to nerds.

你們應該對書獃子們

In fact, I'd go so far as to say,

友善一些。

if you don't already have a nerd in your life,

事實上，我想說的是

you should get one.

如果你還不認識這樣的人，

I'm just saying.

你該想辦法去認識一個。

Scientists and engineers

我只是說說。

change the world.

科學家和工程師們

I'd like to tell you

能改變這個世界。

about a magical place called DARPA

我想為各位介紹一個非常神奇的單位，

where scientists and engineers

它叫做 DARPA (美國國防高等研究計劃署)。

defy the impossible

在那裡，科學家和工程師們

and refuse to fear failure.

挑戰那些「不可能」

Now these two ideas

並且拒絕害怕「失敗」。

are connected more than you may realize,

這兩個概念的關連性

because when you remove the fear of failure,

遠比你所想的還要大，

impossible things

因為當你不再害怕失敗的時候，

suddenly become possible.

那些不可能的事情

If you want to know how,

突然就變得有可能了。

ask yourself this question:

假如你想這怎麼可能

What would you attempt to do

那麼問自己這個問題：

if you knew you could not fail?

如果你知道你不可能會失敗，

If you really ask yourself

你會嘗試去做什麼?

this question,

如果你認真的

you can't help but feel uncomfortable.

問自己這個問題，

I feel a little uncomfortable.

你一定會覺得很不自在

Because when you ask it,

我就覺得有點不很自在。

you begin to understand

因為當你問了這個問題，

how the fear of failure constrains you,

你就開始了解到

how it keeps us

「害怕失敗」像個緊箍咒緊緊束縛我們，

from attempting great things,

我們因為害怕失敗

and life gets dull,

不敢去追求美好的事情，

amazing things stop happening.

而生命從此無趣，

Sure, good things happen,

不再有美妙的事情發生。

but amazing things

當然，好事總會有，

stop happening.

但好的不得了的事

Now I should be clear,

卻不再發生。

I'm not encouraging failure,

讓我說得更清楚些，

I'm discouraging

我並不鼓勵失敗，

fear of failure.

而是不鼓勵

Because it's not failure itself

對失敗的恐懼、害怕。

that constrains us.

因為失敗本身

The path to truly new,

不會束縛我們。

never-been-done-before things

在達成真正創新、

always has failure along the way.

從未有人做過的事情的路途上，

We're tested.

總要經歷無數次的失敗。

And in part, that testing feels an appropriate part

這是一種考驗。

of achieving something great.

且在某種程度上來說，這種考驗

Clemenceau said,

可以說是要獲得成功的旅途中的一部份。

"Life gets interesting when we fail,

克來門梭 (Clemenceau) 曾說：

because it's a sign

「失敗讓生命變得有趣，

that we've surpassed ourselves."

因為這代表

In 1895,

我們已超越自我。」

Lord Kelvin declared

1895年，

that heavier-than-air flying machines

凱爾文爵士 (Lord Kelvin) 宣稱

were impossible.

比空氣重的飛行器

In October of 1903,

是不可能存在的。

the prevailing opinion

在1903 年10月，

of expert aerodynamicists

空氣動力學的專家們

was that maybe in 10 million years

都認為

we could build an aircraft that would fly.

也許在 1 千萬年後

And two months later on December 17th,

人類才可能做出真正可以飛的飛行器。

Orville Wright powered the first airplane

但在 2 個月後的 12 月 17 日，

across a beach in North Carolina.

歐維爾‧萊特 (Orville Wright) 駕駛第一架飛機

The flight lasted 12 seconds

飛越北卡羅來那州 (North Carolina) 的一個海灘。

and covered 120 feet.

那趟航程只維持了12 秒，

That was 1903.

總里程 120 英尺。

One year later,

當時是 1903 年。

the next declarations of impossibilities began.

一年後，

Ferdinand Foch, a French army general

人們又點名了一堆不可能的事。

credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds

佛迪南‧佛許 (Ferdinand Foch)，一名在法國軍中

in the French army,

被大家譽為軍中最有創意

said, "Airplanes are interesting toys,

且思考細膩的法國將軍，

but of no military value."

他說：「飛機是很有趣的玩具，

40 years later,

但沒有軍事價值。」

aero experts coined the term transonic.

40 年後，

They debated, should it have one S or two?

飛航專家創造了「跨音速」 (transonic) 一詞。

You see, they were having trouble in this flight regime,

他們還爭論，這個詞該有一個 s 還是兩個 s ?

and it wasn't at all clear

當時飛行界

that we could fly faster than the speed of sound.

對超音速飛行可不可能

In 1947,

一點把握都沒有

there was no wind tunnel data

1947 年

beyond Mach 0.85.

所有在風洞的實驗

And yet,

從未超過 0.85 馬赫 (音速的 0.85 倍)

on Tuesday, October 14th, 1947,

然而

Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit

1947 年 10 月 14 日，星期二

of his Bell X-1

巧克‧葉格 (Chuck Yeager) 登上

and he flew

一架貝爾 X-1 (Bell X-1) 型飛機的駕駛艙，

towards an unknown possibility,

他飛向「可能」，

and in so doing,

一個從未發生過的「可能」，

he became the first pilot

而這次飛行任務

to fly faster than the speed of sound.

讓他成為歷史上

Six of eight Atlas rockets

第一個以超音速飛行的人。

blew up on the pad.

雅特拉司火箭 (Atlas rockets)，在發射的 8 枚中

After 11 complete mission failures,

6 枚在發射台就炸毀了。

we got our first images from space.

11 次完全失敗的任務之後

And on that first flight

我們終於成功的自太空，地球的空拍圖。

we got more data

在那第一次的成功任務中

than in all U-2 missions combined.

所獲得的資料

It took a lot of failures

比所有 U-2 偵察機任務所得資料總和還多。

to get there.

經過許多的失敗

Since we took to the sky,

才得成功。

we have wanted to fly

自人類飛上天空以來，

faster and farther.

我們一直都想

And to do so,

要飛得更快、飛得更遠。

we've had to believe in impossible things.

要做到，

And we've had to refuse

我們就得相信沒什麼是不可能的。

to fear failure.

我們也必須拒斥

That's still true today.

「害怕失敗」這件事。

Today, we don't talk about flying transonically,

這一點至今亦然。

or even supersonically,

今天，我們已經不談跨入音速飛行

we talk about flying hypersonically --

或超音速飛行

not Mach 2 or Mach 3, Mach 20.

我們談「超高音速」飛行

At Mach 20,

不是 2 馬赫、3 馬赫，而是 20 馬赫。

we can fly from New York to Long Beach

20 馬赫

in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.

從紐約 (New York) 飛到長灘 (Long Beach)

At that speed,

只要 11 分鐘 20 秒。

the surface of the airfoil

這種速度下

is the temperature of molten steel --

機翼表面的溫度

3,500 degrees Fahrenheit --

可以融化鋼鐵 --

like a blast furnace.

華氏 3500 度 (攝氏 1927 度) --

We are essentially burning the airfoil

跟煉鋼鼓風爐內的溫度一樣。

as we fly it.

我們根本就是在一邊飛

And we are flying it,

一邊焚燒著機翼。

or trying to.

但我們就是要飛這麼快

DARPA's hypersonic test vehicle

或者試著要要飛這麼快。

is the fastest maneuvering aircraft

DARPA 的超高音速測試機

ever built.

是有史以來建造可操控型飛機

It's boosted to near-space

最快的。

atop a Minotaur IV rocket.

架設在一枚 彌樂陀 4 號火箭 (Minotaur IV) 上

Now the Minotaur IV has too much impulse,

推進到近太空。

so we have to bleed it off

因為彌樂陀 4 號火箭 (Minotaur IV) 推進力太大

by flying the rocket

我們必須耗掉一些推進力，

at an 89 degree angle of attack

所以火箭升空後

for portions of the trajectory.

有一部份的飛行軌道

That's an unnatural act

必須呈 89 度角。

for a rocket.

對火箭來說

The third stage has a camera.

這是個不自然的角度。

We call it rocketcam.

火箭的第三節配有攝影機。

And it's pointed

「火箭上攝影機」

at the hypersonic glider.

攝影機對著

This is the actual rocketcam footage

超高音速滑翔器。

from flight one.

這是第一次試飛時

Now to conceal the shape, we changed the aspect ratio a little bit.

火箭上攝影機實際拍到的影片。

But this is what it looks like

影片裡的飛行器長寬比例修改過以隱藏真正形狀。

from the third stage of the rocket

但這是自

looking at the unmanned glider

第三節火箭上

as it heads into the atmosphere

看到的無人駕駛滑翔器

back towards Earth.

飛進大氣層

We've flown twice.

重返地球的影象。

In the first flight,

我們試飛了兩次。

no aerodynamic control of the vehicle.

第一次飛行

But we collected more hypersonic flight data

滑翔器不受控制，自由滑行。

than in 30 years

但我們依舊蒐集了很多超高音速飛行資料，

of ground-based testing combined.

遠多於 30 年來

And in the second flight,

在地面測試所得資料的總量。

three minutes of fully-controlled,

第二次試飛時

aerodynamic flight

有三分鐘完全受到我們控制，

at Mach 20.

在 20 馬赫高速下

We must fly again,

受空氣動力控制的飛行。

because amazing, never-been-done-before things

我們一定還要再次飛行，

require that you fly.

因為，要達成神奇又前所未有的事

You can't learn to fly at Mach 20

你就得再次飛行。

unless you fly.

要學怎麼在 20 馬赫高速下飛行

And while there's no substitute for speed,

你就得實際以 20 馬赫飛行。

maneuverability is a very close second.

固然速度無可取代，

If a Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds

而操控性的重要性僅次於速度。

to get from New York to Long Beach,

在 20 馬赫下 要 11 分 20 秒

a hummingbird would take,

才能從紐約飛到長灘，

well, days.

一隻蜂鳥要飛上

You see, hummingbirds are not hypersonic,

嗯... 好幾天才飛的到。

but they are maneuverable.

當然，蜂鳥不能以超高音速飛行，

In fact, the hummingbird is the only bird

但他們的操控性很高。

that can fly backwards.

事實上，蜂鳥是唯一能

It can fly up, down,

倒退飛的鳥。

forwards, backwards,

牠能直上 也能直下，

even upside-down.

能向前 也能倒退，

And so if we wanted to fly in this room

甚至上下翻轉飛行也可以。

or places where humans can't go,

所以如果我們要在這個廳內

we'd need an aircraft

或是人類不能涉足的地方飛行，

small enough and maneuverable enough

我們就需要

to do so.

夠小又好操控的飛行器

This is a hummingbird drone.

才做得到。

It can fly in all directions,

這是個蜂鳥飛行器。

even backwards.

它可以以任意方向飛行，

It can hover and rotate.

甚至倒退飛。

This prototype aircraft

既可盤旋也可旋轉。

is equipped with a video camera.

這架原型機

It weighs less than one AA battery.

配有攝影機。

It does not eat nectar.

總重比一個 3 號 (AA) 電池還輕。

In 2008,

這玩意不吃花蜜。

it flew for a whopping 20 seconds,

在 2008 年

a year later, two minutes,

它飛了整整 20 秒。

then six,

1 年後，2 分鐘

eventually 11.

然後，6 分鐘

Many prototypes crashed -- many.

最後，11 分鐘。

But there's no way

許多原型墜毀了-- 許多。

to learn to fly like a hummingbird

但我們無法學

unless you fly.

像蜂鳥一樣飛，

(Applause)

除非你實際去飛。

It's beautiful, isn't it.

(掌聲)

Wow.

真美，不是嗎?

It's great.

哇!

Matt is the first ever hummingbird pilot.

真棒。

(Applause)

麥特 (Matt) 是史上第一位蜂鳥飛行員。

Failure is part of creating

(掌聲)

new and amazing things.

創造新的、美妙的東西

We cannot both fear failure

一定會經歷失敗。

and make amazing new things --

我們不可能一邊害怕失敗

like a robot

一邊還能做出美妙的新事物 --

with the stability of a dog on rough terrain,

像這個機器人

or maybe even ice;

能像狗一般在崎嶇地面上自由行動，

a robot that can run like a cheetah,

冰地上也不是問題；

or climb stairs like a human

一個跑得像獵豹的機器人

with the occasional clumsiness of a human.

或是像人一樣能爬樓梯的機器人

Or perhaps, Spider Man

有時也會像人一樣笨拙蹣跚。

will one day be Gecko Man.

也許，哪天蜘蛛人

A gecko can support

會被壁虎人取代。

its entire body weight

壁虎

with one toe.

只靠一隻腳趾

One square millimeter of a gecko's footpad

就可以支撐全身重量。

has 14,000 hair-like structures

壁虎腳底，每一平方厘米 (cm^2)

called setae.

有 14,000 個像毛髮的結構

They are used to help it grip to surfaces

叫 「硬纖毛」

using intermolecular forces.

壁虎靠他們抓住物體表面，

Today we can manufacture structures

靠的是「分子間作用力」。

that mimic the hairs of a gecko's foot.

如今我們已經可以製造這種結構了，

The result,

模仿壁虎腳上的纖毛。

a four-by-four-inch

結果是，

artificial nano-gecko adhesive.

一塊 4 吋見方 (4x4 inch) 的

can support a static load

人造毫米壁虎膠，

of 660 pounds.

可以支撐

That's enough to stick

300 公斤 (660磅) 靜態重量。

six 42-inch plasma TV's to your wall,

足以把 6 個 42 吋的電漿電視

no nails.

掛在牆上，

So much for Velcro, right?

不用釘子。

And it's not just passive structures,

誰還用魔鬼沾呀，不是嗎?

it's entire machines.

不只是被動結構而已，

This is a spider mite.

還可以製造一整個微型機器。

It's one millimeter long,

這是蜘蛛塵蟎。

but it looks like Godzilla

身長只有一釐米，

next to these micromachines.

但在這些微型機器旁

In the world of Godzilla spider mites,

看來就像酷斯拉一樣巨大。

we can make millions of mirrors,

在這種巨大的蜘蛛塵蟎世界裡

each one-fifth the diameter

我們可以製造百萬個鏡片，

of a human hair,

每個鏡片直徑

moving at hundreds of thousands of times per second

只有人類頭髮直徑的 1/5，

to make large screen displays,

這些鏡片每秒可開關數十萬次

so that we can watch movies like "Godzilla"

可以用來製造大電視螢幕，

in high-def.

讓我們可以用它們來看

And if we can build machines

高解析度的酷斯拉電影。

at that scale,

假如我們可以製造

what about Eiffel Tower-like trusses

這麼微型的機器

at the microscale?

那能不能建構出 微型桁架

Today we are making metals

結構像艾非爾鐵塔一樣?

that are lighter than Styrofoam,

我們現在已經能生產

so light

比保力龍還輕的金屬，

they can sit atop a dandelion puff

輕到

and be blown away

可以放在蒲公英花上，

with a wisp of air --

一點微風

so light

就可以吹走它 --

that you can make a car that two people can lift,

輕到

but so strong

你用這些金屬可以造出兩個人就可以搬動的車子，

that it has the crash-worthiness of an SUV.

但結構堅硬

From the smallest wisp of air

像休旅車一樣耐撞。

to the powerful forces of nature's storms.

從輕輕一口氣

There are 44 lightning strikes per second

到自然界強烈的暴風。

around the globe.

每秒有 44 次閃電

Each lightning bolt heats the air

發生在整個地球上。

to 44,000 degrees Fahrenheit --

每道閃電可以把周邊的空氣

hotter than the surface of the Sun.

燃燒到華氏 44,000 度 (攝氏 24427 度) 高溫 --

What if we could use

比太陽表面還熱。

these electromagnetic pulses

假如我們可以運用

as beacons,

這些電磁脈衝

beacons in a moving network

當作一種導引訊號，

of powerful transmitters?

在一個一直移動的

Experiments suggest

強力發射器網路中的導引訊號呢?

that lightning could be the next GPS.

種種實驗顯示出

Electrical pulses form the thoughts in our brains.

閃電有可能成為下一代的衛星導航系統 (GPS)。

Using a grid the size of your thumb,

我們腦袋中的不斷流動的電流反映人類的思考。

with 32 electrodes

在拇指般大的電網

on the surface of his brain,

配上 32 個電極

Tim uses his thoughts

連結到他的大腦表面，

to control an advanced prosthetic arm.

提姆 (Tim) 用想法