Name: TED】Clay Shirky:機構與合作（Clay Shirky：機構與合作）。 (【TED】Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration (Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:25:38.000Z
Duration: 20 min 47 s

譯者: Ilya Li 審譯者: Chih-Yuan Huang

How do you organize a group of individuals

is something coherent and of lasting value,

帶來某種一致性與延續性的價值。

把這個難題用經濟學的架構/術語來解釋

And a coordination cost is essentially all of the financial

or institutional difficulties in arranging group output.

協調成本基本上是安排群體產出成果時，

And we've had a classic answer for coordination costs,

所面臨到的財務與機構/組織問題。

which is, if you want to coordinate the work of a group of people,

對於協調成本有一個古典的答案來回應，

you start an institution, right? You raise some resources.

那就是：如果你想要協調一群人順利產出成果

You found something. It can be private or public.

那就發起一個組織吧。沒錯吧？你募集一些資源

It can be for profit or not profit. It can be large or small.

找到某些東西。這個組織可以是私人的或公共的

它可以是營利或非營利組織；大機構或小型組織。

You found an institution, and you use the institution

to coordinate the activities of the group.

你創立了一個機構，你運用這個機構來

More recently, because the cost of letting groups

communicate with each other has fallen through the floor --

而隨著近年來，形成團體彼此相互溝通

and communication costs are one of the big

inputs to coordination -- there has been a second answer,

which is to put the cooperation into the infrastructure,

於是協調成本的第二個答案浮現了出來

to design systems that coordinate the output

那就是將彼此的合作建置在基礎架構中，

of the group as a by-product of the operating of the system,

設計出除了基本運作之外，同時能夠協調一群人

與產出成果的系統，讓一群人能夠順利地

So, that's what I want to talk about today.

產出成果，而不用訴諸於機構的模式。

I'm going to illustrate it with some fairly concrete examples,

所以這就是我今天想要談的內容。

but always pointing to the broader themes.

我將會舉一些相當具體的範例來作闡述，

So, I'm going to start by trying to answer a question

that I know each of you will have asked yourself at some point or other,

我將會從試著回答一個問題來作為開始

and which the Internet is purpose-built to answer,

我知道各位在某個時刻也曾問過自己

which is, where can I get a picture of a roller-skating mermaid?

並且網際網路就是被用來回答這個問題的。

So, in New York City, on the first Saturday of every summer,

這個問題是：我要從哪找到一張美人魚溜直排輪的照片？

Coney Island, our local, charmingly run-down amusement park,

在紐約市，每年夏天的第一個星期六，

hosts the Mermaid Parade. It's an amateur parade;

康尼島，我們在地的、迷人的遊樂園區

people come from all over the city; people get all dressed up.

會舉辦美人魚遊行。這是一個業餘的遊行活動

人們從紐約的四面八方湧來，盛裝打扮。

Colorful characters, and a good time is had by all.

年輕人跟熟男熟女，在街道上跳舞。

And what I want to call your attention to is not the Mermaid Parade itself,

所有人物都是色彩繽紛，大家都很享受這個時刻。

charming though it is, but rather to these photos.

我想要讓各位注意的不是美人魚遊行本身，

雖然它很迷人，我想要專注在這些照片上。

And the answer is: I got them from Flickr.

這些照片不是我拍的。我怎麼找到這些照片的？

答案是：我從 Flickr 上面找到了這些照片。

that allows people to take photos, upload them,

Recently, Flickr has added an additional function called tagging.

Tagging was pioneered by Delicious and Joshua Schachter.

最近 Flickr 增加了一個新功能：標籤（tagging）。

Delicious is a social bookmarking service.

標籤首先由Del.icio.us/Joshua Schachter所帶動

Tagging is a cooperative infrastructure answer to classification.

Del.icio.us 是一個社會書籤服務。

Right? If I had given this talk last year,

標籤是一種回答分類問題的答案：合作基礎架構。

如果我去年就做這場演講的話，

because I couldn't have found those photos.

我將無法展示那些剛剛秀的照片，

we need to hire a professional class of librarians

to organize these photos once they're uploaded,

我們需要雇一組專業的圖書館館員

Flickr簡單地讓使用者自己來管理

So, I was able to go in and draw down photos that had been tagged

它把標示照片的功能提供給了使用者。

"Mermaid Parade." There were 3,100 photos taken by 118 photographers,

所以我能在其中找到夠多上面標有我要的標籤的照片

all aggregated and then put under this nice, neat name,

「美人魚遊行」。共有 118 位攝影者，拍攝了 3100 張照片，

所有這些照片都被整理起來，放在簡潔有力的名稱底下，

And I was then able to go and retrieve them

於是我可以搜尋、找到這些照片

Now, what hard problem is being solved here?

And it's -- in the most schematic possible view,

我們現在正在解決的，是什麼樣的問題？

There are a large number of people on the Internet,

a very small fraction of them have photos of the Mermaid Parade.

How do we get those people together to contribute that work?

其中一小群的人擁有美人魚遊行的照片。

The classic answer is to form an institution, right?

我們要如何讓那些人一起貢獻這個作品？

To draw those people into some prearranged structure

傳統的答案會是，成立一個組織吧？

為了要吸引人們加入某些預先設計好的結構，

some of the side effects of going the institutional route.

First of all, when you form an institution,

首先，當你組成一個機構/組織時，

you also have to hire other employees to manage those employees

and to enforce the goals of the institution and so forth.

你還需要聘僱另外一些員工來管理這些員工

Secondly, you have to bring structure into place.

並且強迫執行機構的目標...等等。

Right? You have to have economic structure.

再來，你必需要把結構放到實際的空間當中。

Third, forming an institution is inherently exclusionary.

You notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo.

第三，形成機構/組織天生就會排除異己。

You can't hire everyone in a company, right?

你注意到不是所有有照片的人都被納進組織中。

You can't recruit everyone into a governmental organization.

你沒有辦法在一個公司中僱用每一個人！對吧?

你也沒有辦法把所有人都僱用到政府裡。

And fourth, as a result of that exclusion,

you end up with a professional class. Look at the change here.

We've gone from people with photos to photographers.

你將製造出一個專業階級。看看這個改變。

Right? We've created a professional class of photographers

我們從有照片的人們，變成了攝影師。

whose goal is to go out and photograph the Mermaid Parade,

我們創造了一個攝影師的專業階級

or whatever else they're sent out to photograph.

其目的是為了要去拍攝美人魚遊行

When you build cooperation into the infrastructure,

當你把合作建置在基礎架構中的時候，

and you take the problem to the individuals, rather than

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TED】Clay Shirky:機構與合作（Clay Shirky：機構與合作）。 (【TED】Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration (Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration))

effort

average

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obstacle