the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.

我一直很感興趣

If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.

關於正式架構和人的行為之間的關係

Well, law is also a powerful driver

如果您蓋一條寬廣的大路通往城市的郊區人就會搬到那裡去

of human behavior.

法律也是一個強大的驅動力

And what I'd like to discuss today

在人類行為上

is the need to overhaul and simplify the law

我今天想討論的

to release the energy and passion

是關於修改和簡化法律

of Americans, so that we can begin

來釋放美國人的能量和熱情

to address the challenges of our society.

讓我們能夠開始

You might have noticed that law has grown

解決這個社會的挑戰

progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.

您可能已經注意到法律的密度

If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything

在過去的二十年中在您的生活中逐漸增加

without calling your general counsel.

如果您有自己的生意 你很難做任何的事情

Indeed, there is this phenomenon now

而不用打電話給你的法律總顧問

where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.

事實上，現在有一種現象

It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.

就是法律總顧問正在成為執行長

You need a lawyer to run the company,

這有點像身體綁架者的入侵（譯按 The invasion of the Bodysnatchers 中文片名【天外魔花】講的是類似豆莢的外星人企圖利用細胞附身人類以征服地球的故事）

because there's so much law.

你需要一個律師來經營公司

But it's not just business that's affected by this,

因為有這麼多的法律

it's actually pressed down into the daily activities

但不只是商業活動被這件事影響

of ordinary people.

它真實的被壓進了

A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.

普通民眾的日常活動

It was in a grizzly bear preserve,

數年前，我在科迪 懷俄明州附近爬山

although no one told me that before we went.

這是在灰熊保留區附近

And our guide was a local science teacher.

雖然沒有人在出發前告訴我

She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,

我們的嚮導是一個那裡的科學教師

but she was terrified of lawyers.

她對有熊出沒的事完全不在意

The stories started pouring out.

但她卻很害怕律師

She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent

故事開始被傾訴

had threatened to sue the school

她剛剛才發生了一件事

because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent

一位家長威脅要起訴學校

when he turned the paper in late.

因為她扣了學生百分之十的成績

The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent

因為學生遲交作業

because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.

校長不想面對家長

So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made

因為他不想被捲入法律的訴訟

over and over again.

於是，她不得不去一次又一次的會議

After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated

一遍又一遍的說著同樣的論據

and raised the grade.

經過30天的不眠之夜，她終於投降

She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."

並提高了成績

About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference

她說 人生太短，我不能在這件事上繼續下去

in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,

大約在同時，她要帶兩個學生參加一個領導力會議

and she was going to drive them in her car,

在拉勒米 大約數小時的路程

but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car

她本來要自己開車載他們

for liability reasons.

但學校說 不 你不能自己開車載他們

You have to go in a school bus."

因責任歸屬上的問題

So, they provided a bus that held 60 people

你必須坐校車去

and drove the three of them back and forth

所以學校提供可以坐60人的巴士

several hours to Laramie.

來接送他們三個人來往

Her husband is also a science teacher,

僅數小時車程的拉勒米

and he takes his biology class on a hike

他的先生也是一位科學教師

in the nearby national park.

他會帶他生物課的學生去爬山

But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year

在附近的國家公園

because one of the students in the class was disabled,

但今年他被告知他不能去

so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.

因為其中一位學生身障

At the end of this day I could have filled a book

所以其他25位學生也不能去爬山

just with stories about law

在結束後我幾乎可以寫滿一本書

from this one teacher.

只用和法律有關的故事

Now, we've been taught to believe that law

只從這一位教師身上

is the foundation of freedom.

我們被教導要相信法律

But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,

是自由的基礎

the land of the free has become a legal minefield.

但不知如何在過去幾十年間

It's really changed our lives in ways

自由的國度卻成為法律的地雷區

that are sort of imperceptible;

它真的改變了我們的生活

and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.

以有點不易察覺並逐漸的方式

It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a

不過，當你拉遠一點，卻常常可以看到

pediatrician friend

它改變了我們講話的方式

in North Carolina. He said,

我之前跟一位小兒科醫生朋友說話

"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.

在北卡羅萊納州，他說

You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff

“嗯，你知道我不再用同樣的方式處理病人了

that might be used against you."

你不會想說些隨性即興的話

This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.

這些話可能會被用來對付你

My own law firm has a list of questions

這是一個醫生，他的生活是要照顧別人

that I'm not allowed to ask

我自己的律師事務所有一整列的問題

when interviewing candidates,

是我不能問的

such as the sinister question,

當我面談應試者的時候

bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,

例如有一個邪惡的問題

"Where are you from?"

充滿了被隱藏的動機和影射

(Laughter)

“你是哪裡人？”

Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm

（眾笑）

that lawsuits are out of control.

這20年來，侵權改革者已拉響警報

And we read every once in while

官司失控的警報

about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy

我們偶爾會讀到

in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars

這些瘋狂的訴訟，像是有一個傢伙

because they lost his pair of pants.

在哥倫比亞特區誰起訴他的乾洗店 求償5400萬美元

The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.

因為乾洗店搞丟了他一條褲子

But the reality is, these crazy cases

案件已歷時兩年 我想他應該還在上訴中

are relatively rare. They don't usually win.

但現實情況是 這些瘋狂的案件

And the total of direct tort cost

相對上較少 他們通常也不會贏。

in this country is about two percent,

而侵權行為的直接總成本

which is twice as much as in other countries

在這個國家約佔百分之二

but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.

這是其他國家的兩倍

But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.

但是就稅收上看 幾乎不至跛足

What's happened here, again,

但是 直接成本實際上只是冰山的一角

almost without our knowing,

這裡所再一次發生

is our culture has changed.

幾乎在我們不知道的情況下

People no longer feel free

我們的文化改變了

to act on their best judgment.

人們不再感到可以自由的

So, what do we do about it?

以自己的最佳判斷採取行動

We certainly don't want to give up the rights,

所以，對於此點我們該做怎麼呢？

when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.

我們當然不希望放棄權利

We need regulation to make sure

當人們做錯事到法院尋求糾正的權利

people don't pollute and such.

我們需要規則來確保

We lack even a vocabulary to deal with

人不污染等

this problem,

我們甚至缺乏詞彙來處理

and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.

這一個問題

We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,

那是因為我們有錯誤的參照架構

every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.

我們一直在被訓練看待每一個糾紛

And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.

每一個問題，是一個關於個人的權利的事

Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances

所以我們透過法律的顯微鏡來看一切

that explain why Johnny

是否可能有情有可原的狀況

turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?

解釋為何約翰

Is it possible that the doctor

遲交他的作業 在科迪，懷俄明州？

might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?

是否可能醫生

And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.

可能會做一些不同的事 當病人病得更嚴重時

There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out

當然，後見之明的偏見是完美的

where it's possible that something could have been done differently.

總是會有不同的場景可以被描繪出來

And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,

在之中有可能事情可以用不同的方法被處理

hoping that we can judge any dispute

然而，我們一直在訓練瞇著眼睛從這個法律顯微鏡看進去

against the standard of a perfect society,

希望我們能夠對任何爭端做出判斷

where everyone will agree what's fair,

以一個完美社會的標準

and where accidents will be extinct,

這個標準中每個人都會同意什麼是公平的

risk will be no more.

意外將會滅絕

Of course, this is Utopia;

風險將不復存在

it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.

這當然是烏托邦

It's not the basis of the rule of law,

這個公式會導致癱瘓，不是自由

it's not the basis of a free society.

這不是法治的基礎

So, now I have the first of four propositions

它不是一個自由社會的基礎

I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:

所以，現在我有四個主張中的第一項

You've got to judge law mainly

我要留給各位的是關於你要如何簡化法律

by its effect on the broader society,

在判斷法律上 你必須主要以

not individual disputes.

其對廣泛社會的影響

Absolutely vital.

而不是個人的糾紛

So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second

絕對的重要

and look at our society from high above.

讓我們從小故事退後一下

Is it working?

從高處來看看我們的社會

What does the macro-data show us?

他是否正常的運作著呢？

Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:

宏觀數據告訴我們什麼？

a culture pervaded with defensiveness,

醫療系統被改造了

universal distrust of the system of justice,

一個瀰漫著防禦的文化

universal practice of defensive medicine.

對司法制度的普遍不信任

It's very hard to measure

普遍的實踐著防禦性的醫療

because there are mixed motives.

這是很難被衡量的

Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,

因為有混合的動機

and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.

醫生有時可以做更多的測試來賺更多

But reliable estimates

也甚至不再知道什麼是對什麼是錯

range between 60 billion and

但據可靠估計

200 billion dollars per year.

每年提高 600 億

That's enough to provide care to all the people

至 2000 億美元

in America who don't have it.

那足以提供照護給所有的美國人

The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear

這是我們沒有的

makes doctors practice better medicine."

審判律師說，“這種對法律的恐懼

Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine

能使醫生更好的行醫

and others. Turns out that's not the case.

這也被研究過，由醫學研究所等

The fear has chilled professional interaction

證明並非如此

so thousands of tragic errors occur

這種恐懼已經冰凍了專業的互動

because doctors are afraid

造成成千上萬的悲劇性錯誤

to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"

因為醫生不敢出聲

Because they're not sure,

說：“你確定這是正確的劑量嗎？”

and they don't want to take legal responsibility.

因為他們不確定

Let's go to schools.

也不想承擔法律責任

As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,

讓我們看看學校

she seems to be affected by the law.

正如我們所看到在懷俄明州的老師

Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.

她似乎受到法律的影響

You could have a separate section of a law library

事實證明學校是真的已被法律淹沒

around each of the following legal concepts:

你可以在法律圖書館裡各別分出一個單獨的部門

due process, special education,

關於以下每一個法律概念

no child left behind,

正當程序，特殊教育，

zero tolerance, work rules ...

沒有任何一個孩子落後

it goes on. We did a study

零容忍，工作規則

of all the rules that affect one school

它可以一直繼續下去。我們做了研究

in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.

關於所有會影響一所學校的規定

Tens of thousands of discreet rules,

在紐約地區。教育董事會完全不了解

60 steps to suspend a student from school:

成千上萬的謹慎的規則

It's a formula for paralysis.

讓學生休學的60個步驟

What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.

這是一個導致癱瘓的公式

Again, studies have shown

會有什麼影響呢？其中一個是秩序的下降

it's directly attributable

同樣，研究顯示

to the rise of due process.

它會直接導致

Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago

正式程序的增加

where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America

數年前公共議程為我們做了調查

say that they spend at least half of their time

他們發現在美國百分之四十三的高中教師

maintaining order in the classroom.

說他們至少花一半的時間

That means those students are getting half the learning

在課堂上維持秩序

they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class

這意味著這些學生只得到一半他們應有的學習

no one can learn.

因為如果一個孩子干擾課堂

And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?

沒有人能學習

They're threatened with a legal claim.

當老師試圖維護秩序又會如何呢？

We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers

他們受到法律要求的威脅

in America have been threatened by their students

我們還調查到 百分之七十八的美國初高中教師

with violating their rights, with lawsuits

曾被學生威脅

by their students. They are threatening, their students.

以侵犯權利的訴訟

It's not that they usually sue,

他們威脅到他們的學生。

it's not that they would win, but it's an

這並不是說他們通常真的會起訴

indication of the corrosion of authority.

這並不是說他們會贏 但它是

And how has this system of law worked for government?

權力被腐蝕的表徵

It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?

這樣的法律制度在政府是否可行呢？

Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.

它似乎沒有運作的太良好，不是嗎？

The other day at the State of the Union speech,

無論在山克拉門都還是在華盛頓

President Obama said,

日前在國情咨文演講中

and I think we could all agree with this goal,

奧巴馬總統說

"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,

我想我們都同意這樣的目標

our nation has always been the first to compete.

從第一條鐵路 到州際高速公路系統

There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."

我國一直都是第一個進入競爭的

Well, actually there is a reason:

沒理由歐洲或中國該有最快的列車

Environmental review has evolved into a process

嗯，其實是有一個原因

of no pebble left unturned

環境審查已經發展成為一種過程

for any major project taking the better part of a decade,

一種翻遍所有卵石（千方百計的意思，在此有暗喻破壞環境或過於細緻的隱喻）

then followed by years of litigation

10年來比較好的時日中任何的重大計畫

by anybody who doesn't like the project.

都接著多年的爭訟

Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,

由任何不喜歡這個計畫的人提出

people are acting like idiots,

然後，讓我們繼續留在地球上空停留一下

(Laughter)

人們表現的像白痴一樣

all across the country.

（眾笑）

(Applause)

全國各地

Idiots. A couple of years ago,

（掌聲）

Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.

像白痴一樣 幾年前

(Laughter)

佛羅里達州的布勞沃德縣禁止了於下課時間跑步

That means all the boys are going to be ADD.

（眾笑）

I mean it's just absolutely

這意味著所有的男孩都會得注意力缺失症

a formula for failure.

我的意思是，這絕對是

My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.

會失敗的公式

"Caution: Contents are hot,"

不過我最喜歡的，是所有的警告標籤

on billions of coffee cups.

注意，內容物是熱的

Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years

在數十億杯咖啡上

and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,

考古學家將在千年後把我們挖掘出來

but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."

他們不會知道防禦性的醫療體系這些東西

They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.

但他們將看到這些標籤，內容物非常熱

That's the only explanation. Because why

他們會認為這是一些種春藥

would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?

這是唯一的解釋。因為為什麼你需要告訴人們

My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.

熱的東西是熱的？（Hot 同時有很辣，很性感的意思）

I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.

我最喜歡的警告標示是一個長 5英寸（12.7cm）的魚餌

Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,

我在南部長大且用釣魚消磨夏季

with a three pronged hook in the back,

五英寸的魚餌，這是一個很大的魚餌

and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."

有三個分岔鉤在後面

(Laughter)

包裝寫著：“吞嚥有害”

So, none of these people

（眾笑）

are doing what they think is right.

因此，這些人沒有一個

And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?

在做他們認為是正確的