That's sort of an interesting enough topic to me.

我來談談身份這回事。

And the reason was, because when I was asked to do this,

對我來說，這算是個 相當有趣的話題。

I'd just read, in one of the papers, I can't remember,

原因就在於，當我被要求 談論“身份”這件事時，

something from someone at Facebook saying, well,

我就會讀某篇文章， 我不記得具體哪篇，

"we need to make everybody use their real names."

是某篇臉書好友分享的，文章說：

and then that's basically all the problems solved.

「我們需要讓每個人 都用他們的真名。」

And that's so wrong,

然後基本上所有問題就會迎刃而解。

that's such a fundamentally, reactionary view of identity,

這真是大錯特錯。

and it's going to get us into all sorts of trouble.

這種對個人資料的傳統看法，

And so what I thought I'd do

會讓我們陷入各種各樣的困境。

is I'll explain four sort of problems about it,

所以我想，

and then I'll suggest a solution,

我會解釋這種觀念的四大問題，

which hopefully you might find interesting.

然後我會提出一個解決辦法，

So just to frame the problem,

希望你們會認為這個辦法有趣。

what does authenticity mean?

我們來設定一下問題，

That's me, that's a camera phone picture of me

真實性意味著什麼？

looking at a painting.

那是我，是一張用手機拍攝的照片，

[What's the Problem?]

我正看著一幅繪畫。

That's a painting that was painted

「問題出在哪兒？」

by a very famous forger,

那幅圖由一位知名偽造家繪製而成，

and because I'm not very good at presentations,

由於我不太擅長演講，

I already can't remember the name that I wrote on my card.

我也不記得我寫在卡片上的 那位畫家的名字了。

And he was incarcerated in, I think, Wakefield Prison

他被囚禁于威克菲爾德監獄中，

for forging masterpieces by, I think, French Impressionists.

罪名就是偽造了法國 印象派畫家的傑出作品。

And he's so good at it, that when he was in prison,

他對此相當擅長，當他入獄時，

everybody in prison, the governor and whatever,

監獄裡的每個人，包括省長之類的人，

wanted him to paint masterpieces to put on the walls,

都想讓他畫一幅大師的傑作， 以掛在自家牆頭，

because they were so good.

因為他畫得太好了。

And so that's a masterpiece,

那是一幅大師的傑作，

which is a fake of a masterpiece,

一幅傑出的贗品，

and bonded into the canvas is a chip which identifies that as a real fake,

陷在帆布上的一小塊芯片 用來標記這的確是一幅真正的贗品，

if you see what I mean.

如果你理解我的意思的話。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So when we're talking about authenticity,

因此當我們談論真實性的時候，

it's a little more fractal than it appears and that's a good example to show it.

它其實比表面來的更為複雜， 而那就是一個很好的例子。

I tried to pick four problems that will frame the issue properly.

我嘗試用四個問題 來合適地描述這個議題。

So the first problem, I thought,

那麼第一個問題，我認為，

Chip and PIN, right?

芯片和密碼，對嗎？

[Banks and legacies bringing down the system from within]

「銀行與數據元系統 從內部令系統崩潰」

[Offline solutions do not work online]

「線下解決方法 無法在線上運作」

I'm guessing everyone's got a chip and PIN card, right?

我猜每個人都有帶芯片 和密碼卡，對嗎？

So why is that a good example?

那為什麼這是個好例子呢？

That's the example of how legacy thinking about identity

這個例子展現了 銀行對身份的看法

subverts the security of a well-constructed system.

如何顛覆一個堅固系統的安全性。

That chip and PIN card that's in your pocket

你口袋裡的那張帶芯片密碼卡

has a little chip on it that cost millions of pounds to develop,

上面有一塊小芯片， 它要花上幾百萬英鎊來研發，

is extremely secure,

它相當的安全，

you can put scanning electron microscopes on it,

你可以將掃描電子顯微鏡放上去，

you can try and grind it down, blah blah blah.

你可以試著磨損它，諸如此類。

Those chips have never been broken, whatever you read in the paper.

那些芯片從未被破壞， 不管報紙上怎麼說。

And for a joke, we take that super-secure chip

講個笑話，我們將那超級安全的芯片

and we bond it to a trivially counterfeitable magnetic stripe

安裝在一個可被稍許偽造的磁條上，

and for very lazy criminals, we still emboss the card.

而針對那些很懶的罪犯， 我們仍然在磁條上刻劃圖案。

So if you're a criminal in a hurry and you need to copy someone's card,

如果你是個很心急的罪犯， 而你需要複製他人的卡，

you can just stick a piece of paper on it and rub a pencil over it

你可以粘一張紙在這張芯片上， 用鉛筆在上面塗畫，

just to sort of speed things up.

以此加快犯罪進程。

And even more amusingly, and on my debit card too,

更搞笑的是，我自己的儲蓄卡也一樣，

we print the name and the SALT code and everything else on the front too.

我們在卡的正面打印上 名字、SALT碼和其他信息。

Why?

為什麼呢？

There is no earthly reason why your name is printed on a chip and PIN card.

沒有什麼理由可以解釋 為什麼你的名字被印在

And if you think about it,

一張帶芯片的密碼卡上。

it's even more insidious and perverse than it seems at first.

如果你仔細想想，

Because the only people that benefit

這件事比第一眼粗看 更為有問題和反常。

from having the name on the card are criminals.

因為唯一從卡上寫有的名字中獲益的， 正是罪犯。

You know what your name is, right?

你知道自己叫什麼名字的，不是嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And when you go into a shop and buy something,

當你走進一家商店買些東西，

it's a PIN, he doesn't care what the name is.

密碼才是關鍵，人家才不在乎 你叫什麼名字呢。

The only place where you ever have to write your name on the back

要求你必須在卡背面 寫上自己名字的地方

is in America at the moment.

目前只有美國。

And whenever I go to America,

每次我去美國，

and I have to pay with a mag stripe on the back of the card,

我必須用卡背面的磁條付款，

I always sign it Carlos Tethers anyway,

反正每次簽名我都寫 "卡洛斯•特瑟"，

just as a security mechanism,

就算是一個安全機制，

because if a transaction ever gets disputed,

因為如果轉賬有爭議，

and it comes back and it says Dave Birch,

付款被退回， 上面的名字寫著戴維•波奇，

I know it must have been a criminal,

我就知道那肯定是罪犯幹的，

because I would never sign it Dave Birch.

因為我從來不會簽自己的真名。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So if you drop your card in the street,

所以如果你在街上弄丟了自己的卡，

it means a criminal can pick it up and read it.

那就意味著罪犯能撿到你的卡， 並且讀取它上面的信息。

They know the name,

他們知道持卡人的姓名，

from the name they can find the address,

通過姓名他們能找到你的住址，

and then they can go off and buy stuff online.

然後他們就能開始 用你的卡在網上買東西。

Why do we put the name on the card?

我們為什麼要把名字寫在卡上呢？

Because we think identity is something to do with names,

因為我們認為身份和名字有關，

and because we're rooted in the idea of the identity card,

因為我們對身份證 有著根深蒂固的想法，

which obsesses us.

它糾纏著我們。

And I know it crashed and burned a couple of years ago,

我知道這類事情 在幾年前鬧得熱火朝天，

but if you're someone in politics or the home office or whatever,

但如果你是個從政 或是在家工作這類的人，

and you think about identity,

你想想身份這回事，

you can only think of identity in terms of cards with names on them.

就只能以卡上的名字來定義它。

And that's very subversive in a modern world.

這在現代社會是十分具有顛覆性的。

So the second example I thought I'd use

所以我想要舉的第二個例子

is chatrooms.

就是聊天室。

[Chatrooms and Children]

「聊天室與兒童」

I'm very proud of that picture, that's my son

我對這張圖感到十分自豪， 那是我的兒子，

playing in his band with his friends for the first-ever gig,

他正和他朋友的樂隊 進行第一次現場表演，

I believe you call it, where he got paid.

我相信你們管它叫現場表演， 他有收入進賬的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I love that picture.

我愛死那張圖了。

I like the picture of him getting into medical school a lot better,

我更喜歡那張 他進醫學院的照片，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I like that picture for the moment.

不過我現在還是喜歡那張圖的。

Why do I use that picture?

為什麼我要用那張圖呢？

Because that was very interesting, watching that experience as an old person.

因為那非常有趣， 作為一個長者來看待這個經歷。

So him and his friends,

他和他的朋友們，

they get together, they booked a room, like a church hall,

他們聚到一起，訂了個房間， 像是個教會禮堂，

and they got all their friends who had bands,

然後他們召集到了 所有玩樂隊的朋友們，

and they got them together,

把他們也聚到了一起，

and they do it all on Facebook,

這一切都是在臉書上完成的，

and then they sell tickets, and the first band on the -

然後他們開始賣票， 而那上面的第一支樂隊——

I was going to say "menu,"

我剛才想要說”菜單“上面，

that's probably the wrong word for it, isn't it?

不過這個詞可能不太合適，對吧？

The first band on the list of bands

樂隊列表上寫著的第一支樂隊

that appears at some public music performance of some kind

常在某些公眾音樂表演節目上出現，

gets the sales from the first 20 tickets,

他們從前 20 張售票中獲利，

then the next band gets the next 20,

然後下一支樂隊獲得 接下來 20 張售票收益，

and so on.

以此類推。

They were at the bottom of the menu,

我兒子的樂隊在這張列表的最尾端，

they were like fifth, I thought they had no chance.

大概是第五支樂隊， 我以為他們沒啥機會了。

He actually got 20 quid. Fantastic, right?

他竟然賺了 20 英鎊。 太棒了，不是嗎？

But my point is, that all worked perfectly,

我的重點是， 這一切都進行得很完美，

except on the web.

除了在網路上的時候。

So they're sitting on Facebook,

他們當時正在臉書上，

and they're sending these messages and arranging things

發送這些信息，為演出安排事情，

and they don't know who anybody is, right?

而他們不認識上面的 任何一個人，不是嗎？

That's the big problem we're trying to solve.

那正是我們要是這解決的大問題。

If only they were using the real names,

要是他們用真名就好了，

Then you wouldn't be worried about them on the Internet.

那你就不會擔心那些網路上的人了。

And so when he says to me,

因此當他跟我說，

"Oh, I want to go to a chatroom to talk about guitars" or something,

「喔，我想去聊天室談談吉他」 這類的事情，

I'm like, "oh, well, I don't want you to go into a chatroom

我就會說，「噢，好吧， 我不想讓你去聊天室裡

to talk about guitars, because they might not all be your friends,

談論吉他，因為那些人 不全是你的朋友，

and some of the people that are in the chatroom

而聊天室中的有些人

might be perverts and teachers and vicars."

可能會是變態、老師、或者牧師。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I mean, they generally are, when you look in the paper, right?

我的意思是，他們表面上看 基本上都是這樣的人，不是嗎？

So I want to know who all the people in the chatroom are.

所以我想知道聊天室裡的 那些人都是誰。

So okay, you can go in the chatroom,

好吧，你可以去聊天室，

but only if everybody in the chatroom is using their real names,

除非聊天室裡所有人都用真名，

and they submit full copies of their police report.

並且他們要提交一份完整的案底。

But of course, if anybody in the chatroom asked for his real name,

但是，當然啦，如果聊天室中 有人問起他的真名，

I'd say no. You can't give them your real name.

我就會說不。 你不能告訴他們你的真名。

Because what happens if they turn out to be perverts,

因為萬一他們其實是變態怎麼辦呢，

and teachers and whatever.

或是老師，隨便什麼啦。

So you have this odd sort of paradox

所以就有了這麼一個奇怪的悖論，

where I'm happy for him to go into this space

我會為他進入聊天室而感到高興的，

if I know who everybody else is,

但前提是我知道大家都是誰，

but I don't want anybody else to know who he is.

可我又不想任何人知道 我兒子到底是誰。

And so you get this sort of logjam around identity

因此，圍繞著身份出現了一個僵局，

where you want full disclosure from everybody else,

你希望所有其他人都坦白，

but not from yourself.

但你自己卻免於暴露。

And there's no progress, we get stuck.

這樣無法取得任何進展， 我們陷入了困境。

And so the chatroom thing doesn't work properly,

所以聊天室沒能合理地運作，

and it's a very bad way of thinking about identity.

而那也是對身份 一種非常糟糕的思考方式。

So on my RSS feed, I saw this thing about -

所以在我的簡訊訂閱單上， 我看到這件事情——

I just said something bad about my RSS feed, didn't I?

我剛才說簡訊訂閱單 的壞話了，對嗎？

I should stop saying it like that.

我不該繼續那樣講話了。

For some random reason, I can't imagine,

出於某些亂七八糟的原因， 我無法想像，

something about cheerleaders turned up in my inbox.

一則關於啦啦隊的內容 出現在我的收件夾裡。

And I read this story about cheerleaders,

我閱讀了這則關於啦啦隊的故事，

and it's a fascinating story.

這真是個精彩絕倫的故事。

This happened a couple of years ago in the U.S.

這個故事好幾年前在美國發生。

There were some cheerleaders in a team at a high school

一個美國高中的一支隊伍中 有一些啦啦隊員，

in the U.S., and they said mean things

她們對啦啦隊教練 說了些很刻薄的話，

about their cheerleading coach,

我確定小孩對他們 所有的老師都會這麼做，

as I'm sure kids do about all of their teachers

一直以來都是這樣，

all of the time,

不知怎麼的，啦啦隊 教練發現了這回事。

and somehow the cheerleading coach found out about this.

她感到非常憤怒。

She was very upset.

因此她去找了其中一個女孩，說：

And so she went to one of the girls, and said,

「你必須給我你的臉書密碼。」

"you have to give me your Facebook password."

我老是讀到這種東西， 甚至是在某些大學，

I read this all the time, where even at some universities

某些教育機構中，

and places of education,

孩子們會被逼迫交出 他們的臉書密碼。

kids are forced to hand over their Facebook passwords.

那你就不得不給他們 你的臉書密碼了。

So you've got to give them your Facebook password.

她只是個孩子！

She was a kid!

她當時應該說的話是：

What she should have said

「我的律師會打電話給你，

is, "my lawyer will be calling you

明早頭一件事就來找你。

first thing in the morning.

這是令人無比氣憤的壓迫，

It's an outrageous imposition

侵犯了第四修正法中我的隱私權，

on my 4th Amendment right to privacy,

而你將被起訴， 賠上你所有的錢！」

and you're going to be sued

那是她當時應該說的話。

for all the money you've got."

但她只是個孩子，

That's what she should have said.

於是她就交出了自己的密碼。

But she's a kid,

那位老師無法登入她的臉書賬號，

so she hands over the password.

因為學校的網路禁止登入臉書。

The teacher can't log into Facebook,

因此那個老師要等到回家 才能登入臉書。

because the school has blocked access to Facebook.

於是那個女孩告訴了她的朋友們，

So the teacher can't log into Facebook until she gets home.

你猜怎麼了？

So the girl tells her friends,

她知道那個老師登入了臉書，

guess what happened?

於是所有的女孩都在她們的手機上 登入了臉書，

The teacher logged in, she knows.

並且刪除了她們自己的檔案。

So the girls just all logged into Facebook on their phones,

因此當那個老師登入時， 裡面空無一物。

and deleted their profiles.

我要強調的是，那些身份， 他們不再以相同的方式思考身份了。

And so when the teacher logged in, there was nothing there.

尤其當你是個青少年時， 身份是充滿流動性的。

My point is, those identities, they don't think about them the same way.

你擁有許多重身份。

Identity is, especially when you're a teenager, a fluid thing.

如果其中有個身份你不喜歡，

You have lots of identities.

因為它在某些方面被腐壞， 或是不安全、不得當，

And you can have an identity, you don't like it,

你就可以刪除它， 並且獲得一個新的身份。

because it's subverted in some way, or it's insecure, or it's inappropriate,

這種你的身份來自他人授予的觀念，

you just delete it and get another one.

不論是來自政府或是誰，

The idea that you have an identity that's given to you by someone,

你必須一直沿用那個身份 並且在所有場合使用它，

the government or whatever,

這個觀念大錯特錯。

and you have to stick with that identity and use it in all places,

你為什麼會想知道 臉書上某個人究竟是誰呢？

that's absolutely wrong.

除非你是想用某種方式 虐待或是騷擾他們？

Why would you want to really know who someone was on Facebook,

這運作方式根本不合理。

unless you wanted to abuse them and harass them in some way?

我的第四個例子是，某些情況下，

And it just doesn't work properly.

你真的很想成為——

And my fourth example is there are some cases

你可能在好奇這幅圖， 這是我在G20的抗議活動上。

where you really want to be -

我並沒有真的參與G20抗議活動， 但我在一家銀行有個會議，

In case you're wondering, that's me at the G20 protest.

就在G20抗議活動當天， 而我收到銀行的一封郵件，

I wasn't actually at the G20 protest, but I had a meeting at a bank

說請不要穿正裝出席， 因為那會激怒示威者。

on the day of the G20 protest, and I got an email from the bank

說實話，我穿正裝挺好看的，

saying please don't wear a suit, because it'll inflame the protesters.

所以你就會明白，

I look pretty good in a suit, frankly,

為什麼這會讓他們 陷入反對資本主義的狂熱中。

so you can see why it would drive them

（笑聲）

into an anti-capitalist frenzy.

所以我就想，你看，

(Laughter)

如果我不想激怒示威者的話，

So I thought, well, look.

顯然我要做的事情

If I don't want to inflame the protesters,

就是穿得像示威者一樣。

the obvious thing to do

所以我一襲黑衫就出發了，

is go dressed as a protester.

帶著一頂巴拉克拉法帽，

So I went dressed completely in black,

我還戴了黑手套，

you know, with a black balaclava,

但在訪問者名單上簽名時 我把黑手套脫了。

I had black gloves on,

（笑聲）

but I've taken them off to sign the visitor's book.

我穿了黑褲子，黑靴子，

(Laughter)

全身上下都是黑色。

I'm wearing black trousers, black boots,

我10點鐘走進銀行，

I'm dressed completely in black.

說道，「嗨，我是戴維•波奇，

I go into the bank at 10 o'clock,