but I would like to juxtapose

我將要談論腐敗的問題，

two different things.

但是我想先將兩件不同的事情

One is the large global economy,

放在一起說說。

the large globalized economy,

其一是宏大的全球經濟，

and the other one is the small, and very limited,

全球化經濟，

capacity of our traditional governments

而另外一個則是渺小的而且非常受限的

and their international institutions

舊式政府

to govern, to shape, this economy.

以及其國際組織

Because there is this asymmetry,

對經濟的監控以及改造能力。

which creates, basically,

這種不對稱性的存在，

failing governance.

基本上導致了

Failing governance in many areas:

無能失策的政府。

in the area of corruption and the area of destruction of the environment,

政府的無能表現在很多方面，

in the area of exploitation of women and children,

例如腐敗以及環境的破壞，

in the area of climate change,

對婦女和兒童的剝削，

in all the areas in which we really need

以及氣候變化，等等。

a capacity to reintroduce

在所有的這些領域中，我們真的很需要

the primacy of politics

重新引介政府效能

into the economy,

在經濟活動中的

which is operating in a worldwide arena.

首要地位

And I think corruption,

達成一個世界級的合作。

and the fight against corruption,

而我認為腐敗

and the impact of corruption,

和針對腐敗的反擊

is probably one of the most interesting ways

以及腐敗的影響

to illustrate what I mean

也許是最有趣的方式

with this failure of governance.

來闡明我

Let me talk about my own experience.

對政府無能失策的看法。

I used to work as the director

我來談談我的經歷吧。

of the World Bank office in Nairobi

我曾經擔任

for East Africa.

世界銀行在奈洛比辦事處的總監

At that time, I noticed

服務區域是東非

that corruption, that grand corruption,

那時候我注意到

that systematic corruption,

腐敗，那種明目張膽的腐敗，

was undermining everything we were trying to do.

系統性的腐敗

And therefore, I began

不斷侵蝕著我們的努力成果。

to not only try to protect

所以，我開始

the work of the World Bank,

竭力維護

our own projects, our own programs

世界銀行的工作成果，

against corruption,

我們的項目，我們的各項企劃

but in general, I thought, "We need a system

防止它們受到腐敗的侵害

to protect the people

但總體而言，我認為，我們需要一種制度

in this part of the world

去保衛

from the ravages of corruption."

該地區的人民

And as soon as I started this work,

使他們免受腐敗的侵害。

I received a memorandum from the World Bank,

然而，一當我展開工作時，

from the legal department first,

我就收到了世界銀行法律部門

in which they said, "You are not allowed to do this.

的一封便函

You are meddling in the internal affairs of our partner countries.

函內寫道，你這樣做是不被允許的。

This is forbidden by the charter of the World Bank,

你這是在干預我們合作國家的內政。

so I want you to stop your doings."

這是世界銀行綱領所禁止的。

In the meantime, I was chairing

所以，我們要求你停止你的行動。

donor meetings, for instance,

在那段時期，我正在主持

in which the various donors,

捐贈者會議

and many of them like to be in Nairobi --

各類捐贈者都出席了會議

it is true, it is one of the

他們中的很多人喜歡待在奈洛比--

unsafest cities of the world,

的確，它是世界上

but they like to be there because the other cities

最不安全的城市之一，

are even less comfortable.

但是他們喜歡待在這裡，因為其他城市

And in these donor meetings, I noticed

讓人感覺更不舒服。

that many of the worst projects --

在這些捐贈者回憶中，我注意到，

which were put forward

很多最差的專案

by our clients, by the governments,

總是被

by promoters,

我們的顧客、政府、

many of them representing

贊助人

suppliers from the North --

他們其中很多人代表

that the worst projects

北方的供應商，

were realized first.

最先地

Let me give you an example:

啟動進行。

a huge power project,

讓我來給你們舉一個例子:

300 million dollars,

一個巨大的能源項目，

to be built smack into

價值30億，

one of the most vulnerable, and one of the most beautiful,

將在

areas of western Kenya.

世界上最脆弱、又最美麗的地域之一，

And we all noticed immediately

肯亞西部開始啟動。

that this project had no economic benefits:

我們都立刻發現，

It had no clients, nobody would buy the electricity there,

這個專案沒有經濟利益。

nobody was interested in irrigation projects.

他沒有消費者。沒人會從那裡購買電力。

To the contrary, we knew that this project

沒人對灌溉項目感興趣。

would destroy the environment:

相反地，我們知道這項工程

It would destroy riparian forests,

會摧毀環境，

which were the basis for

會毀掉河岸森林，

the survival of nomadic groups,

而這些正是

the Samburu and the Turkana in this area.

那個區域的遊牧部族，

So everybody knew this is a, not a useless project,

如Samburu和Tokana部族所賴以生存的。

this is an absolute damaging, a terrible project --

所以，每個人都知道這不僅是個沒用的項目，

not to speak about the future indebtedness of the country

更是個絕對毀滅性的、可怕的項目。

for these hundreds of millions of dollars,

且不說這個國家將來會因此負債累累，

and the siphoning off

虧欠億萬美元，

of the scarce resources of the economy

它還會貪婪地吞噬

from much more important activities

本來可以花在

like schools, like hospitals and so on.

如學校、醫院等更重要的活動上的

And yet, we all rejected this project,

稀少有限的資源。

none of the donors was willing

我們都駁回了這個項目。

to have their name connected with it,

沒有一個捐獻者願意

and it was the first project to be implemented.

讓自己的名字和這個項目扯上任何關係。

The good projects, which we as a donor community

但是這個項目是最先開始執行的。

would take under our wings,

好的項目，那些我們捐獻者群體

they took years, you know,

願意鼎力相助的項目，

you had too many studies,

卻被拖了一年又一年

and very often they didn't succeed.

你得做很多研究，

But these bad projects,

而且通常它們都不會成功。

which were absolutely damaging -- for the economy

但是這些差勁的項目卻總一帆風順，

for many generations, for the environment,

儘管它們我們的經濟有著絕對損害

for thousands of families who had to be resettled --

會影響到幾代人的環境，

they were suddenly put together

會讓成千上萬的家庭流離失所。

by consortia of banks,

這些項目很突然地成型

of supplier agencies,

幫助它們的是銀行的聯合體、

of insurance agencies --

支持供應商的社團

like in Germany, Hermes, and so on --

和保險公司。

and they came back very, very quickly,

像在德國，愛馬仕公司等等就是背後的推手。

driven by an unholy alliance

它們很快很快地捲土重來

between the powerful elites

背後的驅動力是

in the countries there

國家裡

and the suppliers from the North.

強大精英間的不正義的同盟

Now, these suppliers

以及北方的供應商。

were our big companies.

現在，這些供應商

They were the actors of this global market,

是我們的大公司。

which I mentioned in the beginning.

他們是這全球市場的活躍角色，

They were the Siemenses of this world,

正如我在演講之初所指出的一樣。

coming from France, from the UK, from Japan,

它們是世界上那些像西門子一樣強大的公司，

from Canada, from Germany,

來自法國、英國、日本、

and they were systematically driven

加拿大、德國，

by systematic, large-scale corruption.

它們被有體系的、大型的腐敗

We are not talking about

有規則地驅動前進。

50,000 dollars here,

我們不是在討論

or 100,000 dollars there, or one million dollars there.

五萬美元的腐敗，

No, we are talking about 10 million, 20 million dollars

也不是十萬，或一百萬。

on the Swiss bank accounts,

我們在討論的，是一千萬、兩千萬美元，

on the bank accounts of Liechtenstein,

它們以賄款的形勢出現在瑞士的帳號上、

of the president's ministers,

列支敦士登的銀行帳戶裡，

the high officials in the para-statal sectors.

那些帳戶屬於總統的部長、

This was the reality which I saw,

半國營部門的高級官員。

and not only one project like that:

這就是我看到的現實，

I saw, I would say,

而且這樣的情況不是個例

over the years I worked in Africa,

我敢說我在

I saw hundreds of projects like this.

我在非洲工作的這些年裡

And so, I became convinced

看見過成百上千個這樣的項目。

that it is this systematic corruption

因此，我相信

which is perverting economic policy-making in these countries,

這種系統性的腐敗

which is the main reason

正在使這些國家的經濟政策走向歧途，

for the misery, for the poverty,

也正是這種腐敗將這些國家推進

for the conflicts, for the violence,

苦難、貧窮、

for the desperation

衝突、暴力、

in many of these countries.

絕望

That we have today

的深淵。

more than a billion people below the absolute poverty line,

現今，我們有

that we have more than a billion people

超過十億的人處在絕對貧窮線以下

without proper drinking water in the world,

我們有超過十億人

twice that number,

沒有合理處理過的清水可以飲用

more than two billion people

更有兩倍那麼多的人，

without sanitation and so on,

超過二十億的人

and the consequent illnesses

沒有衛生設備等等，

of mothers and children,

因此女人和孩子

still, child mortality of more than

經常受到疾病侵襲

10 million people every year,

直至今日，每年還有

children dying before they are five years old:

超過千萬的兒童

The cause of this is, to a large extent,

在五歲前死亡。

grand corruption.

追根溯源，這些問題在很大程度上

Now, why did the World Bank

是因為規模龐大的腐敗。

not let me do this work?

那麼，為什麼世界銀行

I found out afterwards,

不讓我對此作出反應呢？

after I left, under a big fight, the World Bank.

我在一次與世界銀行的大爭執後，離開此機構

The reason was that the members of the World Bank

後來我才搞明白:

thought that foreign bribery was okay,

原因是，世界銀行的成員國

including Germany.

覺得對外賄賂是沒問題的，

In Germany, foreign bribery was allowed.

比如德國就這麼認為。

It was even tax-deductible.

在德國，對外行賄是被允許的。

No wonder that most of the most important

它甚至是可免稅的。

international operators in Germany,

難怪絕大多數德國、

but also in France and the UK

法國、英國、斯堪地那維亞，

and Scandinavia, everywhere, systematically bribed.

所有地方大多數最重要的跨國企業

Not all of them, but most of them.

都有系統地進行著賄賂

And this is the phenomenon

我不是說所有的，但是絕大多數的公司對此都不能問心無愧。

which I call failing governance,

我把這樣一個現象

because when I then came to Germany

稱作治理失敗

and started this little NGO

當我來到德國

here in Berlin, at the Villa Borsig,

成立了這個小小的非政府組織

we were told, "You cannot stop

在柏林，在Villa Borsig，

our German exporters from bribing,

我們被告知，我們不能阻止

because we will lose our contracts.

德國出口商行賄，

We will lose to the French,

因為我們德國會因此失去合約。

we will lose to the Swedes, we'll lose to the Japanese."

我們會輸給法國人、

And therefore, there was a indeed a prisoner's dilemma,

瑞士人、日本人，

which made it very difficult

因此，這就形成了一個“囚徒困境”

for an individual company,

這樣一來，

an individual exporting country

單獨的公司，

to say, "We are not going to

或者出口國

continue this deadly, disastrous

就很難說，我們將不再

habit of large companies to bribe."

繼續這種災難性的

So this is what I mean

行賄習慣了。

with a failing governance structure,

這就是我所知的

because even the powerful government,

失能的政府結構

which we have in Germany, comparatively,

因為即使是強大的政府，

was not able to say,

如相對強大的德國政府，

"We will not allow our companies to bribe abroad."

也不能夠說，

They needed help,

我們將不允許我們的公司在海外行賄。

and the large companies themselves

它們需要幫助

have this dilemma.

而且這些大公司本身

Many of them didn't want to bribe.

也身處這種兩難的境地。

Many of the German companies, for instance,

其中很多公司並不想行賄。

believe that they are really

比如，很多德國公司

producing a high-quality product

相信它們確實是

at a good price, so they are very competitive.

能夠製造出物美價廉、

They are not as good at bribing

有競爭力的產品。

as many of their international competitors are,

它們不如其他國際競爭者

but they were not allowed

善於行賄之術，

to show their strengths,

但是它們沒有機會

because the world was eaten up

展現自己的長處

by grand corruption.

因為這個世界

And this is why I'm telling you this:

正在被大規模的腐敗侵蝕。

Civil society rose to the occasion.

我想說的是，隨著政府的失能，

We had this small NGO,

公民社會組織就應站出來。

Transparency International.

我們有一個小型的非政府組織，

They began to think of

「透明國際」(Transparency International)

an escape route from this prisoner's dilemma,

我們開始設想

and we developed concepts

一條從“囚徒困境”裡的逃生之路，

of collective action,

我們也開始闡揚

basically trying to bring various competitors

集體行動的概念，

together around the table,

即嘗試將不同的競爭者

explaining to all of them

集合到談判桌前，

how much it would be in their interests

向他們解釋

if they simultaneously would stop bribing,

如果他們同時停止行賄

and to make a long story short,

是對他們多麼有好處。

we managed to eventually

長話短說，

get Germany to sign

我們最終得以

together with the other OECD countries

使德國和

and a few other exporters.

其他經濟合作發展組織的成員國

In 1997, a convention,

以及一些其他的出口國

under the auspices of the OECD,

在1997年的一場會議上

which obliged everybody

在經濟合作發展組織的贊助支援下，

to change their laws

使所有參與者

and criminalize foreign bribery.

改變法律

(Applause)

使國際行賄犯罪化。

Well, thank you. I mean, it's interesting,

（觀眾掌聲）

in doing this,

謝謝大家，我覺得這蠻有趣的，

we had to sit together with the companies.

做這件事的時候，

We had here in Berlin, at the Aspen Institute on the Wannsee,

我們必須跟這些公司坐在一起。

we had sessions with about

我們在柏林的山楊協會

20 captains of industry,

和20個企業大首腦

and we discussed with them

開了幾次會，

what to do about international bribery.

我們和他們討論了

In the first session -- we had three sessions

如何應對國際行賄的問題。

over the course of two years.

我們一共有三個跨時兩年的會議

And President von Weizsäcker, by the way,

在第一個會議裡

chaired one of the sessions, the first one,

一個來自馮·魏茨澤克的主席

to take the fear away

主持了第一個會議

from the entrepreneurs,

以消除企業家們

who were not used to deal

的恐懼

with non-governmental organizations.

因為他們不習慣與

And in the first session, they all said,

非政府組織打交道。

"This is not bribery, what we are doing." This is customary there.

在第一個會議裡，他們都說，

This is what these other cultures demand.

他們做的不是行賄。那是個習俗。

They even applaud it.

那是其他的文化所要求的。

In fact, [unclear]

他們甚至贊許這種行為。

still says this today.

事實上，有人

And so there are still a lot of people

到如今還堅持這樣的觀點。

who are not convinced that you have to stop bribing.

並且還有很多人

But in the second session,

不相信別人已經停止了行賄。

they admitted already that they would never do this,

但是在第二次會議裡，

what they are doing in these other countries,

他們已經承認他們再也不會這樣做了，

here in Germany, or in the U.K., and so on.

不會再做這些發生在其他國家，

Cabinet ministers would admit this.

如德國、英國等等的事了。

And in the final session, at the Aspen Institute,