And I tell them it's the study of the way in which human beings are shaped

我的學生經常問我，

by things that they don't see.

「甚麼是社會學？」

And they say, "So, how can I be a sociologist?

我告訴他們，「它是研究

How can I understand those invisible forces?"

人類是如何

And I say, "Empathy.

被自己看不見的東西所塑造的學科。」

Start with empathy.

然後他們問：「那我要如何成為一個社會學家？

It all begins with empathy.

我如何理解那些看不見的力量？」

Take yourself out of your shoes,

我就會回答說：「同理心，

put yourself into the shoes of another person."

從同理心開始

Here, I'll give you an example.

一切源自同理心。

So I imagine my life if, a hundred years ago,

從你自己固有的角落走出來，

China had been the most powerful nation in the world

從別人的角度來看問題。」

and they came to the United States in search of coal.

我來給你舉個例子。

And they found it, and, in fact, they found lots of it right here.

我曾經設想，

And pretty soon, they began shipping that coal,

如果一百年前，

ton by ton,

當中國是世界上最強大的國家的時候，

railcar by railcar, boatload by boatload,

他們來到美國

back to China and elsewhere around the world.

搜尋煤炭

And they got fabulously wealthy in doing so.

然後他們找到了，並且，他們找到很多。

And they built beautiful cities

很快，他們開始運輸那些煤礦，

all powered on that coal.

一噸又一噸，

And back here in the United States,

一車又一車，一船又一船，

we saw economic despair, deprivation.

運回中國及世界其他地方。

This is what I saw.

他們因此變得非常富有。

I saw people struggling to get by,

他們用煤炭作為能源動力，

not knowing what was what and what was next.

建造了美麗的城市。

And I asked myself the question:

我們把視線轉回美國，

How is it possible that we could be so poor here in the United States,

我們看到的是經濟蕭條破敗。

because coal is such a wealthy resource; it's so much money?

這是我看到的。

And I realize:

我看到人們掙扎着糊口，

because the Chinese ingratiated themselves

茫然無措，求助無門。

with a small ruling class here in the United States,

然後我就會問自己

who stole all of that money and all of that wealth for themselves.

「美國怎麼會變得這麼貧窮？

And the rest of us, the vast majority of us,

因為我們的煤炭資源是這樣的有價值，

struggle to get by.

值很多錢。」

And the Chinese gave this small ruling elite

然後我意識到，

loads of military weapons and sophisticated technology

原來是因為中國對於

in order to ensure that people like me

美國小部分統治階層投其所好，

would not speak out against this relationship.

這小部分同志階層自己取得了這些煤炭帶來的財富。

Does this sound familiar?

其餘大部分美國人，我們這些普通人

And they did things like train Americans to help protect the coal.

掙扎着糊口。

And everywhere, there were symbols of the Chinese --

中國給這些統治精英階層

everywhere, a constant reminder.

大量的軍事武器和尖端科技，

And back in China,

以保證像我這樣的普通民眾

what do they say in China?

不至於表達對於這種關係的反對意見。

Nothing! They don't talk about us. They don't talk about the coal.

這個故事是不是聽著很熟悉？

If you ask them,

然後他們做了一些事，比如訓練美國人

they'll say, "Well, you know, we need the coal.

幫忙保護煤礦。

I mean, come on, I'm not going to turn down my thermostat.

到處都是中國的印記——

You can't expect that."

任何地方，不斷地提醒我們中國的存在。

And so, I get angry, and I get pissed,

我們再回到中國，

as do lots of average people.

中國人都在談論什麼？

And we fight back, and it gets really ugly.

他們對此隻字不談。他們不談論美國。不談論煤礦。

And the Chinese respond in a very ugly way.

如果你問中國人，

And before we know it, they send in the tanks

他們會說：「好吧，你知道煤礦的重要性，我們需要煤礦。

and they send in the troops.

我說，你別指望我調低我家暖氣的溫度。

And lots of people are dying.

別指望這會發生。」

And it's a very, very difficult situation.

於是我生氣了，我非常惱火，

Can you imagine what you would feel

就像大多數普通人那樣。

if you were in my shoes?

然後我們開始抗議，情況變得很難堪。

Can you imagine walking out of this building

中國也以一種非常不友好的方式回應我們。

and seeing a tank sitting out there,

我們還沒反應過來，他們就已經派來坦克，

or a truck full of soldiers?

之後由派進來軍隊，

Just imagine what you would feel, because you know why they're here;

很多人因此死去，

you know what they're doing here.

情況變得很難處理

And you just feel the anger and you feel the fear.

如果你是我，你能想象

If you can, that's empathy. That's empathy.

你會怎麼想嗎？

You've left your shoes, and you've stood in mine.

你能想象，當你走出這裡，

And you've got to feel that.

看到一個坦克停在那兒

OK, so that's the warm-up.

或者一大卡車士兵。

That's the warm-up.

想象一下你會有甚麼感覺。

Now we're going to have the real radical experiment.

因為你知道這些士兵為甚麼來這兒，你也知道他們在這兒做甚麼。

So, for the remainder of my talk, what I want you to do

然後你就感到憤怒和恐懼。

is put yourselves in the shoes of an ordinary Arab Muslim

如果你能感覺到，這就說明你有同理心——這就是同理心。

living in the Middle East --

你從自己的世界裡走出來，來以我的角度來看問題。

in particular, in Iraq.

你已經感覺到了tonglixin。

And so to help you,

好的，這是熱身。

perhaps you're a member of this middle-class family in Baghdad.

這只是熱身。

What you want is the best for your kids.

現在我們將開始

You want your kids to have a better life.

真正激進的實驗。

And you watch the news, you pay attention.

在下面的時間裡，我希望你們

You read the newspaper, you go down to the coffee shop with your friends,

從一個

you read the newspapers from around the world.

居住在中東的普通阿拉伯穆斯林

Sometimes you even watch satellite, CNN, from the United States.

的角度出發——

You have a sense of what the Americans are thinking.

具體點說就是伊拉克

But really, you just want a better life for yourself.

為了幫助你進入狀態，

That's what you want.

假設你是巴格達一個中產階級家庭的一員，

You're Arab Muslim living in Iraq.

你希望給你的孩子們創造最好的環境。

You want a better life for yourself.

你希望你的孩子過更好的生活。

So here, let me help you.

平時你看新聞，關心大事。

Let me help you with some things that you might be thinking.

你看報紙，你和朋友們去咖啡館，

Number one:

讀世界各地的報紙。

this incursion into your land these past 20 years and before --

有時候你甚至看衛星電視，

the reason anyone is interested in your land,

美國的CNN。

and particularly the United States, is oil.

你大致知道美國人在想什麼。

It's all about oil; you know that, everybody knows that.

但是，說到底，你只是希望自己過得更好，

People back in the United States know it's about oil.

那才是你想要的。

It's because somebody else has a design for your resource.

你是住在伊拉克的阿拉伯穆斯林，

It's your resource -- it's not somebody else's.

你想過得更好。

It's your land; it's your resource.

在這兒，我來幫你，

Somebody else has a design for it.

我來幫你梳理一下

And you know why they have a design?

你也許正在思考的問題。

You know why they have their eyes set on it?

一：過去20年間，

Because they have an entire economic system

甚至更早，你的國土被入侵，

that's dependent on that oil -- foreign oil,

所有人，特別是美國，都對你的國土感興趣，

oil from other parts of the world that they don't own.

其原因就是石油。

And what else do you think about these people?

都是因為石油；這是事實你知我知天下人都知道。

The Americans, they're rich.

美國人也知道這是為了石油。

Come on, they live in big houses, they have big cars.

因為別人

They all have blond hair, blue eyes. They're happy.

在盤算你的資源

You think that. It's not true, of course, but that's the media impression.

這是你的資源，不是別人的。

And that's what you get.

這是你的國土，你的資源。

And they have big cities,

有人盤算着你的資源

and the cities are all dependent on oil.

你知道他們是為什麼盤算你的石油？

And back home, what do you see?

你知道他們為甚麼對此這麼感興趣？

Poverty, despair, struggle.

因為他們的這個經濟

Look, you don't live in a wealthy country.

依賴石油而存在——

I mean -- this is Iraq.

並且是進口石油，

This is what you see.

來自他們的國土之外的石油。

You see people struggling to get by.

關於這些人，你還想到甚麼？

It's not easy; you see a lot of poverty.

這些美國人，他們很富有。

And you feel something about this.

拜託，他們住在大房子裡，他們有大汽車，

These people have designs for your resource,

他們都是金髮碧眼，他們很幸福。

and this is what you see?

你會這麼想。當然這不是真的，

Something else you see that you talk about --

但這是媒體給人的印象，這是他們所得到的信息。

Americans don't talk about this, but you do --

美國有大城市，

there's this thing, this militarization of the world,

這些大城市都依賴石油。

and it's centered right in the United States.

回到家裡，你看到甚麼？

And the United States is responsible

貧窮，絕望，掙扎。

for almost one half of the world's military spending.

看，你不住在一個富裕的國家。

Four percent of the world's population!

這是伊拉克，

And you feel it; you see it every day.

這是你看到，

It's part of your life.

你看到人們掙扎求生。

And you talk about it with your friends.

沒錯，世事艱難，你也看到很多貧困現象，

You read about it.

並且你對此有一些感觸。

And back when Saddam Hussein was in power,

這些人在盤算你的資源，

the Americans didn't care about his crimes.

而你看到這些現狀。

When he was gassing the Kurds and gassing Iran,

你還看到一些其他你們在討論的東西——

they didn't care about it.

美國人不討論這些，但是你們會。

When oil was at stake,

比如說，世界的軍國主義化，

somehow, suddenly, things mattered.

並且美國現在有保守化傾向。

And what you see, something else:

並且美國

the United States,

的軍費佔世界各國總軍費開支的

the hub of democracy around the world --

二分之一——

they don't seem to really be supporting democratic countries

他們僅有世界上百分之四的人口。

all around the world.

你每天都能感覺到、看到這些情況，

There are a lot of countries, oil-producing countries,

這是你生活的一部分。

that aren't very democratic, but supported by the United States.

你和朋友們談論這些，

That's odd.

你閱讀相關的內容。

Oh -- these incursions, these two wars,

當薩達姆.侯賽因當權的時候，

the 10 years of sanctions,

美國不關心他的罪行。

the eight years of occupation,

當他用毒氣攻擊庫爾德人和伊朗時，

the insurgency that's been unleashed on your people,

美國沒不關心這些。

the tens of thousands, the hundreds of thousands

當石油成為一個問題的時候，

of civilian deaths?

不知道為什麼，突然間事情變得對美國重要了。

All because of oil.

你看到了甚麼，別的一些東西，

You can't help but think that.

美國，

You talk about it.

作為世界民主的中心，

It's in the forefront of your mind, always.

他們似乎並不真的

You say, "How is that possible?"

支持世界上的民主國家。

And this man, he's everyman --

有好多這樣的國家，產油國，

your grandfather, your uncle,

他们不是非常民主，但美国支持他们。

your father, your son, your neighbor,

这很奇怪。

your professor, your student.

哦，这些侵略，两次战争，

Once a life of happiness and joy

十年的制裁，

and suddenly, pain and sorrow.

八年的佔領，

Everyone in your country has been touched by the violence,

由你自己的人民發動的叛亂，

the bloodshed, the pain, the horror -- everybody.

成百上千的

Not a single person in your country has not been touched.

平民死亡，

But there's something else.

都是因為石油。

There's something else about these people, these Americans who are there.

你忍不住思考，

There's something else about them that you see

和談論這些。

that they don't see themselves.

它總是在你頭腦中佔據首要位置。

And what do you see? They're Christians!

你說：“這怎麼可能？”

They're Christians.

然後這個人，他可以是任何人——

They worship the Christian God, they have crosses, they carry Bibles.

你祖父，你叔叔，

Their Bibles have a little insignia

你父親，你兒子，

that says "US Army" on them.

你的鄰居，你的教授，你的學生。

And their leaders, their leaders:

曾經幸福快樂的生活，

before they send their sons and daughters off to war in your country --

突然變成痛苦和悲傷。

and you know the reason --

你國家的每一個人

before they send them off,

都被動亂所影響，

they go to a Christian church, and they pray to their Christian God,

流血，痛苦，

and they ask for protection and guidance from that god.

恐懼，每個人都被影響。

Why?

在你的國家裡，

Well, obviously, when people die in the war,

沒有一個人不被影響。

they are Muslims, they are Iraqis -- they're not Americans.

還有

You don't want Americans to die -- "Protect Our Troops."

在伊拉克的這些美國人

And you feel something about that --

還有別的一些問題

of course you do.

有一些你看到的而他們自己沒有意識到的問題。

And they do wonderful things.

你看到了什麼問題？問題就是，他們是基督徒，

You read about it, you hear about it.

他們是基督徒。

They're there to build schools and help people.

他們崇拜耶穌，他們有十字架，他們帶著聖經。

That's what they want to do.

他們的聖經上有一個

They do wonderful things, but they also do the bad things,

寫著「美國陸軍」的小徽章。

and you can't tell the difference.

他們的領導者，他們的領導者，

And this guy, you get a guy like Lt. Gen. William Boykin.

在他們送他們的兒子女兒們

Here's a guy who says that your god is a false god.

上你們國家的戰場之前，

Your god's an idol; his god is the true god.

你知道其中的原由——

The solution to the problem in the Middle East, according to him,

在送他們出發前，

is to convert you all to Christianity --

他們去基督教堂，他們向耶穌祈禱，

just get rid of your religion.

他們祈求上帝的保護和指引。

And you know that. Americans don't read about this guy.

為甚麼？

They don't know anything about him, but you do.

很顯然，當人們在戰爭中死去時，

You pass it around. You pass his words around.

他們是穆斯林，他們是伊拉克人——

I mean, this is serious. You're afraid.

他們不是美國人。

He was one of the leading commanders in the second invasion of Iraq.

你不希望美國人死。希望上帝保護我們的軍隊，

And you're thinking, "My God, if this guy is saying that,

你感覺到這些了——

then all the soldiers must be saying that."

裡所應當的。

And this word here --

美國軍隊做了一些好事，

George Bush called this war a crusade.

你讀到了、聽到了關於這些事情的內容。

Man, the Americans, they're just like, "Ah, crusade.

他們建造學校，並幫助那兒的人，這是他們想做的。

Whatever. I don't know what that means."

他們做了好事，但他們也做壞事，

You know what it means -- it's a holy war against Muslims.

你看不出區別。

Look, invade, subdue them, take their resources.

當你看到一個像威廉姆.博伊金中將那樣的人，

If they won't submit, kill them.

一個說你的神是虛假的神。

That's what this is about.

你的上帝是一個偶像，他的上帝才是真的。

And you're thinking, "My God, these Christians are coming to kill us."

對他來說，解決中東問題的辦法，

This is frightening.

就是把大家都變成基督徒——

You feel frightened. Of course you feel frightened.

去處你的宗教。

And this man, Terry Jones:

你知道這些。美國人不關心這個人。

I mean here's a guy who wants to burn Qurans, right?

他們對他一無所知，但是你知道。

And the Americans: "Ah, he's a knucklehead.

你把它傳播給別人，你把他的話傳給周圍的人。

He's a former hotel manager; he's got three dozen members of his church ..."

我是說真的。

They laugh him off.

這個人是第二次入侵伊拉克時的其中一個指揮官。

You don't laugh him off, because in the context of everything else,

你在想：「上帝啊，如果這個人這麼想，

all the pieces fit.

那他手下全體士兵都會這麼想的。」

Of course this is how Americans think.

還有一個詞，

So people all over the Middle East, not just in your country,

喬治.布什稱這個戰爭為聖戰。

are protesting.

美國人們只會說，「哦，聖戰。

"He wants to burn Qurans, our holy book.

管它呢，愛怎樣怎樣。」

These Christians -- who are these Christians?

但你知道聖戰意味著什麼。

They're so evil, they're so mean -- this is what they're about?"

這是針對穆斯林的聖戰。

This is what you're thinking as an Arab Muslim,

看，入侵，征服他們，拿走他們的資源，

as an Iraqi.

如果他們不服從，就殺了他們。