and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.

我想要對大家的世界觀做一點點改變

And so, I have my first slide to talk about

也帶你看看自然的設計

the dawning of the universe and what I call

由此, 第一頁 是為了說明

the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at

我所謂的 宇宙的曙光

the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,

宇宙學的偵查現場 也就是 觀察

and then following it up and trying to understand it.

創世後的物體 來推論宇宙之生成與發展

And so one of the questions that I asked you is,

跟隨現象 再試圖了解

when you look around, what do you see?

所以 第一個想問的問題就是

Well, you see this space that's created by designers

你的四週 你看到什麼?

and by the work of people, but what you actually see

你可能見到這個充滿設計的空間

is a lot of material that was already here,

都是人工作成 但你真的見到的是

being reshaped in a certain form.

都是早就存在的物質

And so the question is: how did that material get here?

只不過是被重組成不同型態

How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?

所以問題是 這些物質是哪來的?

It's a question of what's the continuity?

這些物質的前身 又是如何呢?

So one of the things I look at is,

這就是什麼是連續性?

how did the universe begin and shape?

所以我研究的其中之一

What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe

就是宇宙是如何誕生 以及如何形塑到今?

to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?

到底什麼是誕生的過程，以及如何演化到

So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you

現在的物質狀態?

the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

這就是部分簡介 就讓我繼續告訴你們有關

If you look at this picture,

哈柏超深景太空望遠鏡

what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.

這張照片

And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,

顯示大部分的黑暗 與 一些明亮物體

and you can see them there -- little pluses.

其中四個是恆星

This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?

也可以看到那小小的光芒

So there's a couple of thousand galaxies

這是恆星，這也是，其他都是銀河

you can see easily with your eye in here.

所以有數以千計的銀河

And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,

可以很明顯的看到

which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's

就讓我選個.. 這個銀河

an art design college conference going on,

看起來很像我們的，我便好奇

and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,

那裡是否也有個藝術設計學院的會議正在進行?

what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists

是否有高等智慧生命在想事情

trying to understand where the universe itself came from,

他們在做怎樣的設計 或許也有一些宇宙論家

and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours

在探討這個宇宙是如何產生的

trying to figure out what's going on over here.

甚至可能有生命從這銀河 觀望我們

But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,

也想知道我們在做什麼

and they're kind of the color of the Sun,

但是 還有著其他許多的銀河 有些在附近

and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.

有著太陽般的光色

But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --

有的較遠些的就帶著較藍的光色

how come there are so many galaxies?

那你們應該就有著一個問題

Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.

怎麼會有這麼多的銀河呢?

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

這張代表的是一部分相當清楚的天空

We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,

就有著1000個銀河

if you had the time to scan it around --

我們估算 假設以哈柏太空望遠鏡的解析度

about 100 billion galaxies. Right?

做全方位角的掃描

It's a very large number of galaxies.

會有1000億個銀河

And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.

是個非常大的數字

But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see

也約等於我們這個銀河有的星球數量

more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.

但再看到一些像這樣的區域

So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,

銀河數量卻多於星星數目，這倒是個謎題

what kind of creative process and what kind of design

所以冒出來的問題就是，到底是怎樣的設計?

produced the world like that?

怎樣的創造過程和設計

And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.

造成現今的世界?

We're going to try and follow it up.

所以我得告訴各位 這些是更更複雜的

We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,

就讓我們一起繼續

and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big

我們有一工具幫助我們研究

that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.

也是因為這個宇宙是如此的龐大

We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.

就某種意義而言，就好像是個時光機器

Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,

我們以這剖開的星球網圖做說明

just because that's where we're making observations.

以地球為星球網絡的中心

And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon

就只是這裡是我們的觀察點

using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.

所以月球離我們2秒遠, 意思是當你對月球照相

Two seconds is like the present.

你得到的是2秒前的月球 沒差嘛!

The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,

2秒的差異幾乎就算是同時吧

unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.

太陽是8秒遠 也沒什麼不同 不是嗎?

You'd like to have a little advance warning.

除非 太陽輻射風暴發生 我們想躲避

But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.

就需要有足夠時間的警告

You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars

那木星呢 是40分鐘之遠 開始知道問題了

because it takes light long enough to go there.

就連對火星的通訊都可以是個問題

But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,

因為就連光速傳遞也要好一會兒

to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.

在看到那些附近的星團

So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.

最近的40 50 顆 也要10年傳遞

But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,

現在照張相 得到的是10年前的鄰近星球

it's thousands of years ago.

再到我們銀河的中央部份

If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,

那是好幾百光年之遙

and it's two million years ago.

看看最近的仙女座銀河

If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,

也要200萬光年

there'd be no evidence of humans at all,

想像你照張200萬年前的地球

because we don't think there were humans yet.

根本就還沒有人類

I mean, it just gives you the scale.

是因為我們人類尚未出現

With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at

我只想給各位這樣的空間與時間概念

hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.

哈柏太空望遠鏡所看到的

But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --

都是1~10億光年之遙的空間與時間

there's some things even further,

如果我們能想出個方法 看到更遙遠的空間

and that was what I did in a lot of my work,

而且總是有更遙遠的

was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier

那就是我大部分的工作

epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,

發展這樣的技術--我們甚至能看到更早

back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.

且早於星星與銀河生成前

And so that's the sort of sequence,

能回到宇宙還是又熱又稠密，與現在大不相同的時候

and so I have a more artistic impression of this.

這就是宇宙的故事

There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,

我也有個更具藝術表達的呈現

and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,

中央是個銀河 就是我們的銀河系

and there's a sphere that marks the different times.

再來是附近的銀河

And behind that are some more modern galaxies.

用球面刻畫著不同的時間距離

You see the whole big picture?

在那之後是更現代的銀河

The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?

能了解這整個概念嗎?

And then there's a part of the universe we can't see

有趣的是 最早的時間是在外面

because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.

另外是 有部分的宇宙是我們看不到的

It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;

因為它們是如此的高密度與高能量, 光線不能脫離其重力場

you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.

打類比是 你不能看到太陽的中心

But you can see the edge of the Sun,

要用其他的技術來明白太陽中心是什麼

and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.

所以 只能看到太陽表面

And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,

宇宙觀測 也是類似道理

and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,

也能以模型理論推論出外面的情況

which is actually incredibly uniform.

這是 來自於 宇宙初生成的大爆炸 的輻射線

The universe is almost a perfect sphere,

是相當的整齊

but there are these very tiny variations

宇宙是個相當完美的球體

which we show here in great exaggeration.

但也有著一些小小的變化

And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go

我們將之誇大處理

from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars

從時間序列 我們會

to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.

經由這些小小變化到不規則星系，還有最初的星球

So it's a big design job,

到更進化的星系 最後帶到像太陽系統 等等

but we'll see about how things are going on.

所以是一個 設計鉅作

So the way these measurements were done,

但讓我們是著了解看看

there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.

所以這就是時空的測量的方法

So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,

利用好幾個人造衛星 看這裡

and we discovered these variations.

這是 COBE人造衛星 1989年升空

And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --

由它 我們找到這些變異

and it made somewhat better pictures.

2000年 MAP人造衛星升空 就是 WMAP

And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,

得到較清晰的照片

the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,

那年尾 有這極棒的隱形版本

and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,

它其實有極佳的設計概念

and it will make very high-resolution maps.

可再進一步了解 接著 Planck 人造衛星即將升空

And that will be the sequence of understanding

它能擷取高解析度的星空地圖

the very beginning of the universe.

會帶來後續深入

And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us

對宇宙生成的了解

the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,

所以 我們藉由觀察這些變異 而顯示些秘密

and about the contents of the universe,

關於時空架構的秘密

and about how the universe started in its original motions.

也揭露了宇宙的組成物

So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,

以及宇宙是如何開始最初的運動

and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have

所以我們有了這想像，是個令人驚歎的想像

some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.

待會再回到宇宙之最初 我們會有

And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe

些神秘的程序 讓宇宙開始運轉

expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,

宇宙經過了一段 加速膨脹過程

then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,

因膨脹而逐漸冷卻 直到它變成透明

and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.

就是黑暗期 接著最初的星球誕生

And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.

這些星球再演化成星系 之後再聚集成重量級星系

And it's maturing up to the present time.

就差不多是此階段 我們的太陽系也開始形成

And there's some spectacular things.

成熟發展到如今

And this wastebasket part, that's to represent

其中有些奇妙的事情

what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.

用這垃圾桶型來說明

And so this is a pretty weird model, right?

時空的架構 以及 時空自己各階段的變化

What kind of evidence do we have for that?

所以這看起來是個怪異的模型, 嗯?

So let me show you some of nature's patterns

我們又有哪些證據顯示這樣的作法呢?

that are the result of this.

容我解說 一些自然的法則

I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,

以及所導致的結果

and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.

我總認為 時空 才是太空的基本組成

It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.

而星系與星球 就像是海洋漂浮的泡沫

So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.

是有趣的波前記號 也串出進行方式

So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.

這是Sloan數位天空調查 顯示了100萬個星系的座標

They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,

每個星系以一個點代表

identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,

他們到野外用望遠鏡指向天空 照張相

estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.

確認是恆星 就忽略 只關注星系

And just put radially they're going out that way.

估計它們的距離 畫下它們

And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,

所以是以放射狀的進行

but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out

這些結構 我們稱之為 "長城"

because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.

也看到一些空缺 有些結構似乎於邊緣消失

Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.

是因為 望遠鏡不夠靈敏完成判斷

What happens is, you take pictures

現在 我要將之轉成 3-D呈現

as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.

結果是 照相時

There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,

隨著地球自轉 可以做扇型的涵蓋天空

or because there are no telescopes available to do it.

但有些立體角是無效的 因為被自己的銀河系所干擾與阻擋

So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.

或因為沒有望遠鏡能偵測

Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?

所以下張圖 就是旋轉呈現3-D星系地圖

Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,

有看到橫跨天空的扇型掃描嗎?

you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.

請記得 每一點代表一個銀河

And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,

由銀河點 可約略看出結構

and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.

所以還是可以看到 這些被稱為"長城"的

There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places

也看到 複雜處 也看到空缺處

where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.

看到 有些部分沒有任何星系

So there's an interesting pattern,

也有些部分聚集過多星系 對吧!

but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.

所以是個有趣的結構

We only have a million galaxies, right?

還沒有足夠的資料可看出全貌

So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air

這裡只是100萬個星系 不是嗎?

but, what's going on?

好像我們在空中有100萬個球

There's another survey which is very similar to this,

到底發生了什麼?

called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.

另有一個類似的調查

Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.

叫做 2維星系紅位移調查

And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --

現在要飛過這些星系

and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,

每經過一個星系 便標出個星系

because there's a redshift measurement and everything,

我們真的能確定它是個星系

you put in the type of galaxy and the color,

因為紅位移光譜測量 及其他事證

so this is the real representation.

標出星系種類及其顏色

And when you're in the middle of the galaxies

這就是這樣的呈現

it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.

當你在星系中

It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,

是很難察覺結構 就像處於生活中

it's hard to see the pattern of this.

身處於觀眾中 是非常難看出結構

So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.

這樣是很難看出結構的

And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,

我們得利用模型 讓我們飛出之外 再 遠觀

and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies

會看出這樣調查的結構

that we see out there.

會看出星系的結構

So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.

要從遠處看

But you can see the voids,

再一次 你可以看到 星系"長城"的延伸 到這裡

you can see the complicated structure, and you say,

但你也可以看到空缺

well, how did this happen?

也看到複雜結構

Suppose you're the cosmic designer.

你接著問 是怎們形成的?

How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?

假設你是宇宙的設計者

It's not just throwing them out at random.

是怎麼讓星系做成這樣的結構?

There's a more complicated process going on here.

是隨機扔出去嗎?

How are you going to end up doing that?

其實是有個更複雜的過程的

And so now we're in for some serious play.

你要如何做到呢?

That is, we have to seriously play God,

這就是"認真發揮" 的過程了

not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.

就是 我們要 認真地扮演是 神

So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?

不只是改變人們的生與死 也要創造宇宙

What's the kind of technique?

若那是你的責任 你要怎麼做?

What's the kind of thing you're going to do?