the overwhelming complexity

去年在TED 我們主要試著去釐清

and richness that we experience at the conference

在研討會中我們所獲得的

in a project called Big Viz.

那麼龐雜,豐富的資訊

And the Big Viz is a collection of 650 sketches

這個計畫就叫做Big Viz

that were made by two visual artists.

而Big Viz 收集了650件草圖

David Sibbet from The Grove,

這些全是由二位藝術家所完成

and Kevin Richards, from Autodesk,

The Grove的大衛西貝特

made 650 sketches that strive to capture

以及Autodesk的凱文理查

the essence of each presenter's ideas.

所完成的650件草圖，設法掌握到

And the consensus was: it really worked.

每位演講者想法的本質

These sketches brought to life the key ideas,

而大家一致認為，真的成功了

the portraits, the magic moments

這些草圖生動地呈現出關鍵的想法

that we all experienced last year.

我們去年所接觸到的人物

This year we were thinking, "Why does it work?"

以及我們所渡過的動人的時刻

What is it about animation,

今年我們則在思考: 這為什麼會成功？

graphics, illustrations, that create meaning?

究竟是動畫

And this is an important question to ask and answer

圖像?還是插畫?創造了意義?

because the more we understand how the brain creates meaning,

這會是一個重要的問題要回答的

the better we can communicate,

因為我們愈了解大腦是如何創造意義的

and, I also think, the better we can think and collaborate together.

我們就愈能有效溝通

So this year we're going to visualize how

而我也認為, 也就愈能思考與合作得更好

the brain visualizes.

因此今年我們要看看

Cognitive psychologists now tell us that the brain

大腦如何呈現視覺

doesn't actually see the world as it is,

認知心理學家告訴我們

but instead, creates a series of mental models

大腦並不是真的看見這個世界的樣子

through a collection of "Ah-ha moments,"

而是創造一連串的心智模式

or moments of discovery, through various processes.

透過許多頓悟、發現的瞬間所組成

The processing, of course, begins with the eyes.

或透過各式各樣的過程

Light enters, hits the back of the retina, and is circulated,

這些過程，當然是從眼睛開始的

most of which is streamed to the very back of the brain,

光線進到視網膜後面，然後被傳遞

at the primary visual cortex.

大部分會進到大腦的最後面

And primary visual cortex sees just simple geometry,

進到主要視覺皮質區

just the simplest of shapes.

而主要視覺皮質只會看見簡單的幾何圖形

But it also acts like a kind of relay station

屬於最簡單的形狀

that re-radiates and redirects information

但它也像是個轉運站在運作

to many other parts of the brain.

重新發射和重新定向訊號

As many as 30 other parts that selectively make more sense,

到大腦的其他部分

create more meaning through the kind of "Ah-ha" experiences.

大腦的其他三十幾個部分則選擇性地產生更多知覺

We're only going to talk about three of them.

透過頓悟的經驗創造出意義

So the first one is called the ventral stream.

我們現在只要談其中的三個

It's on this side of the brain.

首先是腹側流

And this is the part of the brain that will recognize what something is.

它位在大腦的側邊

It's the "what" detector.

是大腦辨識東西的部位

Look at a hand. Look at a remote control. Chair. Book.

它是一個"這是什麼"偵測器

So that's the part of the brain that is activated

看一下手，看一看遙控器、椅子、書

when you give a word to something.

所以這是大腦活躍的部分

A second part of the brain is called the dorsal stream.

能說出物體的正確名稱

And what it does is locates the object

大腦的第二個部份叫做背側流

in physical body space.

而它主要幫物體定位

So if you look around the stage here

在實體空間中

you'll create a kind of mental map of the stage.

所以當你看看舞台四周

And if you closed your eyes you'd be able to mentally navigate it.

你就會創造一個舞台的心智地圖

You'd be activating the dorsal stream if you did that.

如果閉上眼睛，你也能夠用心智走動

The third part that I'd like to talk about

這是你正在活用你的背側流

is the limbic system.

第三個我想要講的部分

And this is deep inside of the brain. It's very old, evolutionarily.

是邊緣系統

And it's the part that feels.

位於大腦的深層部位，在進化上它是非常古老的

It's the kind of gut center, where you see an image

屬於感覺的部分

and you go, "Oh! I have a strong

它算是一種直覺中心，你看見了影像

or emotional reaction to whatever I'm seeing."

會覺得: 喔! 對於這個東西

So the combination of these processing centers

我有種強烈、情緒性的感受

help us make meaning in very different ways.

所以結合這些程序中心

So what can we learn about this? How can we apply this insight?

幫助我們用不同方式產生意義

Well, again, the schematic view

所以我們從這學到什麼? 可以怎麼用這些洞察?

is that the eye visually interrogates what we look at.

再一次的，用草圖表示

The brain processes this in parallel, the figments of information

眼睛會問我們在看什麼

asking a whole bunch of questions

大腦則同步處理這些虛構的訊息

to create a unified mental model.

藉由提出一連串的問題

So, for example, when you look at this image

創造出統一的心智模式

a good graphic invites the eye to dart around,

舉個例子，當你看著這個影像

to selectively create a visual logic.

一個好圖會讓你的眼睛停留在四周

So the act of engaging, and looking at the image creates the meaning.

而選擇性地創造了視覺邏輯

It's the selective logic.

所以透過行動及影像觀看創造了意義

Now we've augmented this and spatialized this information.

這是選擇性邏輯

Many of you may remember the magic wall that we built

現在我們已經詳細說明這個資訊

in conjunction with Perceptive Pixel

你們很多人應該還記得我們所建造的神奇之牆

where we quite literally create an infinite wall.

連結了感知像素

And so we can compare and contrast the big ideas.

這我們確實是創造了一個無限之牆

So the act of engaging and creating interactive imagery

因此我們可以比較並對照這個大想法

enriches meaning.

透過參與行動與建立交互影像

It activates a different part of the brain.

能夠豐富意義

And then the limbic system

它讓大腦的不同部位活躍起來

is activated when we see motion, when we see color,

邊緣系統的活躍

and there are primary shapes and pattern detectors

在我們看見動作、看見顏色的時候

that we've heard about before.

那裡有主要形狀及圖樣的偵測器

So the point of this is what?

這我們其實已經知道的

We make meaning by seeing,

所以到底重點是什麼?

by an act of visual interrogation.

我們透過視覺診斷

The lessons for us are three-fold.

來製造意義

First, use images to clarify what we're trying to communicate.

這堂課對我們有三個面向

Secondly make those images interactive

首先，用影像來釐清我們設法要傳達的東西

so that we engage much more fully.

第二，讓這些影像有互動

And the third is to augment memory

因此我們能夠更投入

by creating a visual persistence.

第三，藉由讓視覺持續

These are techniques that can be used to be --

來強化記憶

that can be applied in a wide range of problem solving.

這些技術可以用來

So the low-tech version looks like this.

應用在廣泛的問題解決

And, by the way, this is the way in which

而低階的版本看起來就像這樣

we develop and formulate

另外，這就是我們Autodesk

strategy within Autodesk,

用來發展與規劃

in some of our organizations and some of our divisions.

的策略

What we literally do is have the teams

在我們的一些組織和部門

draw out the entire strategic plan

我們真正做的只是讓團隊

on one giant wall.

在一個巨大的牆上

And it's very powerful because everyone gets to see everything else.

畫出整個策略計畫

There's always a room, always a place

這相當的強而有力，因為每個人都能看到別人的

to be able to make sense of all of the components

那兒總是會有空間、總有位子

in the strategic plan.

能夠讓所有的組件在這個策略計畫中

This is a time-lapse view of it.

都產生意義

You can ask the question, "Who's the boss?"

這是一個時間快轉的景像

You'll be able to figure that out. (Laughter)

你可以提出這樣的問題: 到底誰是老闆？

So the act of collectively and collaboratively

而你將可以看得出來

building the image

所以共同合作的行動

transforms the collaboration.

建立起影像

No Powerpoint is used in two days.

進而形成協同運作

But instead the entire team

這二天，沒有使用簡報軟體

creates a shared mental model

取而代之的是，整個團隊

that they can all agree on and move forward on.

創造了共享的心智模式

And this can be enhanced and augmented with

他們所有人都能認同及前進

some emerging digital technology.

這能夠強化、擴大

And this is our great unveiling for today.

一些發展中的數位科技

And this is an emerging set of technologies

這就是今天的揭示

that use large-screen displays

這是一個新興的科技組合

with intelligent calculation in the background

使用大型螢幕展示

to make the invisible visible.

並有智慧型電腦在背後

Here what we can do is look at sustainability, quite literally.

讓看不見的東西視覺化

So a team can actually look at

這裡我們能做的是持續看著

all the key components that heat the structure

一個團隊能夠真正看到

and make choices and then see the end result

所有的組成結構的關鍵

that is visualized on this screen.

並做出決定，在這個螢幕上

So making images meaningful has three components.

看見最後成果

The first again, is making ideas clear by visualizing them.

讓影像產生意義有三個部分

Secondly, making them interactive.

第一，藉由視覺化讓想法清楚呈現

And then thirdly, making them persistent.

第二，讓它們互動

And I believe that these three principles

第三，讓他們持續

can be applied to solving some of the very tough problems

我相信這三個原則

that we face in the world today. Thanks so much.

能夠應用在解決我們所面對的

(Applause)

艱難問題上。謝謝大家