And today we'll continue our discussion of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, a

今天我們要繼續討論珍·奧斯汀的「傲慢與偏見」

book that reads like it was written by your funny and mean best friend, who also happens

本書就像你有趣又刻薄的好友寫的，他剛好是個

to be a brilliant novelist and a pretty interesting moral philosopher.

才華洋溢的小說家，也是有趣的道德哲學家

I mean, I love my best friend, but I REALLY

我是說我很愛我的死黨，但我真的

wish Jane Austen was my best friend.

很希望珍·奧斯汀是我的死黨

But let's face it, she wouldn't have been that into me.

但面對現實吧！她不會對我有興趣的

Last time we talked about the political context of the novel, and how to choose between your

上回我們聊到小說中的政治內容，跟如何在

personal fulfillment and the good of your family.

自我滿足和家族利益中做選擇

Today we'll look at whether it's an endorsement of materialism or a rejection of it.

今天我們要了解它是支持或反對唯物主義的呢？

We'll also consider the novel's politics--whether it's liberal or conservative in its outlook.

我們也會考量到小說中的政治文化，它的看法究竟是自由或保守主義

And we'll enjoy some sexy, sexy landscape description.

我們會欣賞一些迷人的景色描述

But first let's consider the epistemological problems of the novel.

但首先我們要考量一下小說中的知識論問題

Because here at Crash Course we know how to party.

因為我們文學速成班知道如何享受派對

And also we just learned the meaning of the word epistemological.

而我們剛學會知識論這個詞的意義

Let's go.

開始吧

INTRO So, epistomology is the study of knowledge--it's

知識論是對知識的研究

knowing how we know, and what it means to know.

意思是了解我們所知的，和「所知」代表的意義

And knowledge is a real problem in Pride and Prejudice--much of the plot hinges on what

「傲慢與偏見」中知識是個實在的問題，許多情節的關鍵在於人們的知識、

people know and when they know it, and how they can be sure of knowledge.

他們何時知道的和他們如何堅信這些知識

Remember this is Regency England.

請記得這是攝政時代的英國

If you like someone you can't immediately Google them or snapchat them or, I have no idea what

如果你喜歡上某人，你不能馬上用 Google 或 snapchat 或我不知現代人

people do.

怎麼做的

Compared to today's young people, I basically grew up in Regency England.

和今日的年輕人比，我算是生長於攝政時代的英國

At the beginning of the novel, Jane and Mr. Bingley meet, Jane has no way to let him

小說的開頭，珍和賓利先生相遇，珍無法讓他知道

know that she likes him.

自己喜歡上他了

She can't just swipe right, or left--I really, I don't know.

她又不能把照片向右或向左滑

I don't know any of this stuff..

我真搞不懂這些玩意兒

I'm trying to sound young, and hip, and relatable, and I should just give up because

我試圖讓自己聽起來很年輕、時髦有共鳴，但我該直接放棄

I'm one year younger than Jane Austen was when she DIED.

因為我只比珍·奧斯汀逝世時的年紀小一歲

I'm sorry, what were we talking about?

很抱歉，我們剛剛在說什麼？

Right.

對了

Jane has no way of discovering just how available he is.

珍無從得知他是否有對象

Characters have to rely on gossip, subtle

角色只能依賴八卦，有時用

inquiries sometimes in the form of letters, and what they can see with their own eyes.

書信的方式巧妙探詢，和他們自身的所見所聞

But Austen is skeptical about whether or not you can trust the evidence of your own eyes.

但奧斯汀對於能否相信親眼所見的事物持懷疑態度

When Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy see each other they hate each other.

當伊莉莎白和達西先生初見就一見反目

And months go by before they learn enough

幾個月後他們才對彼此更認識

about each other to readjust those initial impressions.

也改變對對方的初次印象了

Mr. Darcy's pride flourishes because he doesn't know or understand the people around

達西先生如此驕傲自滿是因為他不了解他身邊

him.

的人

The same goes for Elizabeth's prejudice.

而伊莉莎白的偏見也是一樣的

In addition to constantly reminding us how little we know about other people, Austen

除了不斷提醒我們對周遭的人所知甚少外，奧斯汀

also questions how little we know of ourselves.

也對自身了解有多少提出疑問

Elizabeth is the character that most of us will identify with in this novel.

伊莉莎白是我們多數人會產生共鳴的角色

Austen wrote in a letter, “I think her as delightful a character as ever appeared in

奧斯汀在信中寫道「我想她是出版物中最明亮的角色了，

print, and how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her at least, I do not

我該如何折磨那些從頭到尾都不喜歡她的人呢？

know.”

我不知道。」

But even clever Elizabeth has to admit that she has been mistaken in most of her beliefs,

但聰明如伊莉莎白也得承認她的信念有很多誤判

particularly ones about herself.

尤其是關於她自己的

Once she learns the truth of the bad feelings

一旦她了解達西和韋克翰之間

between Darcy and Wickham, she has to acknowledge her own prejudices and even says, “Till

憎惡的真相後，她終於看請自己的偏見了，還說道「直到

this moment, I never knew myself.”

這一刻，我從來不瞭解自己。」

One of the most fascinating things Austen does in this book is to put the reader into

奧斯汀做過最迷人的事就是讓讀者保持

the place of not knowing.

所知有限的狀態

Take the scene in which Elizabeth watches Wickham, whom she likes, and Mr. Darcy, whom

就拿伊莉莎白見到她有好感的韋克翰和她討厭的達西先生

she hates, run into each other.

相遇時來說

At this point, she believes that Mr. Darcy

這時，她相信達西先生

has cheated Wickham of his inheritance, but when she sees them, she doesn't know what

騙走了韋克翰遺產，但當她看見他們倆，她不知道該相信什麼

to believe: “Elizabeth happening to see the countenance

「伊莉莎白剛好看見他們

of both as they looked at each other, was all astonishment at the effect of the meeting.

互望的表情，整個會面的印象是很驚愕的

Both changed colour, one looked white, the other red.

雙方都變了臉色，一個慘白，一個通紅

Mr. Wickham after a few moments, touched his hat -- a salutation which Mr. Darcy just deigned

幾秒後韋克翰先生觸碰了他的帽子，達西先生則點點頭當作

to return.

還禮

What could be the meaning of it?”

這是什麼意思？」

Not only do we not know why one turned white and one turned red, we don't even know who

我們不僅不知為何一個變慘白，一個變通紅，我們也不知哪個變白

turned which color.

哪個變紅

Elizabeth presumably knows that, of course, but by calling attention to what we as readers

我們假設伊莉莎白知道這點，但這提醒了讀者注意他們所不知道的

don't know, Austen is also reminding us of all that Elizabeth doesn't know--just

奧斯汀也提醒我們伊莉莎白不是全知的

how often she has to wonder, What could be the meaning of it?.

她也常常在思索，這代表什麼意義？

Speaking of meaning, Pride and Prejudice spends a lot of time examining the meaning of money.

說道意義，「傲慢與偏見」花了不少時間檢視金錢的意義

Austen lets us know how much everyone has, where it comes from, how much they stand to

奧斯汀讓我們知道所有人的財富，它的來源和他們繼承了多少

inherit, and so on.

之類的

Let's check everyone's accounts in the Thoughtbubble.

讓我們從思想泡泡中看所有人的帳戶

Mr. Bennet has 2,000 pounds per year, which just about puts him into the upper middle

班奈特先生每年有 2,000 鎊，剛好讓他晉身中上

class.

階層

But because his estate is entailed and will be inherited by the nearest male relative

但因他的財產被限定在他和他妻子死後，要繼承給血緣最近的男性親戚

when he and his wife die, his daughters will only have a share of what their mother brought

他的女兒們只能享有母親結婚帶來的

into the marriage.

部分財產

Each daughter will get about forty pounds

每個女兒一年只有

a year.

40 鎊

It's hard to estimate how much this is in today's money; it could mean as little as

很難以現今的金錢估算那到底價值多少，很可能代表只有

a few thousand dollars though, so definitely not enough to live comfortably.

幾千元而已，因此肯定不夠過舒適的生活

Mr. Bingley has at least 5,000 pounds per year, which is very nice.

賓利先生每年有 5,000 鎊，數量可觀

But Darcy has at least double that every year from rents on his land.

但達西先生從他的佃租有兩倍的收入

He might make even more on the interest from his investments, so it's safe to think of

從他的投資中，說不定還有更多收入，所以能假設

him as kind of a multimillionaire.

他是個千萬富翁

His sister Georgiana has an inheritance of 30,000, so even assuming a conservative investment,

他妹妹喬治安娜繼承三萬鎊，就算假設只有保守投資

she'll be fine.

她也財富可觀

Wickham inherited 1,000 pounds from Mr. Darcy's father and then Mr. Darcy gave him 3,000 more

韋克翰從達西先生的父親那繼承了 1,000 鎊，而達西先生在韋克翰決定放棄教職時

when Wickham decided to quit the clergy.

又多給他 3,000 鎊

But he spent it all, so he'll need to marry rich.

但他全花光了，所以他要娶富婆

Obviously Lydia isn't rich, but between paying his debts and buying his commission,

莉地亞顯然不是富婆，但為了讓他還清債務和買取職位

Mr. Darcy gives Wickham another 1,500 pounds.

達西先生又給韋克翰 1,500 鎊

Plus, he may even have given him 10,000 more in order to convince him to marry Lydia and

另外，他可能為了讓他娶莉地亞來避免醜聞，又

avoid scandal.

給他一萬鎊

Thanks, Thoughtbubble.

謝啦，思想泡泡

Whether the amount of money someone indicates moral worth?

人擁有的財富是否也象徵品性的價值？

Which may seem like a answer question in 21 century investment banker America.

這在 21 世紀美國的投資銀行家看來像反問句

But in 19 century England things were a little different.

但在 19 世紀的英國可能不太一樣

For instance, Darcy is certainly richer than Wickham, and morally superior.

例如達西肯定比韋克翰有錢，品行也更高尚

But in a couple of places the novel seems to make the point that money isn't everything.

但書中幾處似乎表明金錢不代表一切

Mr. Darcy's aunt, Lady Catherine has plenty of money, but that doesn't stop her from

達西先生的姨母凱薩琳夫人很有錢，但她被描述成一個

being portrayed as a killjoy and a snob.

掃興且勢利眼的人

Austen satirizes her materialism, like the way Lady Catherine pays attention to how nice

奧斯汀會諷刺唯物主義，例如凱薩琳夫人關注人們的馬車有多華麗

people's carriages are or how Mr. Collins fawns over Lady Catherine and her daughter

或柯林斯夫人因為凱薩琳夫人和她女兒很富有而

just because they're rich.

對她們阿諛奉承

But Austen satirizes materialism in people

但奧斯汀也諷刺窮人的

who have less money, too, like Wickham with his debts.

唯物主義，就像韋克翰的債務

The book is also pretty hard on Lydia who can't afford to buy lunch for her sisters

書中對莉地亞也較苛刻，例如她因為把錢都花在難看的帽子上

because she's spent all her money on a disgusting hat, saying, “Look here, I have bought this

所以她無法為姊妹們的午餐買單，然後說「看，我買了一頂

bonnet.

帽子

I do not think it is very pretty; but I thought I might as well buy it as not.”

我覺得它不怎麼好看，但無論如何我還是買了。」

Here, Austen seems to be suggesting that how

這裡奧斯汀似乎在暗示

you spend money probably matters as much or more than how much of it you have.

你如何運用金錢比你擁有多少財富還重要

Quick side note: The growing industrialization

快速補充說明：英國的工業化發展

of England meant that more artifacts were available to the average person.

代表人工製品更加普及了

And when I say artifacts, I mean everything from, you know, pots and pans to clothing.

提到人工製品，我是指從鍋碗瓢盆到服飾都算

Even a generation or two before, the middle class had been vastly smaller, and there weren't

就算是一兩個世紀前，中產階級的規模較小

as many, like, materials to be materialistic about.

而且也沒這麼多物質來進行唯物主義

So almost all people, almost all of the time would have been buying lunch, rather than

所以幾乎所有人的所有時間都是用來買午餐，而非

buying bonnets.

買帽子

Maybe, then money can actually chip away at personal happiness and moral character?

也許金錢真的會削弱自身的幸福與品行道德？

Again, not exactly.

再說一次，不一定

Austen doesn't come out and say that you should marry for money, but the novel does

奧斯汀從不直說你該為金錢結婚，但小說似乎確實

seem to endorse the idea that the characters who acquire the most money will be the happiest.

贊同得到最多錢的角色最幸福這個想法

Clearly Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy will live happily ever after and so will Jane and Mr.

伊莉莎白和達西先生顯然會永遠幸福快樂，而珍和賓利先生

Bingley.

也會

Charlotte and Mr. Collins are only a little happy, because Mr. Collins is almost as horrible

夏洛特和柯林斯先生勉強算幸福，因為柯林斯先生跟瑪麗一樣

as Mary, but they'll probably be happier once Mr. Collins inherits.

糟糕，但一旦柯林斯先生繼承財產後就會更幸福了

And it doesn't seem like Lydia and Wickham, who have the least, won't be happy at all.

而莉地亞和韋克翰似乎連一點幸福也沒有

They don't even like each other by the time the book ends.

書的結尾處他們看起來一點也不喜歡對方

And it's only Mr. Darcy's money that saved Lydia from total disgrace.

甚至還要達西先生的金錢讓莉地亞免於恥辱

And also, we need to remember how and why Elizabeth falls in love with Mr. Darcy.

我們也別忘了伊莉莎白為何會愛上達西先生

Part of it is the letter he sends and part of it has to do with how he rescues her sister,

部分是因為他寫的信，部分是因為他拯救了她妹妹

but a lot of it has to do with his estate, Pemberley.

但多數是因為他的房地產，彭博里莊園

When Elizabeth first sees Pemberley, we get a rare passage of description in the book:

當伊莉莎白第一眼看到彭博里莊園時，我們難得看見書中的描述:

“It was a large, handsome, stone building, standing well on rising ground, and backed

「那是棟很大很漂亮的石砌建築，屹立在高地上

by a ridge of high woody hills;—and in front, a stream of some natural importance was swelled

後倚著一片高高的小山岡，前有一泓天然珍貴的溪流正在漲潮

into greater, but without any artificial appearance… and at that moment she felt that to be mistress

沒有一絲一毫人工的痕跡...這一刻她覺得當彭博里莊園的女主人

of Pemberley might be something!”

也許也不錯吧！」

Now, obviously this is a stand-in for Mr. Darcy himself, who is also large and handsome

這顯然對達西先生處於有利的形勢，他有影響力、英俊

and not artificial.

而且不是人工的

But it's the revelation of his beautiful estate that really wins Elizabeth's heart,

但是在發現他美麗房地產後，才真正贏得伊莉莎白的心

which suggests that even Pemberley isn't just a metaphor for Darcy; Darcy is also a

這暗示彭博里莊園不僅代表達西的暗喻，達西本身也代表

metaphor for Pemberley.

彭博里莊園的暗喻

Now, it's easy to argue that this is a conservative book.

現在，這是本保守小說是顯而易見的了

Everyone gets married in the end.

所有人在最後都結婚了

Elizabeth gets to be both happy and rich.

伊莉莎白愛情與麵包兼得

Mr. Darcy, an authoritarian figure who holds power over a lot of people, turns out to be

達西先生本是手握許多人命運的獨裁象徵，最後

the hero.

成了英雄

And Wickham, the upstart who comes from the servant class, is the villain.

而韋克翰從傭僕階層變成暴發戶的人，是個混蛋

So the established social hierarchy gets reaffirmed in terms of class, and also in terms of gender.

因此既定的社會階層在階級和性別上得到重申

Elizabeth seemed so free-thinking and independent-minded, but her reward is to subjugate herself to

伊莉莎白看似思想自由且獨立思考，但她的獎賞是讓自己服從

the wealthy aristocrat who said that her looks were tolerable.

說她長相勉強可忍受的富有貴族

On the other hand, you could argue that the book is a lot more radical than that.

另一方面，你可以爭論說書其實比那個還激進

Yes, Mr. Darcy makes Elizabeth happy, but arguing for her own individual happiness is

沒錯，達西先生讓伊莉莎白很幸福，但爭取自己的個人幸福會是

really progressive stance.

邁進更大一步

Like, when Lady Catherine tries to get Elizabeth to say that she will never marry Mr. Darcy,

例如當凱薩琳夫人試圖逼伊莉莎白承諾她永遠不會嫁給達西先生

Elizabeth replies, “I am only resolved to act in that manner, which will, in my own

伊莉莎白回答「我的行動自有主張，怎麼做會成就我的幸福

opinion, constitute my happiness.''

我自有看法」

My own opinion.

我自有看法

My happiness.

我的幸福

Maybe that doesn't sound revolutionary, but it is.

也許這聽來不像革命，但其實就是

This book was written in a time when individual happiness was not privileged over family status

本書寫作的時代背景中，個人幸福是不會優於家族地位和保障的

and security, And that was especially true for the individual

對女人的個人幸福來說

happiness of women.

更是如此

So Elizabeth saying that she would only act in a manner that would constitute her happiness

因此當伊莉莎白說她只會依照能成就自己幸福而行動

is a claiming of full personhood, with certain inalienable rights, including liberty

是宣告她的人格特質，她有不可剝奪的權利，包含自由

and the pursuit of happiness. She's saying not only that her opinion matters,

和追求幸福的權利。她是指不只她的想法很重要

but that she gets to make the final decisionin what she does independent of what

而且她能獨立做決定，且不會因家人期望她怎麼做而被影響

her family wants for her, which was another radical idea for women in Regency England.

這對攝政時期的英國女人而言，也是很激進的想法

The novel also suggests that Elizabeth's vivacity will have a beneficial effect on

小說中也暗示伊莉莎白的活潑對達西先生有益處

Mr. Darcy, hinting that it might be possible to work from within to change some of the

這暗示從其中改變一些較舊的或較獨裁的系統

older, more authoritarian systems.

是有可能的

She's not wild or flighty or always buying terrible bonnets like Lydia, but she is independent-minded.

她並不狂野輕浮也不會跟莉地亞一樣買難看的帽子，但她有獨立思考能力

The fact that Mr. Darcy falls for her suggests that maybe he, and men like him, are capable

達西先生會愛上她也暗示也許他這種男人是能夠

of change.

改變的

Now this would be a darker novel or a more radical one if it actually made Elizabeth

如果真讓伊莉莎白在愛情與經濟保障二選一

choose between happiness and financial security, instead of presenting all of that—and Pemberley,

小說就會變得更黑暗或更激進，而非原本呈現的樣子，甚至像在在彭博里莊園那樣

too—courtesy of Mr. Darcy.

多謝達西先生

But it is no sin for a book to have a happy ending, and Pride and Prejudice is still a

但小說有圓滿大結局並沒有錯，而「傲慢與偏見」依然能作為

vindication of Elizabeth's character and temperament and it makes a really persuasive

伊莉莎白的性情與氣質的見證，值得慶祝的是它也是個人幸福能作為

argument for personal happiness as a moral category worth celebrating.

道德範疇強而有力的論據

So go forth and pursue some happiness yourself.

所有勇往直前尋找自己的幸福

And thanks for watching.

謝謝收看