and how the physical form of the land,

我熱愛美國景觀

from the great Central Valley of California

還有地形

to the bedrock of Manhattan,

從加州的中央谷地

has really shaped our history and our character.

到曼哈頓的岩盤

But one thing is clear.

他們如何的形塑了我們的歷史與特質

In the last 100 years alone,

不過，我們可以非常清楚的看到

our country -- and this is a sprawl map of America --

在過去的100年裡

our country has systematically

我們的國家 -- 這張地圖顯示了美國城市的擴張

flattened and homogenized the landscape

我們的國家已經有系統的

to the point where we've forgotten

將景觀扁平化與均質化

our relationship with the plants and animals

以至於我們忘記了

that live alongside us

與我們同住在一起的動植物

and the dirt beneath our feet.

還有在我們腳底下的泥土

And so, how I see my work contributing

跟我們之間的關係

is sort of trying to literally re-imagine these connections

所以我把我的作品定位

and physically rebuild them.

看作是試圖對這些連結作重新的想像

This graph represents what we're dealing with now

並且實質上將它重新建造出來

in the built environment.

此張圖代表我們目前

And it's really a conflux

人造環境正遇到的處境

of urban population rising,

他實際上是一個

biodiversity plummeting

城市人口增加

and also, of course, sea levels rising

生物多樣性急劇下降

and climate changing.

還有海平面上升

So when I also think about design,

和氣候變化的匯流

I think about

因此，當我在作設計思考時

trying to rework and re-engage

我會想嘗試

the lines on this graph

將這個圖上的線條

in a more productive way.

以更有建設性的方式

And you can see from the arrow here

重新連結

indicating "you are here,"

這個的箭頭

I'm trying to sort of blend and meld

標示你們目前所在的位置

these two very divergent fields

我有點想將都市主義

of urbanism and ecology,

與生態這兩個非常不同的領域

and sort of bring them together in an exciting new way.

混合和融合在一起

So the era of big infrastructure is over.

用一個令人興奮的新方法加以整合

I mean, these sort of top-down,

龐大基礎設施的時代已經結束

mono-functional, capital-intensive solutions

我的意思是，這些自上而下的

are really not going to cut it.

單一功能，資本密集型的解決方案

We need new tools and new approaches.

已經不足以解決問題

Similarly, the idea of architecture

我們需要新的工具和新方法

as this sort of object in the field,

同樣的，把建築物

devoid of context,

當作是個與周邊毫無關係的

is really not the --

獨立物件的這種想法

excuse me, it's fairly blatant --

實在不是

is really not the approach

抱歉，這個作品實在是有夠直接

that we need to take.

實在不是

So we need new stories,

解決問題的辦法

new heroes and new tools.

我們需要新的故事

So now I want to introduce you to my new hero

新的英雄和新的工具

in the global climate change war,

所以，現在我想向你們介紹

and that is the eastern oyster.

我在全球氣候變遷戰爭中的新英雄

So, albeit a very small creature

東方牡蠣

and very modest,

儘管這種小動物

this creature is incredible,

看上去不太起眼

because it can agglomerate

他其實非常不可思議

into these mega-reef structures.

因為它可以聚集成

It can grow; you can grow it;

這些大型的礁堡結構

and -- did I mention? -- it's quite tasty.

它會生長，你也可以養殖

So the oyster was the basis

還有，我有沒有提到，它相當可口

for a manifesto-like urban design project

因此，牡蠣就成了

that I did about the New York Harbor

我在紐約港作的一個近乎宣言式的

called "oyster-tecture."

都市設計案的主題

And the core idea of oyster-tecture is to harness the biological power

我把這設計命題為“蚵築”

of mussels, eelgrass and oysters --

蚵築的核心思想，就是運用

species that live in the harbor --

貽貝、大葉藻和牡蠣等等

and, at the same time,

生活在海港裡的物種

harness the power of people

的生物能

who live in the community

同時運用

towards making change now.

社區居民的力量

Here's a map of my city, New York City,

現在就開始做些改變

showing inundation in red.

這是我的城市，也就是紐約市的地圖

And what's circled is the site that I'm going to talk about,

紅色表示淹沒區

the Gowanus Canal and Governors Island.

圈起來的就是我要談的基地位置

If you look here at this map,

Gowanus運河和總督島(Governors Island)

showing everything in blue

如果你看這邊這張地圖

is out in the water,

藍色

and everything in yellow is upland.

代表水

But you can see, even just intuit, from this map,

黃色代表陸地

that the harbor has dredged and flattened,

即使只是直觀上看這張地圖

and went from a rich, three-dimensional mosaic to flat muck

你都可以看出海港經歷過疏通並整成平地

in really a matter of years.

在幾年之內從一個多樣、立體的鑲嵌體

Another set of views of actually the Gowanus Canal itself.

變成一個平坦的淤泥地

Now the Gowanus is particularly smelly -- I will admit it.

另外就是Gowanus運河本身

There are problems of sewage overflow

目前 Gowanus運河非常臭，這點我不得不承認

and contamination,

運河裡有污水排入

but I would also argue that almost every city

與污染的問題

has this exact condition,

不過我認為幾乎每個城市

and it's a condition that we're all facing.

都有同樣的問題

And here's a map of that condition,

這是一個我們共同面對的問題

showing the contaminants in yellow and green,

這地圖顯示了污染的狀況

exacerbated by this new flow of

污染物以黃色和綠色顯示

storm-surge and sea-level rise.

而最近雨水暴增

So we really had a lot to deal with.

和海平面上升使得問題加劇

When we started this project,

所以我們真的有很多課題需要處理

one of the core ideas was to look back in history

當我們開始這個設計案時

and try to understand what was there.

核心思想之一就是回顧歷史

And you can see from this map,

試圖了解這裡的過去

there's this incredible geographical signature

你可以從這張舊地圖看到

of a series of islands

當時在海港裡有好多

that were out in the harbor

不可思議的地理特徵

and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches

包括一整系列的島嶼，

that served as natural wave attenuation

和整片可以緩衝

for the upland settlement.

浪潮沖蝕陸地

We also learned at this time

的鹽沼和海灘

that you could eat an oyster about the size of a dinner plate

當時

in the Gowanus Canal itself.

你還能從Gowanus運河中

So our concept is really this back-to-the-future concept,

捕到跟餐盤一樣大的牡蠣

harnessing the intelligence of that land settlement pattern.

所以我們的設計概念基本上就是要回到未來

And the idea has two core stages.

要善用這地景形成的智慧

One is to develop a new artificial ecology,

我們的設計概念有兩個核心階段

a reef out in the harbor,

第一階段是要在海港裡建造一個

that would then protect new settlement patterns

新的人工生態珊瑚礁

inland and the Gowanus.

然後靠這個珊瑚礁保護內陸

Because if you have cleaner water and slower water,

和Gowanus運河上的居民

you can imagine a new way of living with that water.

因為如果你有流速較慢和較乾淨的水

So the project really addresses these three core issues

就可以重新想像人與水共同生活的新方法

in a new and exciting way, I think.

所以，我認為這個計畫是用一種新的和令人興奮的方式解決

Here we are, back to our hero, the oyster.

這三個核心課題：水質、河水暴漲、和海平面上升

And again, it's this incredibly exciting animal.

第一項，要回到我們的英雄：牡蠣

It accepts algae and detritus in one end,

它實在是個非常令人興奮的動物

and through this beautiful, glamorous

它從這一端接受藻類和有機碎屑

set of stomach organs,

通過這套美麗動人的

out the other end comes cleaner water.

消化系統

And one oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day.

另一端就跑出乾淨的水

Oyster reefs also covered

一隻牡蠣一天可以過濾高達 50加侖的水

about a quarter of our harbor

牡蠣礁曾經占據

and were capable of filtering water in the harbor in a matter of days.

這海港約四分之一的面積

They were key in our culture and our economy.

幾天之內就可以把海港內的水過濾乾淨

Basically, New York was built

它們對我們的文化和經濟非常關鍵

on the backs of oystermen,

基本上，紐約市

and our streets were literally built over oyster shells.

是靠牡蠣漁民創建的

This image

而我們的街道也都真的建立在牡蠣殼上

is an image of an oyster cart,

這張照片

which is now as ubiquitous as the hotdog cart is today.

是牡蠣攤

So again, we got the short end of the deal there.

它當時就跟現在的熱狗攤一樣普遍

(Laughter)

這樣說起來，我們現在好像過得沒有當時好

Finally, oysters can attenuate

（笑聲）

and agglomerate onto each other

第二，牡蠣出生後

and form these amazing natural reef structures.

會附著到老牡蠣的殼上

They really become nature's wave attenuators.

使得這些結構越長越大而終成天然的礁石構造

And they become the bedrock

他們真的是大自然的消波塊

of any harbor ecosystem.

第三，這些礁石也是

Many, many species depend on them.

所有海港生態系統的基盤

So we were inspired by the oyster,

很多很多物種依賴他們生存

but I was also inspired by the life cycle of the oyster.

我們從牡蠣身上得到靈感

It can move from a fertilized egg

也從牡蠣的生活史得到啟發

to a spat, which is when they're floating through the water,

牡蠣從受精卵開始

and when they're ready to attach onto another oyster,

孵化成幼蟲後漂浮在水中

to an adult male oyster or female oyster,

然後在幾週後

in a number of weeks.

附著到另一個成熟的

We reinterpreted this life cycle

公或母牡蠣的殼上

on the scale of our sight

我們重新以人類視覺的尺度

and took the Gowanus

詮釋了這個生活史

as a giant oyster nursery

把Gowanus運河

where oysters would be grown up in the Gowanus,

當作一個巨大的牡蠣的養殖場

then paraded down in their spat stage

讓牡蠣在運河裡孕育

and seeded out on the Bayridge Reef.

在幼蟲期漂游過這些地方

And so the core idea here

最後在 Bayridge Reef 這邊著床

was to hit the reset button

設計的核心思想

and regenerate an ecology over time

就像是按重新啟動鈕

that was regenerative and cleaning

隨著時間重新形成

and productive.

一個可以再生、淨化、

How does the reef work? Well, it's very, very simple.

而且有生產力的生態系

A core concept here

所以這珊瑚礁到底要怎麼弄？其實非常非常簡單。

is that climate change

核心概念就是

isn't something that --

我們要如何因應

the answers won't land down from the Moon.

氣候變遷

And with a $20 billion price tag,

答案絕不會從天上掉下來

we should simply start and get to work with what we have now

況且有200億美元的價值

and what's in front of us.

我們實在應該就直接以我們現有的

So this image is simply showing --

知識與資源開始工作

it's a field of marine piles

這張圖

interconnected with this woven fuzzy rope.

是幾根海底樁

What is fuzzy rope, you ask?

用毛茸茸的繩索串連起來

It's just that; it's this very inexpensive thing,

如果你要問：什麼是毛茸茸的繩索？

available practically at your hardware store, and it's very cheap.

它就只是個很便宜的

So we imagine that we would actually

在五金店就買得到的東西

potentially even host a bake sale

所以，我們搞不好

to start our new project.

弄個糕餅義賣活動

(Laughter)

就可以湊足經費啟動我們的新計畫

So in the studio, rather than drawing,

（笑聲）

we began to learn how to knit.

所以在工作室裡，我們不是在繪圖

The concept was to really knit this rope together

而是開始學習如何編織

and develop this new soft infrastructure

我們的概念真的就是把這些繩子編織在一起

for the oysters to grow on.

發展出這個新的軟性基礎設施

You can see in the diagram how it grows over time

讓牡蠣可以在上面生長

from an infrastructural space

你可以在圖上看到它如何隨著時間成長

into a new public urban space.

從基礎設施慢慢發展成

And that grows over time dynamically

一個新的都市公共空間

with the threat of climate change.

隨著時間，它的生長會

It also creates this incredibly interesting, I think,

與氣候變遷的威脅作動態的回應

new amphibious public space,

它還可以創造一個非常有趣的

where you can imagine working,

新的兩棲公共空間

you can imagine recreating in a new way.

在那裡你可以對工作

In the end, what we realized we were making

和休閒活動以嶄新的方式作些想像

was a new blue-green watery park

到最後，我們發現我們其實是

for the next watery century --

為下一個水很多的世紀

an amphibious park, if you will.

做了個新的藍綠水岸公園

So get your Tevas on.

一個兩棲公園

So you can imagine scuba diving here.

所以穿上你的水陸越野涼鞋

This is an image of high school students,

想像你在這裡潛水

scuba divers that we worked with on our team.

這張圖是一群與我們團隊一起工作的

So you can imagine a sort of new manner of living

高中學生，他們會水肺潛水

with a new relationship with the water,

所以，你可以想像一個

and also a hybridizing of recreational and science programs

與水生活的新關係

in terms of monitoring.

也可以把環境監測變成

Another new vocabulary word for the brave new world:

休閒和科學的混合體

this is the word "flupsy" --

我們為這個勇敢的新世界

it's short for "floating upwelling system."

創造了另一個新名詞：flupsy

And this glorious, readily available device

它的是“漂浮湧升系統”的簡稱

is basically a floating raft

這個亮眼的、隨時可用的設施

with an oyster nursery below.

基本上就是一個漂浮平台

So the water is churned through this raft.

下頭有個牡蠣孕育場

You can see the eight chambers on the side

水會被送過這個平台的下方

host little baby oysters and essentially force-feed them.

你可以看到側邊的八個小隔間

So rather than having 10 oysters,

養育著小牡蠣，將水中的養分灌進他們嘴裡

you have 10,000 oysters.

所以，10個牡蠣

And then those spat are then seeded.

不久就會變成10000個牡蠣

Here's the Gowanus future

他們成熟後產卵孵出的幼蟲又會在這裡著床

with the oyster rafts on the shorelines --

這就是我們想像Gowanus運河的未來

the flupsification of the Gowanus.

海岸線都是牡蠣平台

New word.

將整個Gowanus運河 “漂浮湧升化”

And also showing oyster gardening for the community

這是我們發明的新名詞

along its edges.

社區也可以在這邊緣

And finally, how much fun it would be

作牡蠣的養殖

to watch the flupsy parade

想想看

and cheer on the oyster spats

辦漂浮湧升遊行

as they go down to the reef.

為游泳著床的牡蠣幼蟲歡呼

I get asked two questions about this project.

將是多麼好玩的一件事

One is: why isn't it happening now?

這個計畫我常被問兩個問題

And the second one is: when can we eat the oysters?

第一，為什麼到現在什麼都還看不出來？

And the answer is: not yet, they're working.

第二，我們什麼時候才能吃到牡蠣？

But we imagine, with our calculations,

答案是，還沒有，他們正在努力，但這得花些時間。

that by 2050,

不過根據我們的估算，

you might be able to sink your teeth into a Gowanus oyster.

大概到了2050年，

To conclude, this is just one cross-section

你們就可以大啖Gowanus的牡蠣

of one piece of city,

總而言之，這只是一個城市

but my dream is, my hope is,

的一個小小的橫斷面

that when you all go back to your own cities

但我的夢想，我的希望是

that we can start to work together and collaborate

當你們回到自己的城市

on remaking and reforming

我們可以開始攜手合作

a new urban landscape

重新改造

towards a more sustainable, a more livable

一個新的都市景觀

and a more delicious future.

讓它的未來更永續、更宜居

Thank you.

還有更美味

(Applause)

謝謝