has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting,

我們都知道全球資訊網

commerce and social connectivity,

徹底改變了初版、廣播、

but where did it all come from?

商業和社會連接，

And I'll quote three people:

但它究竟從何而來？

Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee.

我將舉出三個人：

So let's just run through these guys.

Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart 和 Tim Berners-Lee。

This is Vannevar Bush.

因此，讓我們迅速談談這三個人。

Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war.

這是Vannevar Bush。

And in 1945,

Vannevar Bush是大戰期間，美國政府的首席科學顧問。

he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly.

在1945年，

And the article was called "As We May Think."

他曾經在大西洋月刊上發表過一篇文章。

And what Vannevar Bush was saying

文章的題目是〈恰如吾輩所思〉。

was the way we use information is broken.

Vannevar Bush在文章中談到，

We don't work in terms of libraries

我們使用資訊的方式是殘破的。

and catalog systems and so forth.

我們並沒有運用術語庫

The brain works by association.

和目錄系統級諸如此類的工具。

With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item.

大腦是以聯想的原理運行。

And the way information is structured

當思維在想着一個念頭，它一瞬間便聯想着下一個念頭。

is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.

而資訊結構化的方式

And so he suggested a machine,

是完全無法跟上這一個運作程序的。

and he called it the memex.

因此，他發表了一台機器，

And the memex would link information,

他所謂的memex。

one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth.

memex會將

Now this was in 1945.

一個訊息和另一個相關的訊息不斷加以鏈結。

A computer in those days

這是在1945年的時候。

was something the secret services used to use for code breaking.

在那個年代

And nobody knew anything about it.

電腦是特務機關用來破解密碼的工具。

So this was before the computer was invented.

沒有人曉得電腦事幹嘛用的。

And he proposed this machine called the memex.

這是在電腦發明之前。

And he had a platform where you linked information to other information,

他發表了這台叫做memex的機器。

and then you could call it up at will.

他有一個將資訊加以鏈結的平台，

So spinning forward,

你可以隨意調用它。

one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart,

故事繼續前進，

and he was a U.S. Air Force officer.

有個叫做Doug Engelbart的傢伙也讀了這篇文章，

And he was reading it in their library in the Far East.

他是美國的空軍軍官。

And he was so inspired by this article,

他是在遠東的空軍圖書館讀到它。

it kind of directed the rest of his life.

這篇文章對他產生重大的啟發，

And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action

甚至影響了他的餘生。

when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California.

到60年代中期，當他在加州史丹佛大學的研究實驗室工作時

He built a system.

他終於有機會將想法付諸行動。

The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called.

他建立了一個系統。

And in a premonition of today's world

據稱該系統的設計目的是用於提升人類的智能。

of cloud computing and softwares of service,

相對於今日的

his system was called NLS

雲端運算和軟體服務而言，

for oN-Line System.

他所以設計的系統稱之為 NLS

And this is Doug Engelbart.

意即線上系統。

He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference

這就是Doug Engelbart。

in 1968.

他當時正在1968年秋季聯合電腦大會上

What he showed --

發表簡報。

he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system.

他所演示的--

He had his head mic like I've got.

他坐在這樣的舞台上，他示範了這一個系統。

And he works this system.

他戴著像我一樣麥克風。

And you can see, he's working between documents

來操作這一個系統。

and graphics and so forth.

各位可以看到，他在各種文件

And he's driving it all

和圖表之間切換作業。

with this platform here,

而他完全是

with a five-finger keyboard

以這個平台來操作，

and the world's first computer mouse,

透過五指操作鍵盤

which he specially designed in order to do this system.

和世界上第一個電腦滑鼠，

So this is where the mouse came from as well.

這是他為了操作這個系統而特別設計出來的。

So this is Doug Engelbart.

而這也是滑鼠的由來。

The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system

這就是 Doug Engelbart。

was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds.

Doug Engelbart的系統遇到的麻煩是

So for a personal computer,

在那個年代，電腦動輒耗資數百萬英鎊。

a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane;

因此，想擁有一台個人電腦，

it wasn't really very practical.

就像買架私人飛機一樣得花上幾百萬英鎊；

But spin on to the 80s

是相當不實際的。

when personal computers did arrive,

時間來到80年代，

then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers.

當個人電腦終於出現，

And my company, OWL

接著就出現這種建立於個人電腦上的空間。

built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh.

而我的公司，OWL

And we delivered the world's first hypertext system.

成立了一個名為蘋果麥金塔指南的系統。

And this began to get a head of steam.

我們發表了世界上第一個超文本系統。

Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard,

這也刺激了後續的發展。

and they made a bit of a fuss about it.

蘋果公司推出所謂的HyperCard，

They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched.

他們亦就此大做文章。

The magazines started to cover it.

在推出的當天，蘋果在〈華爾街日報〉刊登了長達12頁的增刊。

Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM

各大雜誌也開始來報導介紹這項產品。

had special issues covering hypertext.

Byte雜誌和國際資訊學術協會(ACM)的通信情報刊物

We developed a PC version of this product

也針對超文本進行了特別專題報導。

as well as the Macintosh version.

本公司開發了這個產品的PC版本

And our PC version became quite mature.

以及麥金塔(Macintosh)版本。

These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s.

而我們的PC版本發展得相當成熟。

You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks.

這是80年代中後期這個系統在運算中的一些例子。

We developed a system such

你可以透過電腦網路來傳送文件檔案。

that it had a markup language based on html.

我們開發了一個系統，

We called it hml: hypertext markup language.

它有以 HTML 爲基礎的標記語言。

And the system was capable of doing

我們把它稱之為 HML：超文本標記語言。

very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.

透過電腦網路串聯，這個系統有能力

So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris

去處理非常，非常大的文件編製系統。

in late November 1990.

所以我在1990年11月下旬把這個系統

And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee

帶到巴黎附近的凡爾賽貿易展。

who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah."

一個名為 Tim Beneres-Lee 的年輕男子向我走來，

And he said, "I need to talk to you."

說：「你是Ian Ritchie？」我說：「是啊。」

And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web.

他說：「我需要和你談談。」

And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name,

他告訴我那個他稱為全球資訊網的系統提案。

especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office.

我當時想, 這名稱還真是自命不凡，

But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web

特別是這整個系統不過是在他辦公室的電腦上運行罷了。

would take over the world one day.

但他是完全相信他的全球資訊網

And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it,

終有一天會獨霸世界。

because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything;

他試著說服我為它編寫瀏覽器，

it was just plain text.

因為他的系統沒有任何像是製圖、字型或版面的東西；

I thought, well, you know, interesting,

它只是純文本。

but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this.

我認為，各位曉得，還蠻有趣的，

So we didn't do it.

不過某個從歐洲核子研究組織(CERN)來的傢伙，他對這檔事沒興趣。

In the next couple of years,

因此，我們並沒有這樣做。

the hypertext community didn't recognize him either.

在後續幾年中，

In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference.

超文本社區也沒有認同他。

In 1993,

在1992年，他的論文被超文本會議拒絕。

there was a table at the conference in Seattle,

在1993年，

and a guy called Marc Andreessen

在一場於西雅圖舉行的會議上,

was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web.

一個叫做Marc Andreessen的小伙子

And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it.

展示了他的小全球資訊網瀏覽器。

And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh,

我看到它，我想，沒錯，就是這樣。

and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.

來年，在1994年，我們在愛丁堡會議，

So that puts me in pretty illustrious company.

我對邀請 Tim Berners-Lee 作為演說主講人一事完全沒有異議。

There was a guy called Dick Rowe

因此，這讓我躋身一群名人之列。

who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles.

以前在迪卡唱片

There was a guy called Gary Kildall

有個叫做Dick Rowe的傢伙，他拒絕了披頭四。

who went flying his plane

有個叫Gary Kidall的傢伙,

when IBM came looking for an operating system

在 IBM 要找人

for the IBM PC,

為 IBM PC 進行系統操作時，

and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates.

跑去駕駛他的私人飛機，

And the 12 publishers

因為他當時不在，所以 IBM 回頭找上了比爾蓋茲。

who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.

還有我猜，大概 12 間

On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen

拒絕了 J.K. 羅琳的哈利波特原稿的出版社。

who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.

另一方面，有Marc Andreessen,

And according to Fortune magazine,

他寫出了全世界第一個全球資訊網瀏覽器。

he's worth 700 million dollars.

另外根據「財富」雜誌報導，

But is he happy?

他擁有 700 萬美元的身價。

(Laughter)

但他快樂嗎？

(Applause)

(笑聲)