and the imagination -- the imagination as we know it --

文化來源於想像,

came into being when our species descended

而這些想像

from our progenitor, Homo erectus,

就在人類一代又一代繼傳下去時行成了

and, infused with consciousness, began a journey that would carry it

從我們的祖先猿人開始直立行走

to every corner of the habitable world.

人類已有了意識, 而且開始了一個旅程

For a time, we shared the stage with our distant cousins, Neanderthal,

這個旅程就是將這種意識帶到地球上每一個可居住的角落.

who clearly had some spark of awareness,

曾與我們共同居住在這片土地上的尼安德特人(穴居人),

but -- whether it was the increase in the size of the brain,

已有了某種意識火花,

or the development of language,

不管是腦部的進化

or some other evolutionary catalyst --

還是語言的發展

we quickly left Neanderthal gasping for survival.

又或者是某種其它的進化因素,

By the time the last Neanderthal disappeared in Europe,

我們順速地與這些只懂得尋求生存的穴居人脫離了關係.

27,000 years ago,

當最後的穴居人在歐洲消失

our direct ancestors had already,

於27,000年前,

and for 5,000 years,

我們的直係祖先已經開始了,

been crawling into the belly of the earth,

5000年的

where in the light of the flickers of tallow candles,

向地球的中心靠近，

they had brought into being

在獸脂蠟燭的閃光下,

the great art of the Upper Paleolithic.

他們創造了

And I spent two months in the caves of southwest France

舊石器時代早期的偉大藝術.

with the poet Clayton Eshleman, who wrote a beautiful book called "Juniper Fuse."

我在法國的西南部的洞穴呆了兩個月

And you could look at this art and you could, of course,

期間與一位名叫克莱頓-埃爾什尼曼的詩人一起, 他曾寫過一本優美的書，叫《Juniper Fuse》

see the complex social organization

從他的這本書中,

of the people who brought it into being.

你可以發現複雜的社會組織

But more importantly, it spoke of a deeper yearning,

還有那些創造這個組織的人們.

something far more sophisticated than hunting magic.

但更重要的是：它說明了更深的渴望,

And the way Clayton put it was this way.

一種比搜尋魔法更複雜的東西.

He said, "You know, clearly at some point,

克萊頓對此的解釋是：

we were all of an animal nature, and at some point, we weren't."

“曾經的某個時候

And he viewed proto-shamanism as a kind of original attempt,

我們都帶著動物的本性，某個時候又沒有.”

through ritual, to rekindle a connection

他認為原始薩滿教就是這樣的一種嘗試，

that had been irrevocably lost.

通過儀式，我們又一次的點燃了一種聯繫

So, he saw this art not as

這種聯繫已經不見了，永遠無法挽回.

hunting magic, but as postcards of nostalgia.

所以克萊頓覺得這種藝術不是在追尋魔法

And viewed in that light,

而是我們對懷舊的明信片.

it takes on a whole other resonance.

從這個角度來看，

And the most amazing thing about the Upper Paleolithic art

這種藝術會產生一種完全相反的迴響.

is that as an aesthetic expression,

而舊石器時期晚期藝術最神奇的事情

it lasted for almost 20,000 years.

是一種對審美觀的表達,

If these were postcards of nostalgia,

因為它持續了進兩萬年.

ours was a very long farewell indeed.

如果這些是讓我們的懷舊明信片,

And it was also the beginning of our discontent,

我們的過去已離現在有非常遙遠的一段距離.

because if you wanted to distill all of our experience

但它同時也是我們不滿足的開始，

since the Paleolithic, it would come down to two words:

如果你想獲得我們從舊石器時期開始的經歷

how and why.

你將會得到兩個字：

And these are the slivers of insight upon which cultures have been forged.

怎樣和為甚麼.

Now, all people share the same

這兩個辭彙鍛造著人類的文化。

raw, adaptive imperatives.

當今，所有的人都有著同樣的

We all have children.

原始的、適應生存的欲求。

We all have to deal with the mystery of death,

我們都有孩子.

the world that waits beyond death,

都需要了解死亡的奧祕，

the elders who fall away into their elderly years.

和死後的世界,

All of this is part of our common experience,

面對那些沉浸在以往生活中的年長的人們。

and this shouldn't surprise us, because, after all,

這些只是我們普通經歷的一部分,

biologists have finally proven it to be true,

我們不應為此感到驚訝，

something that philosophers have always dreamt to be true.

因為生物學家最終已證明了它的真實性－－

And that is the fact that we are all brothers and sisters.

哲學家一直都希望是真實的：

We are all cut from the same genetic cloth.

我們都是兄弟姊妹的事實.

All of humanity, probably, is descended from a thousand people

我們都是從同樣的基因演變而來的

who left Africa roughly 70,000 years ago.

也許所有人類的祖先只有幾千人,

But the corollary of that is that,

他們在大約七萬年前離開了非洲.

if we all are brothers and sisters

但這說明了一個無法更變的事實

and share the same genetic material,

如果我們真的有某種程度的血緣關係

all human populations share the same raw human genius,

而且有共同的基因，

the same intellectual acuity.

那麼，所有的人類都會有同樣的自然本能，

And so whether that genius is placed

有著同樣敏銳的智慧.

into -- technological wizardry

不管這種天賦是應用在

has been the great achievement of the West --

西方世界偉大的

or by contrast, into unraveling the complex threads

卓越的科技發明

of memory inherent in a myth,

或相反的，用來解釋神話故事裡

is simply a matter of choice and cultural orientation.

隱含的深刻意義與啟發

There is no progression of affairs

這些不同，僅僅是一種選擇和文化定位的不同。

in human experience.

連續的事件

There is no trajectory of progress. There's no pyramid

在人類經歷中是不會發生的.

that conveniently places Victorian England at the apex

這裡沒有進步的軌跡.

and descends down the flanks

沒有將維多利亞時代的英國帶到頂峰的金字塔

to the so-called primitives of the world.

把其他的視為

All peoples are simply cultural options,

所謂的原始世界.

different visions of life itself.

人類只不過是文化的選項,

But what do I mean by different visions of life

對生命其本身不同的看法.

making for completely different

生命不同的看法？是什麼意思？

possibilities for existence?

完全不同的

Well, let's slip for a moment into the greatest culture sphere

存在的不同可能性？

ever brought into being by the imagination,

讓我們到最偉大的地球層看看吧

that of Polynesia.

是人類所能想像的最偉大的，

10,000 square kilometers,

玻里尼西亞

tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea.

一萬平方英米,

I recently sailed on the Hokulea,

成千上萬的島嶼像珠寶一樣地灑在南海上.

named after the sacred star of Hawaii,

我不久前用Hokulea航海,

throughout the South Pacific to make a film

這艘艇的名字是來自夏威夷的一顆聖星,

about the navigators.

穿越南太平洋拍攝一部

These are men and women who, even today, can name

關於航海者的電影。

250 stars in the night sky.

即使是今天

These are men and women who can sense the presence of distant atolls

還能說出夜晚天空上的250顆星星的名字.

of islands beyond the visible horizon,

這些人能夠感知到

simply by watching the reverberation of waves

那些不在視野範圍內、遙遠珊瑚礁的存在，

across the hull of their vessel, knowing full well

僅僅通過觀察

that every island group in the Pacific

拍打船壁的波浪的反射形狀，

has its unique refractive pattern

他們清楚地知道太平洋上每個島嶼群

that can be read with the same perspicacity

都有著不一樣的反射模式，

with which a forensic scientist would read a fingerprint.

通過洞察力

These are sailors who in the darkness, in the hull of the vessel,

法證專家分析指紋

can distinguish as many as 32 different sea swells

這些水手在黑暗中，在船裏，

moving through the canoe at any one point in time,

就能夠及時分辨多達32種

distinguishing local wave disturbances

在任何時刻流過船體的海水的漲落，

from the great currents that pulsate across the ocean,

分辨本地海上的風浪，

that can be followed with the same ease

通過觀察振動整個海洋的水流

that a terrestrial explorer would follow a river to the sea.

這對於他們非常輕鬆，

Indeed, if you took all of the genius

就像地址學家追蹤水流入海。

that allowed us to put a man on the moon

確實，如果你把所有

and applied it to an understanding of the ocean,

把人類送上月球的智慧

what you would get is Polynesia.

都用於理解海洋，

And if we slip from the realm of the sea

那就等同於這些航海員對於玻里尼西亞的海洋的了解與熟悉

into the realm of the spirit of the imagination,

如果我們離開海的領域

you enter the realm of Tibetan Buddhism.

來到想像力的精神領域,

And I recently made a film called "The Buddhist Science of the Mind."

這個領域就好比西藏佛教.

Why did we use that word, science?

我最近拍攝了一部名為“心靈的佛教科學”電影。

What is science but the empirical pursuit of the truth?

為什麼我們採用“科學”一詞？

What is Buddhism but 2,500 years

如果追究真理的實踐都不被稱為科學，那科學還是什麼？

of empirical observation

佛教就是兩千五百年來對

as to the nature of mind?

對心靈本質

I travelled for a month in Nepal with our good friend, Matthieu Ricard,

進行觀察的經驗結果。

and you'll remember Matthieu famously said to all of us

我與我的好朋友，馬修•李卡得在尼泊爾旅行了一個月，

here once at TED,

或許你還記得馬修曾給我們做過一個講座，

"Western science is a major response to minor needs."

在TED。

We spend all of our lifetime trying to live to be 100

“西方科學是對小需求的大反應。”

without losing our teeth.

我們花費一生的時間盡力保證牙齒不掉，活到

The Buddhist spends all their lifetime trying to understand the nature of existence.

100歲。

Our billboards celebrate naked children in underwear.

佛教徒花費一生的時間極力去理解存在的本質。

Their billboards are manuals,

我們宣傳的是慶祝給赤裸的孩子穿上衣褲。

prayers to the well-being of all sentient creatures.

他們宣傳的是發自內心的，

And with the blessing of Trulshik Rinpoche, we began a pilgrimage

為眾生的幸福祈禱。

to a curious destination,

帶著，第十四代達賴喇嘛Trulshik Rinpoche的祝福，我們開始了

accompanied by a great doctor.

前往好奇之地的朝聖之旅，

And the destination was a single room in a nunnery,

和我們同行的還有一個醫生。

where a woman had gone into lifelong retreat

目的地是尼姑庵中的一個小房間

55 years before.

在那裏有一位終身隱居的女士，

And en route, we took darshan from Rinpoche,

55年前就開始了隱居。

and he sat with us and told us about the Four Noble Truths,

沾了Rinpoche的光，

the essence of the Buddhist path.

他坐在我們身邊，告訴我們四大真理，

All life is suffering. That doesn't mean all life is negative.

佛教徒之路的精髓。

It means things happen.

生命即苦難。這並不代表我們就可以否定生命。

The cause of suffering is ignorance.

它的意思是事事皆可能發生。

By that, the Buddha did not mean stupidity;

苦難的根源在於無知。

he meant clinging to the illusion

通過這句話，佛並不是愚蠢。

that life is static and predictable.

他堅守這樣的信念，

The third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome.

即生活是靜止的、可預測的。

And the fourth and most important, of course,

第三個貴族的事實說明無知是可擊敗的.

was the delineation of a contemplative practice

第四個也是最重要的，當然，

that not only had the possibility

是對冥想做法的描述，

of a transformation of the human heart,

冥想帶來人類心靈的昇華

but had 2,500 years of empirical evidence

不僅僅是一種可能，

that such a transformation was a certainty.

它已經有兩千五百年的經驗證據，

And so, when this door opened onto the face of a woman

表明昇華是必然的結果。

who had not been out of that room in 55 years,

所以當門打開，看到那個女人，

you did not see a mad woman.

那個55年都沒有出門的人，

You saw a woman who was more clear

你並沒有看到一個瘋子。

than a pool of water in a mountain stream.

你看到了一個比山間清泉

And of course, this is what the Tibetan monks told us.

更澄澈的人。

They said, at one point, you know, we don't really believe

當然，這是西藏的僧人告訴我們的：

you went to the moon, but you did.

他們說，“曾幾何時，我們對你能否登陸月球持有懷疑

You may not believe that we achieve enlightenment

但事實是你去了.

in one lifetime, but we do.

你或許並不相信一輩子可以到達開悟的境界，

And if we move from the realm of the spirit

但是事實就是如此。

to the realm of the physical,

如果我們從精神領域

to the sacred geography of Peru --

轉移到物質的領域,

I've always been interested in the relationships of indigenous people

來到神聖的秘魯土地上，

that literally believe that the Earth is alive,

我向來都對土族人的關係有興趣

responsive to all of their aspirations,

他們相信地球是有生命的，

all of their needs.

地球會給他們的渴望和所有的需求，

And, of course, the human population

一個答覆.

has its own reciprocal obligations.

當然

I spent 30 years living amongst

人類也有回報地球的義務.

the people of Chinchero

我花了30年的時間

and I always heard about an event that I always wanted to participate in.

與Chincherro的人住在一起

Once each year, the fastest young boy

我聽說他們有一個活動，我一直都很想參與的.

in each hamlet is given the honor of becoming a woman.

一年一次，每個村莊最快的小男孩

And for one day, he wears the clothing of his sister

都會被授與轉性的榮譽.

and he becomes a transvestite,

在活動的那一天，他可以穿他姊姊或妹妹的衣服

a waylaka. And for that day,

在那天，他將是一個異裝癖者，

he leads all able-bodied men on a run,

一個 "waylaka." (土族語),

but it's not your ordinary run.

在那天,他帶領所有健壯的男子奔跑，

You start off at 11,500 feet.

但是這不是慣常的跑步。

You run down to the base of the sacred mountain, Antakillqa.

在11500高英尺的地方開始奔跑，

You run up to 15,000 feet,

跑到聖山Antkilka的山腳下，

descend 3,000 feet.

然後再爬上15000英尺，

Climb again over the course of 24 hours.

下去3000英尺，

And of course, the waylakama spin,

在24小時之內再次往上爬。

the trajectory of the route,

當然，Waylakamaspin，

is marked by holy mounds of Earth,

也就是這一線路，

where coke is given to the Earth, libations of alcohol to the wind,

是以地球上的聖山為標誌的

the vortex of the feminine is brought to the mountaintop.

可可獻給大地，美酒獻給為風

And the metaphor is clear: you go into the mountain as an individual,

女性的旋風被帶到山頂，

but through exhaustion, through sacrifice,

寓意很明顯：你獨自一人如山，

you emerge as a community that has once again

歷經疲倦，歷經犧牲，

reaffirmed its sense of place in the planet.

你最終成為集體的一員

And at 48, I was the only outsider ever to go through this,

再一次確認了存在于地球的意義。

only one to finish it.

在48歲的年紀，我是唯一一個跑完全程的外來者，

I only managed to do it by chewing more coca leaves in one day

唯一跑完的一個。

than anyone in the 4,000-year history of the plant.

我在那一天咀嚼了多於4000年以來任何人一天吃的更多的可可葉

But these localized rituals become pan-Andean,

才能夠跑完的。

and these fantastic festivals,

這種區域性的儀式變成了整個安第斯山的傳統，

like that of the Qoyllur Rit'i, which occurs

這些極好的節日，

when the Pleiades reappear in the winter sky.

好比當昴宿星出現在冬日的天空時，

It's kind of like an Andean Woodstock:

所舉行的Qoyllur Rit'i的節日

60,000 Indians on pilgrimage

就像安第斯山的伍德斯托克音樂節：

to the end of a dirt road

6萬印第安那原著民

that leads to the sacred valley, called the Sinakara,

踏上土地

which is dominated by three tongues

走往名叫“ Sinakara”的聖村，

of the great glacier.

這個聖村有3種說法，

The metaphor is so clear. You bring the crosses from your community,

關於冰山。

in this wonderful fusion of Christian

寓意也很明顯。你從你的群體中帶來十字架，

and pre-Columbian ideas.

在這個融合基督精神

You place the cross into the ice,

和前哥倫比亞思想的地方。

in the shadow of Ausangate, the most sacred of all Apus,

你把十字架放入冰河中

or sacred mountains of the Inca.

在Ausangate的陰影中，所有Apus中最神聖的，

And then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses.

或者說Inca最神聖的山。

Now, these ideas and these events

之後，你跳起為十字架賦予力量的宗教舞蹈。

allow us even to deconstruct iconic places

現在，這些思想和事件

that many of you have been to, like Machu Picchu.

允許我們得以重構這些象徵性的地方

Machu Picchu was never a lost city.

像你們很多人去過的馬丘比丘。

On the contrary, it was completely linked in

馬丘比丘並不是一個失落之城。

to the 14,000 kilometers of royal roads

相反，它完全與

the Inca made in less than a century.

印加人在最近一個世紀修的

But more importantly, it was linked in

一萬四千公里聖道相聯繫。

to the Andean notions of sacred geography.

更重要的是，它與

The intiwatana, the hitching post to the sun,

安第斯山所謂的神聖地理相聯繫。

is actually an obelisk that constantly reflects the light

Intiwatana，挽留太陽的地方，

that falls on the sacred Apu of Machu Picchu,

事實上一座持續反射光線的方尖石塔

which is Sugarloaf Mountain, called Huayna Picchu.

坐落在神聖的馬丘比丘的Apu，

If you come to the south of the intiwatana, you find an altar.

是座圓錐形的山，叫做Huayna Picchu。

Climb Huayna Picchu, find another altar.

當你到達 Intiwatana南部時，你會發現一個聖壇。

Take a direct north-south bearing,

爬上Huayna Picchu，你會發現另外一個聖壇。

you find to your astonishment

向正南-北的方向看，

that it bisects the intiwatana stone,

你會驚奇地發現，

goes to the skyline,

它把Intiwatana一分為二，

hits the heart of Salcantay, the second of the most important mountains