題

But it was also the signal that capped the use,

但同時它也是一個信號

or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.

表明了耗能設備的使用，或者說過度使用

Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.

時過境遷。我們現在可以駕車跨越國境

We blast the air conditioning the entire way,

空調一直開著

and we never experience overheating.

也不會讓發動機過熱

So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.

於是不再有任何信號告訴我們該停下了

Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.

是不是很棒？我們在建築中遇到了同樣的問題

In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.

在沒有空調的過去，建築物有厚厚的牆壁

The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior

厚牆能很好地隔熱

very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,

讓建築內部冬暖夏涼

and the small windows were also very good because

小窗戶也非常有用

it limited the amount of temperature transfer

它限制了內外部的

between the interior and exterior.

溫度轉換

Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,

後來到了20世紀30年代，隨著平板玻璃、

rolled steel and mass production, we were able

軋鋼和批量生產的出現

to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,

我們能夠造出落地窗，實現開闊視野

and with that came the irreversible reliance on

隨之而來的是一種無法逆轉的依賴

mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.

我們必須對受陽光照射的空間進行機械降溫

Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,

大樓越來越高，規模越來越大

our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems

工程不斷進步，機械系統極其龐大

were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.

而且運行這個系統耗能巨大

They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,

它向大氣排放大量的熱能

and for some of you may understand the heat island effect

你們也許知道城市熱島效應

in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm

是說市區比周邊的郊區

than the adjacent rural areas,

要熱很多

but we also have problems that, when we lose power,

但相應會產生問題：萬一斷電了

we can't open a window here, and so

所有的窗戶都無法打開

the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant

人們無法呆在裡面，必須撤離

until that air conditioning system can start up again.

直到空調系統重新開機才能再次進入

Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings

更糟的是，由於我們旨在做出

move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it

零能源建築

just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.

我們無法僅僅通過把機械系統做得更加高效來實現目標

We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.

我們需要另闢蹊徑，但卻困住了自己的手腳

So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us

我們怎麼辦？我們怎麼從自掘的墳墓中

out of this hole that we've dug?

拯救自己？

If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,

也許你們不知道，如果從生物學的角度看問題

I was a biology major before I went into architecture,

我在讀建築前曾是生物專業的學生

the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates

人類的皮膚是一個能夠自然調節

the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.

體溫的器官，構造精妙絕倫

That's the first line of defense for the body.

這是人體防禦的第一道屏障

It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things

有毛孔，有汗腺，

that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,

所有一切協同做出動態而且高效的反應

and so what I propose is that our building skins

所以我提議建築的皮膚

should be more similar to human skin,

也應該像人類的皮膚一樣

and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive

應該更動態，更靈敏

and differentiated, depending on where it is.

根據位置的不同而更易區分

And this gets me back to my research.

這種想法把我帶回了我的研究

What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.

我首先要做的是從其他材料庫中選材

I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,

目前我在用智慧材料

and a smart thermo-bimetal.

一種熱雙金屬

First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires

之所以叫它“智慧”，我想首先一個原因是

no controls and it requires no energy,

它不用控制，也無需耗能

and that's a very big deal for architecture.

這在建築學上至關重要

What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.

它究竟是什麼呢？這是兩種不同金屬材料的疊加

You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.

你們可以從兩面的不同反光看出來

And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,

由於它在加熱時有兩種不同的膨脹係數

when heated, one side will expand faster than the other

一面會比另一面膨脹得更快

and result in a curling action.

材料就會發生捲曲

So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see

在最早的模型中我做了這些表面

how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow

來檢驗這個曲面如何對溫度產生反應

air to ventilate through the system,

這個系統如何能讓空氣迴圈

and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity

在另一些模型中我又做了一些表面

of having these strips together can try to make

這些長條所帶來的多樣性

bigger movement happen when also heated,

在被加熱時能夠產生更大的運動

and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery

目前這些裝置在銀湖的M&A美術館展出，一直到8月份

in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.

離這裡不遠，你們可以去看看

It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely

展覽叫做“綻放”，這個表面完全是用

out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy

熱雙金屬做成的，我們想讓這個穹頂

that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that

擁有兩個功能。第一，這是一個遮陽的設施

when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,

當陽光照射到表面，它能夠減少穿過材料的陽光

and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,

在其他區域，它是一個通風系統

so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually

材料下面無法流動的熱空氣可以

move through and out when necessary.

在必要時穿過這些材料得到釋放

You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,

在這個延時錄影中你們能看到

as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,

當太陽東升西落，陽光和陰影相應移動

each of the tiles moves individually.

每一片材料也會單獨運動

Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,

請記住，運用今天的數位技術

this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces

這個裝置其實是由14,000片材料組成

and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.

每一片都不盡相同，每一片都是獨特的

And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate

這裡有個再美妙不過的事實

each one to be very, very specific to its location,

我們可以把每一片材料都非常精准地放到它們自己的位置上

to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.

對應陽光的照射角度，並且精確控制每一片的曲度

So this kind of proof of concept project

這樣概念式的專案

has a lot of implications

有許多的啟示

to actual future application in architecture,

可以實際運用在未來建築上

and in this case, here you see a house,

在這個案例中，你們看到一個房子

that's for a developer in China,

這是為中國的一個開發商做的

and it's actually a four-story glass box.

實際上這是一個四層樓高的玻璃盒子

It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,

它依然是個玻璃盒子，因為我們仍然需要有這樣的視覺呈現

but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,

但它現在包裹著一層熱雙金屬材料

it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually

是一層環繞這個建築的屏障

open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.

表層可以根據陽光的移動而開關

In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,

此外，它也可以根據隱私的需要來開關

so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas

所以在一天中的不同時刻，這個空間中的區域

in the space during different times of day.

能跟其他公共區域區分開來

And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,

這意味著，在今天的房屋中

we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore

我們不再需要窗簾和百葉窗

because we can sheath the building with these things,

因為我們可以用這種新材料來遮蔽建築

as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.

同時也能夠調節室內的溫度

I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,

我也在嘗試開發市場需要的建築元件

and so here you see a pretty typical

你們現在看到的是一個很典型的

double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,

雙層玻璃窗構件

between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,

在兩層玻璃中間

I'm trying to work on making

我嘗試做出

a thermo-bimetal pattern system

一個熱雙金屬構造系統

so that when the sun hits that outside layer

在外層收到陽光照射的時候

and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal

中空層受熱

will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then

熱雙金屬開始捲曲

is it'll start to block out the sun

材料就能抵擋陽光

in certain areas of the building,

遮蔽建築的部分區域

and totally, if necessary.

或者在需要的時候遮蔽全部區域

And so you can imagine, even in this application, that

你們可以想像這種應用

in a high-rise building where the panel systems go

在高層建築中

from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface

三四十層樓都安裝這種構件系統

could be differentiated at different times of day

整個表面都可以在一天中不同時刻做出區分

depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.

隨陽光照射角度不同而不同

And these are some later studies that I'm working on

這些是我近期的研究

right now that are on the boards, where you can see,

你們可以看到現在展示的投影片上

in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually

在右下角红色的模型

smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,

其實這是一些小片的熱雙金屬

we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.

我們希望它能模仿睫毛運動

This last project is also of components.

最後一個專案也是由零件組成

The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my

你們或許已經注意到我受生物學影響很深

spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.

——這個造型受到了蚱蜢的影響

And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.

蚱蜢有一種獨特的呼吸系統

They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,

牠們用腹部兩側的通氣孔呼吸

and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,

空氣流遍全身來降溫

and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can

在這個專案中，我探討的是

consider that in architecture too, how we can bring

如何將其運用於建築中

air through holes in the sides of a building.

如何通過建築兩側的呼吸孔來讓空氣流通

And so you see here some early studies of blocks,

這是一些早期關於風擋的研究

where those holes are actually coming through,

是通氣孔的運用實例

and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,

這是安裝熱雙金屬前

and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little

這是安裝後。不好意思，圖片有些模糊

hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.

但是你們能看到表面上的這些紅箭頭

On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal

左邊這張圖是氣溫低的時候

is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,

熱雙金屬是平的，可以限制空氣流出

and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls

郵編這張圖是氣溫高的時候，熱雙金屬發生捲曲

and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different

空氣開始流動，這是我正在著手的兩個不同的構件

components that I'm working on, and again,

我要再次重申

it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine

它們是劃時代的，因為你們可以想像

that air could potentially be coming through the walls

空氣可以透過牆進來

instead of opening windows.

而無需開窗

So I want to leave you with one last impression about

最後我想向你們展示

the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.

這個專案，這樣運用智慧材料的作品

When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds

當你們對日復一日開關百葉窗感到厭倦

day after day, when you're on vacation

當你們在休假時

and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,

沒有人在家裡開關空調

or when there's a power outage, and you have

或者說突然斷電了，你沒有

no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals

任何可以用的電源，熱雙金屬

will still be working tirelessly, efficiently

仍舊會不知疲倦地高效工作

and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)

永不停歇。謝謝大家（掌聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）