They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

想像兩個美國人到意大利旅遊

and when they finally come face to face with the statue,

一起去看米開朗基羅的名作“大衛”

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

當他們和巨大石雕面對面時

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

兩個人都望著出神

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

第一個人﹐我們就叫他亞當吧

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

被完美的人體肌理震懾住了

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

第二個人 我們就叫他比爾吧

So here's my question for you:

也嚇傻了 - 被那兩腿間的玩意兒

which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

讓我試問

which for Al Gore?

這兩個男人誰比較有可能把票投給小布希

I don't need a show of hands

誰投給了高爾﹖

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

大家不用舉手

We all know that it's Bill.

因為我們都有一樣的刻板印象

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

我們都知道是比爾

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

在這個例子裡﹐刻板印象反映了事實

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

事實上﹐自由黨員的確比保守黨員

People who are high in openness to experience

更容易接受新體驗

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

那些喜歡接受新體驗的人

People low on it like things that are familiar, that are safe and dependable.

渴望新鮮 多樣性 新想法 旅行

If you know about this trait,

較難接受新體驗的人喜歡熟悉 安全 可靠的事物

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior.

如果你知道這些特性

You can understand why artists are so different from accountants.

你便能了解人類許多難解的行為

You can actually predict what kinds of books they like to read,

了解為什麼藝術家和會計師如此不同

what kinds of places they like to travel to,

你可以預測他們喜歡看的書

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

他們喜歡去的旅遊點

Once you understand this trait, you can understand

甚至他們的飲食偏好

why anybody would eat at Applebee's, but not anybody that you know.

只要你了解這個特性﹐你便能理解

(Laughter)

為什麼這麼多人喜歡去連鎖餐廳吃飯 但你卻一個都不認識

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

(笑聲)

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae says that,

這個特性也讓我們理解政治

"Open individuals have an affinity for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views" --

研究這個性格特質的研究者 Robert McCrae 說

they like a society which is open and changing --

“開放的人偏向自由 進步 左翼政治思想”

"whereas closed individuals prefer conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

他們喜歡一個開放 持續改變的社會

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

“封閉的人偏好保守 傳統 右翼的觀點。”

So here's the description of a group I found on the Web.

這個特質也讓我們了解人們所參與的社團組織

What kinds of people would join a global community

這是我在網路上找到的一個組織簡介

welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

怎樣的人會參加一個全球性的社群

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

歡迎來自各種文化和學科的人

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all?

那些想更深刻理解世界的人

This is from some guy named Ted.

同時也是那些想以這些理解讓世界變得更好的人

(Laughter)

這是一個叫 TED 的男人寫的

Well, let's see now, if openness predicts who becomes liberal,

(笑聲)

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

那麼﹐如果開放性格偏向自由派

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

同時也預知了你會成為 TED 一員

Let's find out.

是否大部份的 TED 成員都是自由黨呢﹖

I'm going to ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

讓我們試試

on social issues, we're talking about, primarily --

請你舉起手﹐不管你是自由黨﹐中間偏左

or conservative, and I'll give a third option,

在我們所討論的議題上

because I know there are a number of libertarians in the audience.

或是保守黨﹐還有一個第三選項

So, right now, please raise your hand --

因為我知道觀眾中還有一些相信自由至上的放任自由主義者

down in the simulcast rooms, too,

現在﹐舉起你的手來

let's let everybody see who's here --

在聯播臺裡的人也是

please raise your hand if you would say that you are liberal or left of center.

讓每個人看看都是誰

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

如果你是自由黨或中間偏左﹐請舉起手來

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

請把你的手舉高﹐好

OK, about a -- two dozen.

請舉手如果你是放任自由主義者

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

好 差不多有二十多人

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

如果你覺得你是中間偏右或保守黨﹐請舉手

OK. This is a bit of a problem.

1 2 3 4 5 - 大概8 到10人

Because if our goal is to understand the world,

好。這就是問題。

to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

如果我們的目標是了解世界

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

深刻的進一步了解世界

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

但缺乏道德多樣性讓了解世界變得更難

they become a team, and once you engage the psychology of teams,

因為當每個人都分享一樣的價值觀和道德觀

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

便成為一個團隊﹐一旦進入團隊心理

When the liberal team loses, as it did in 2004,

原本開放的思想就會閉塞

and as it almost did in 2000, we comfort ourselves.

當自由隊在2004年敗選

(Laughter)

就像在2000年一樣﹐我們自我安慰

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

(笑聲)

We think they must be blinded by religion, or by simple stupidity.

我們嘗試自我解釋為什麼有一半美國人投給另外一隊

(Laughter)

我們想 他們一定是被宗教蒙蔽 或是純粹愚蠢

(Applause)

(笑聲)

So, if you think that half of America votes Republican

(掌聲)

because they are blinded in this way,

如果你認為投給共和黨的另一半美國人

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral matrix,

是因為他們被蒙蔽了

in a particular moral matrix.

我想告訴你的是你被道德母體限制住了

And by the matrix, I mean literally the matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

某一種特別的道德母體

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

所謂的道德母體﹐就像“駭客人物”裡面的大電腦一樣

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

但今日我讓你有個選擇

or you can take the red pill,

你可以選擇藍色藥丸然後保持在舒適的幻覺中

learn some moral psychology and step outside the moral matrix.

或是選擇紅色藥丸﹐

Now, because I know --

了解道德心理學﹐跨越你的道德母體

(Applause) --

因為我知道 --

OK, I assume that answers my question.

(掌聲)

I was going to ask you which one you picked, but no need.

我想這已經回答了我的問題

You're all high in openness to experience, and besides,

我本來想問你們要選哪一個﹐我想不需要了

it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

你們都很愛接受新體驗﹐更何況

So anyway, let's go with the red pill.

這看起來很可能很可口 能滿足你們的美食主義

Let's study some moral psychology and see where it takes us.

總而言之﹐讓我們選擇紅色藥丸

Let's start at the beginning.

讓我們學習一些道德心理學﹐看看我們能了解什麼

What is morality and where does it come from?

讓我們從頭開始

The worst idea in all of psychology

道德是什麼﹖它從哪裡來﹖

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

心理學中最糟的想法

Developmental psychology has shown

便是我們像一張白紙一樣出生

that kids come into the world already knowing so much

發展心理學告訴我們

about the physical and social worlds,

嬰兒來到世界上時已經知道許多

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

有關世界和社會

and hard to learn others.

讓他們變得更易學習

The best definition of innateness I've ever seen --

卻很難向他人學習

this just clarifies so many things for me --

有關這些與生俱來的天賦

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

有個人說的很好

He says, "The initial organization of the brain does not depend that much on experience.

腦科學家 Gary Marcus

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

他說“腦的初始組織不是來自經驗

Built-in doesn't mean unmalleable;

自然提供了第一個版本﹐經驗只能修改

it means organized in advance of experience."

先建不代表不可塑﹔

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

而是組織先於經驗。”

To find out, my colleague, Craig Joseph, and I

那麼道德的第一個版本是什麼﹖

read through the literature on anthropology,

我和同事 Craig Joseph

on culture variation in morality

閱讀了許多人類學的文獻

and also on evolutionary psychology, looking for matches.

有關不同文化的道德

What are the sorts of things that people talk about across disciplines?

同時也在進化心理學裡找相同處

That you find across cultures and even across species?

跨領域的人談論的時候他們都談論什麼

We found five -- five best matches,

跨文化和跨物種的人又談論什麼﹖

which we call the five foundations of morality.

我們總共找到五種

The first one is harm/care.

我們稱它們為五種道德基礎

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

第一種是傷害-照護

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

我們都是哺乳類﹐我們都有許多神經和荷爾蒙程式

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

讓我們與他人聯結﹐關懷他人

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

同情他人﹐尤其那些脆弱容易受傷的人

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

讓我們對那些造成傷害的人有強烈感覺

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

這個道德基礎含括了我在TED所聽到的

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

七成的道德陳述

There's actually ambiguous evidence

第二個道德基礎是公平-相等

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

有一些模糊的證據

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

證明你是否能在其他動物身上找到相互性

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule,"

但在人類身上的例子卻再清楚不過了

and we heard about this from Karen Armstrong, of course,

這幅 Norman Rockwell 的畫叫做“金科玉律”

as the foundation of so many religions.

Karen Armstrong 也告訴我們

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

這是很多宗教的基礎

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

第二哥道德基礎含括了我在TED所聽到的

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

另外三成的道德陳訴

You do find groups in the animal kingdom --

第三個基礎是團隊忠誠

you do find cooperative groups --

你可以在動物裡面找到群體

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

你可以找到合作團隊

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

但這些組織通常不是很小或是牠們都是兄弟姐妹

who are able to cooperate, join together into groups,

只有在人類的世界裡你看到一大群人

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

彼此相處﹐一起合作

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

但在這例子裡﹐團隊合作是為了和其他團隊鬥爭

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

這大概是來自我們長時間的部落生態﹐部落心理

that even when we don't have tribes,

這種部落心態實在太愉快了

we go ahead and make them, because it's fun.

就算我們已經不在部落裡了

(Laughter)

我們還是照樣因為好玩

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

(笑聲)

We get to exercise some ancient, ancient drives.

運動和戰爭就像A片和性的關係

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

我們借此發泄那些古老的慾望

Here you see submissive gestures from two members of very closely related species.

第四種道德基礎是權威-尊敬

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality,

從這裡你可以看到兩種非常接近的物種的服從姿態

as it is in other primates.

但人類的權威不是以權力和暴力為基礎

It's based on more voluntary deference,

像其他動物

and even elements of love, at times.

而是以自願的服從﹐

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

有時候甚至是愛的元素

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

第五種基礎是純潔- 神聖

but purity's not just about suppressing female sexuality.

這幅畫是“貞節的寓意”

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

但純潔不只是壓抑女性性慾

that tells you that you can attain virtue

而是任何理想﹐任何想法

by controlling what you do with your body,

告訴你只要控制你的身體

by controlling what you put into your body.

你便可以成善

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

只要控制進入你身體的東西

the political left is really doing a lot of it with food.

右翼喜歡談論性方面的道德

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays,

左翼喜歡用食物

and a lot of it is ideas about purity,

今日食物變成一種道德指標

about what you're willing to touch, or put into your body.

這些觀點也來自純潔

I believe these are the five best candidates

有關你願意觸摸和放進身體的東西

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

我相信這是五個最好的候選人

I think this is what we come with, at least

在我們道德思想的初稿上

a preparedness to learn all of these things.

我相信這是我們與生俱來的

But as my son, Max, grows up in a liberal college town,

做好準備要來學習這些東西

how is this first draft going to get revised?

但我的兒子 Max 在一個自由派的大學城裡長大

And how will it end up being different

這個初稿將如何被改寫﹖

from a kid born 60 miles south of us in Lynchburg, Virginia?

和在我們南部六十里的鄉下

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

生下來的孩子 又會有什麼不同﹖

If there really are five systems at work in the mind --

當我們想到這些多樣文化的時候﹐讓我們試試其他隱喻

five sources of intuitions and emotions --

如果真的有著五種系統在我們想法裡

then we can think of the moral mind

五種情緒和直覺的來源

as being like one of those audio equalizers that has five channels,

我們可以把道德感

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

當做音響有五種頻道的均衡器

And my colleagues, Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham, and I,

你可以在不同頻道選擇不同的程度

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the Web at www.YourMorals.org.

我的同事 Brian Nosek, Jesse Graham 和我

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can too.

做了一個問卷﹐放在www.YourMorals.org網站上

Here are the results.

目前為止已經有三萬人填寫了這個問卷﹐你也可以

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

結果在這裡

On the left, I've plotted the scores for liberals;

這裡是兩萬三千個美國公民的結果

on the right, those for conservatives; in the middle, the moderates.

左邊是自由派的分數

The blue line shows you people's responses

右邊是保守派的﹐中間是中立

on the average of all the harm questions.

藍線是你們的回應

So, as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

在所有有關傷害的問題上

They give high endorsement of these sorts of statements

你可以看到﹐人們真的很關心傷害和照護的問題

all across the board, but as you also see,

他們很支持這方面的陳述

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives -- the line slopes down.

在整個表上﹐但你也可以看到

Same story for fairness.

自由派比保守派更在乎一些﹐線慢慢降了下來

But look at the other three lines.

公平也是一樣

For liberals, the scores are very low.

但看看其他三條線

Liberals are basically saying, "No, this is not morality.

自由派的分數非常低

In-group, authority, purity -- this stuff has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

基本上自由派是說“這根本不是道德。

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

團體 權威 純潔 - 這些東西和道德一點關係也沒有。我拒絕。”

We can say that liberals have a kind of a two-channel,

但當人越保守﹐這些價值便提昇

or two-foundation morality.

我們可以說自由派有一種 - 雙頻

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

或是雙基礎的道德

or five-channel morality.

保守派則是有五基礎

We find this in every country we look at.

或是五頻的道德

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians.

我們在每個國家都看到一樣的情形

I'll just flip through a few other slides.

這是一千多個加拿大人的數據

The U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

我會翻過一些其他的國家

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

英國﹐澳洲 紐西蘭 西歐 東歐

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

拉丁美洲 中東 中亞 和南亞

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity.

你可以看到在這些圖表上

Which shows that within any country,

在團體 權威 純潔的差異更大

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

這告訴我們在任何國家

Everybody -- I mean, we debate over what's fair --

歧見並不是來自傷害和公平

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

我們討論什麼是公平

Moral arguments within cultures

但每個人都認同傷害和公平是要緊的

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

在文化中的道德討論

This effect is so robust that we find it no matter how we ask the question.

通常都與團隊 權威 純潔有關

In one recent study,

無論我們怎麼提出問題﹐效果還是很明顯。

we asked people to suppose you're about to get a dog.

在最近的一項研究中

You picked a particular breed,

我們問人們﹕如果你們要買狗

you learned some new information about the breed.

你選擇了一種特別的品種

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded,

後來你知道有關這些品種的一些事

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal?

或許你學到這個特別的品種會獨立思考

Well, if you are a liberal, you say, "Hey, that's great!"

並且把主人當做平等的朋友