made me to make a big career change

我對貪腐的憤怒

last year, becoming a full-time practicing lawyer.

促使我在去年轉換跑道，

My experiences over the last 18 months,

成為一名全職的執業律師。

as a lawyer, has seeded in me

過去18個月的律師經驗

a new entrepreneurial idea,

使我產生了

which I believe is indeed

新的創業想法，

worth spreading.

我相信這個想法

So, I share it with all of you here today,

一定很值得傳播。

though the idea itself is getting crystallized

所以，我今天在這裡和你們分享這個想法，

and I'm still writing up the business plan.

雖然這個想法才在成形，

Of course it helps that fear of public failure

而且我還在寫營運企劃書。

diminishes as the number of ideas

當然，隨著愈來愈多的

which have failed increases.

失敗的點子，

I've been a huge fan of enterprise and entrepreneurship

我也比較不怕在大家面前出糗。

since 1993.

從1993年以來，我一直熱衷於

I've explored, experienced,

企業與創業。

and experimented enterprise

我已盡情地

and capitalism to my heart's content.

探索、體驗、實驗

I built, along with my two brothers,

創業和資本主義。

the leading real estate company in my home state, Kerala,

我和我的兩個兄弟一起

and then worked professionally

在我的家鄉喀拉拉創立了首屈一指的房地產公司。

with two of India's biggest businessmen,

接著我以專業的身分

but in their startup enterprises.

和兩位印度的商業鉅子一同工作，

In 2003, when I stepped out of the pure play capitalistic sector

不過是在他們事業的草創時期。

to work on so-called social sector issues,

2003年，我離開純資本主義部門

I definitely did not have any grand strategy

到所謂的社會部門工作時，

or plan to pursue and find

我完全沒有任何遠大的策略或計畫

for-profit solutions

要追求和尋找

to addressing pressing public issues.

可營利的方式

When life brought about a series

來解決迫切的公共議題，

of death and near-death experiences

直到一連串

within my close circle,

死亡與瀕死經驗

which highlighted the need

出現在我周遭。

for an emergency medical response service in India,

這些經驗突顯了

similar to 911 in USA.

印度對緊急醫療服務的需求，

To address this, I, along with four friends,

也就是類似美國的911系統。

founded Ambulance Access for All,

為了解決此需求，我和四名友人

to promote life-support ambulance services in India.

成立了「全民救護車服務」，

For those from the developing world,

希望改善印度救命的救護車服務。

there is nothing, absolutely nothing new in this idea.

對開發中國家來說，

But as we envisioned it,

這個想法一點都不新。

we had three key goals:

但根據我們的展望，

Providing world-class life support ambulance service

我們有三大目標：

which is fully self-sustainable from its own revenue streams,

提供世界級的救護車服務、

and universally accessible

其運作完全仰賴自身獨立的收入來源、

to anyone in a medical emergency,

任何遭遇緊急事故的人

irrespective of the capability to pay.

都可使用，

The service which grew out of this,

不論病患是否負擔得起。

Dial 1298 for Ambulance,

這個服務從

with one ambulance in 2004,

「1298救護專線」開始，

now has a hundred-plus ambulances in three states,

2004年時只有一輛救護車，

and has transported over 100,000 patients

現在已經在印度三個邦擁有一百多輛救護車，

and victims since inception.

自運行以來，累計載運的傷患

The service is -- (Applause)

超過了十萬人。

fully self-sustainable from its own revenues,

這個服務的運作...(掌聲)

without accessing any public funds,

完全仰賴自身的營收，

and the cross-subsidy model actually works,

不需任何公共資金，

where the rich pays higher, poor pays lower,

交叉補貼的模式確實行得通，

and the accident victim is getting the service free of charge.

也就是富人收費較高，窮人收費較低，

The service responded effectively

意外事故的受害者則免費。

and efficiently,

在不幸的1126孟買恐怖攻擊

during the unfortunate

發生時，

26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.

此服務做了

And as you can see from the visuals,

迅速有效的回應。

the service was responding and rescuing

你們可以看到畫面，

victims from the incident locations

我們的救護服務正在事故現場

even before the police could cordon off

援助受害者，

the incident locations

這時候警方甚至還未

and formally confirm it as a terror strike.

封鎖現場，

We ended up being the first medical response team

也還未正式確認此為恐怖攻擊。

in every incident location

結果我們在每一個事故現場

and transported 125 victims,

都是第一個到達的醫療團隊，

saving life.

運送了125名傷患，

(Applause)

拯救生命。

In tribute and remembrance

(掌聲)

of 26/11 attacks

為了紀念

over the last one year,

1126攻擊事件，

we have actually helped a Pakistani NGO,

過去一年，

Aman Foundation,

我們幫一個巴基斯坦非政府組織－－

to set up a self-sustainable life support ambulance service

阿曼基金會，

in Karachi, facilitated by Acumen Fund.

在聰明人基金的贊助下，於喀拉蚩

(Applause)

成立一個獨立營運的救護車服務。

It's a small message from us,

(掌聲)

in our own small way

用我們微薄的力量，

to the enemies of humanity,

我們想要傳達一個小小的訊息給

of Islam, of South Asia,

那些泯滅人性，

of India, and of Pakistan,

和伊斯蘭、南亞、

that humanity will continue to bloom,

印度，以及巴基斯坦為敵的人，

irrespective of such dastardly attacks.

人道主義不會因為那些拙劣的手段

Since then I've also co-founded two other social enterprises.

就停止發光發熱。

One is Education Access for All,

從那時起，我也和他人共同創辦了兩個社會企業。

setting up schools in small-town India.

其中之一是「全民教育」，

And the other is Moksha-Yug Access,

在印度的偏遠城鎮廣設學校。

which is integrating rural supply chain

另一個是「實現莫克夏」，

on the foundations of self-help group-based microfinance.

以自助團體組成的微型金融為基礎，

I guess we seem to be doing at least a few things right.

整合鄉村的供給鏈。

Because diligent investors and venture funds

我想我們至少做對了幾件事，

have committed over 7.5 million dollars in funding.

因為盡責的投資人和創投基金

With the significance being these funds have come in

已經挹注了750萬美元以上的資金。

as a QT capital, not as grant or as philanthropy.

重要性在於，這些基金都是

Now I come back to the idea of the new social enterprise

合格交易的資金，而非慈善捐款。

that I'm exploring.

回到我目前正在探索的那個

Corruption, bribes, and lack of transparency.

新社會企業－－

You may be surprised to know

貪腐、賄賂、與黑箱作業。

that eight speakers yesterday

你們可能不知道，

actually mentioned these terms in their talks.

事實上，昨天有八位講者

Bribes and corruption have both a demand and a supply side,

在演講中提到了這些詞。

with the supply side being mostly of

賄賂和貪腐都擁有供需兩面。

greedy corporate unethical businesses

供給面大部分是

and hapless common man.

貪婪的公司、不道德的企業，

And the demand side being mostly politicians,

以及遭遇不幸的一般人。

bureaucrats and those who have discretionary power

需求面則多為政客、

vested with them.

官僚，以及有權力任意行事

According to World Bank estimate,

的人。

one trillion dollars is paid in bribes

根據世界銀行的估計，

every year, worsening the condition

每年賄賂的總額約為一兆美元，

of the already worse off.

這讓原本就很糟的情況

Yet, if you analyze the common man,

雪上加霜。

he or she does not wake up every day and say,

然而，你若分析一般人的情況會發現，

"Hmm, let me see who I can pay a bribe to today."

一般百姓不會每天醒來說：

or, "Let me see who I can corrupt today."

「嗯，我來想想今天該賄賂誰。」

Often it is the constraining or the back-to-the-wall situation

或是，「我來想想今天要收買誰。」

that the hapless common man finds himself or herself in

通常是因為迫於現實或陷入絕境，

that leads him to pay a bribe.

不幸的平民百姓

In the modern day world, where time is premium

才會行賄。

and battle for subsistence is unimaginably tough,

現代社會，時間就是金錢，

the hapless common man

生存非常困難，

simply gives in and pays the bribe just to get on with life.

以至於遭遇不幸的百姓

Now, let me ask you another question.

只能屈服於現實，為了生計而行賄。

Imagine you are being asked to pay a bribe

現在，我要問你們另一個問題。

in your day-to-day life to get something done.

想像在你的日常生活中，要辦成某些事

What do you do? Of course you can call the police.

必須用錢買通。

But what is the use if the police department is in itself steeped in corruption?

你該怎麼辦？當然你可以報警，

Most definitely you don't want to pay the bribe.

但如果警局本身已經充斥著貪腐，報警又有什麼用呢？

But you also don't have the time, resources,

你絕對不想行賄，

expertise or wherewithal to fight this.

但你也沒有時間、資源、

Unfortunately, many of us in this room

專業知識、或足夠的資金來對抗此惡習。

are supporters of capitalist policies and market forces.

遺憾的是，在座的各位很多人是

Yet the market forces around the world

資本主義政策與市場力量的支持者。

have not yet thrown up a service where you can call in,

但全世界的市場力量

pay a fee, and fight the demand for a bribe.

卻還沒能產生一個服務，讓你可以打電話進去、

Like a bribe buster service,

付費，來對抗賄賂的需求面。

or 1-800-Fight-Bribes,

像是反貪腐服務、

or www.stopbribes.org or

反貪腐協會、

www.preventcorruption.org.

www.stopbribes.org,

Such a service simply do not exist.

或是www.preventcorruption.org,

One image that has haunted me

這樣的服務就是沒有。

from my early business days

在我事業起步初期，

is of a grandmother, 70 plus years, being harassed

有一個畫面一直在我腦海揮之不去，

by the bureaucrats in the town planning office.

一名七十多歲的老婦人

All she needed was permission to build three steps

被都市發展處的官僚刁難。

to her house, from ground level,

老婦人只是要申請許可，好從地面

making it easier for her to enter and exit her house.

建造三級階梯到她的房子，

Yet the officer in charge would not simply give her the permit

這樣她比較方便進出。

for want of a bribe.

但是，負責接洽的公務員就是不給她許可，

Even though it pricked my conscience then,

因為沒有賄金。

I could not, or rather I did not

雖然當時我備受良心的譴責，

tend to her or assist her,

但是我不能，或者說我沒有

because I was busy building my real estate company.

去關心或幫助她，

I don't want to be haunted by such images any more.

因為我正忙著成立我的房地產公司。

A group of us have been working on a pilot basis

我不想再被這樣的畫面困擾。

to address individual instances of demands

我們有一群人已經開始試辦，

for bribes for common services or entitlement.

在公共服務和人民應得的權利方面

And in all 42 cases where we have pushed back such demands

解決收賄的個案。

using existing and legitimate tools

在42件我們所解決的個案中，

like the Right to Information Act,

我們利用現有合法的手段，

video, audio, or peer pressure,

像是《資訊權利法》、

we have successfully obtained whatever our clients

錄影、錄音，或同儕壓力，

set out to achieve without actually paying a bribe.

已經成功達到客戶設定的任何目標，

And with the cost of these tools being substantially lower

而沒有付出任何賄金。

than the bribe demanded.

使用這些方法的費用

I believe that these tools that worked in these 42 pilot cases

遠低於賄賂所需。

can be consolidated in standard processes

我相信這42個試辦個案所使用的方法

in a BPO kind of environment,

可以結合成類似商業流程委外（BPO）中的

and made available on web, call-center

標準作業程序，

and franchise physical offices,

透過網路、客服中心，

for a fee, to serve anyone confronted with a demand for a bribe.

以及特許經營的實體企業就可付費使用，

The target market is as tempting as it can get.

服務任何被迫行賄的人。

It can be worth up to one trillion dollars,

這個目標市場相當吸引人。

being paid in bribes every year,

每年花在賄賂的金額

or equal to India's GDP.

高達一兆美元，

And it is an absolutely virgin market.

相當於印度的國內生產毛額。

I propose to explore this idea further,

而且這個市場完全未被開發。

to examine the potential of creating

我打算進一步拓展我的計畫，

a for-profit, fee-based BPO

證明創造一個營利、付費的，

kind of service to stop bribes

類似商業流程委外的服務，

and prevent corruption.

來終止賄賂、杜絕貪腐

I do realize that the fight for justice

並不是痴人說夢。

against corruption is never easy.

我知道為了正義打擊貪腐

It never has been and it never will be.

絕對不簡單，

In my last 18 months as a lawyer,

從過去到未來都是如此。

battling small- and large-scale corruption,

在我擔任律師的18個月中，

including the one perpetrated by India's biggest corporate scamster.

曾和大大小小的賄賂案奮戰過，

Through his charities

包括印度最大的企業弊案主使人

I have had three police cases filed against me

利用其公益事業涉貪的案子。

alleging trespass, impersonation and intimidation.

我曾經被三件案子纏身，

The battle against corruption

控告我侵害、冒充和恐嚇罪。

exacts a toll on ourselves,

我們、我們的家人、

our families, our friends, and even our kids.

朋友，甚至孩子

Yet I believe the price we pay is well worth holding on

必須為打擊貪腐付出代價。

to our dignity and making the world a fairer place.

但我相信，為了我們的尊嚴以及世界的公平，

What gives us the courage?

我們付出的代價非常值得。

As my close friend replied, when told

我們的勇氣從哪來？

during the seeding days of the ambulance project

如同我的摯友在救護車計劃起步時，

that it is an impossible task

回答別人時所說的，

and the founders are insane to chalk up their blue-chip jobs,

當有人說救護車計劃是天方夜譚，

I quote: "Of course we cannot fail in this,

創辦人根本是頭殼壞去才會放棄他們的夢幻工作，

at least in our own minds.

我朋友回答：「我們不會失敗，

For we are insane people,

至少在我們的心中我們不會失敗。

trying to do an impossible task.

因為我們是一群

And an insane person does not know what an impossible task is." Thank you.

試著完成不可能任務的瘋子，

(Applause)

而瘋子不知道什麼叫做不可能的任務。」謝謝。

Chris Anderson: Shaffi, that is a really exciting business idea.

（掌聲）

Shaffi Mather: I just have to get through the initial days where I don't get eliminated.

夏非，這個計劃讓人非常興奮。

(Laughter)

我只要渡過起步的這段時間沒被幹掉就好了。

CA: What's on your mind?

（笑聲）

I mean, give us a sense of the numbers here --

你有什麼想法？

a typical bribe and a typical fee. I mean, what's in your head?

我是說，可不可以給我們一點數字概念－－

SM: So let me ... Let me give you an example.

像是一般的賄賂和你們的收費各是多少。你有什麼想法？

Somebody who had applied for the passport.

我舉個例子好了，

The officer was just sitting on it

某人去申請護照，

and was demanding around 3,000 rupees in bribes.

辦事員兩手一攤，

And he did not want to pay.

要求三千盧比上下的賄金，

So we actually used the Right to Information Act,

而某人並不想付這筆錢。

which is equal to the Freedom of Information Act in the United States,

所以我們採用《資訊權利法》，

and pushed back the officers in this particular case.

類似美國的《資訊自由法》，

And in all these 42 cases,

迫使辦事員讓步。

when we kept pushing them back,

在42個案例中，

there was three kinds of reaction.

我們的反制行動

A set of people actually say,

通常會遭遇三種反應。

"Oh, let me just grant it to them, and run away from it."

有些人會說：

Some people actually come back and say,

「噢，他們要什麼我就給什麼吧，我不想惹事。」

"Oh, you want to screw me. Let me show you what I can do."

有些人則會反過來對我們說：

And he will push us back.

「想找我麻煩是吧！我讓你們吃不完兜著走。」

So you take the next step, or use the next tool available

然後做出反擊。

in what we are putting together,

這時我們就得採取下一步，

and then he relents.

或用其他我們想得到的辦法，

By the third time, in all 42 cases, we have achieved success.

對方接著就會讓步。

CA: But if it's a 3,000-rupee, 70-dollar bribe,

42個案子全部都到第三次就成功。

what fee would you have to charge,

如果說賄金是三千盧比，也就是七十美元，

and can you actually make the business work?

你們要收費多少，

SM: Well, actually the cost that we incurred

這門生意才做得起來呢？

was less than 200 rupees.

我們的收費

So, it actually works.

實際上低於兩百盧比。

CA: That's a high gross margin business. I like it.

所以，的確是行得通。

(Laughter)

利潤很高啊！我喜歡。

SM: I actually did not want to answer this on the TED stage.

（笑聲）