Name: 什麼是全民基本收入？| CNBC解釋 (What is universal basic income? | CNBC Explains)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:20:29.000Z
Duration: 4 min 35 s

你們想要不勞而獲，拿這些錢嗎？

Excuse me, would you like some free money? Free money?

不好意思，請問你想要無條件地得到錢嗎？

Would you like some free money sir? Okay, wow, we've got a lot of takers here.

先生您呢？好喔，這裡有好多貪小便宜的人

Handing out free money sounds like a pretty radical idea.

無條件的發放金錢似乎是個很極端的構想

But it's actually an economic concept gaining a lot of traction around the world.

但事實上，卻是個在世界各國逐漸受到許多關注的經濟概念

We're talking about universal basic income.

Universal basic income is pretty much what the name suggests:

an income for everyone in the form of a cash transfer. No strings attached.

就是無條件地以現金轉帳給所有人民一份收入

Finland is among a handful of countries experimenting with universal basic income

芬蘭是其中一個正在進行全民基本收入的幾個國家

as a way to address unemployment in the country.

一起來看看我們假想的人物 Leena

She works in a salmon factory in Finland.

她在芬蘭的一座鮭魚煙燻廠工作

Then an economic downturn hits. People can't afford to buy as much salmon, and Leena loses her job.

可是接著經濟不景氣。人們再也買不起那麼多燻鮭魚，Leena 接著就失業了

Under the universal basic income scheme, Leena would get around $650 a month from the government.

在全民基本收入的計劃下，Leena 每個月會從政府得到大約 650 美元

She can use that $650 to cover living expenses while she looks for a new job.

她可以在找工作的時候用這些錢來補貼生活開銷

But even once she gets a new job, she would continue to receive the cash.

即使她後來找到了工作，還是可以繼續領這項補貼

A key feature of the universal basic income is that you can spend the money however you like.

全民基本收入一項特點是，你可以自由選擇如何花費這筆錢

So in the Finland example, you could take that $650 and spend it on about a third of month's rent here in Helsinki.

所以假設在芬蘭，你可以用這 650 美元支付在首都一個月房租的 1/3

Or you could spend it on 100 cans of smoked herring and 26 bottles of red mulled wine mix.

或是你可以買 100 罐燻鯡魚，和 26 瓶濃縮熱紅酒

The idea of handing out cash to every citizen isn't new.

發錢給所有市民的這個想法其實不是現在才有的

Philosopher Thomas Paine proposed the idea of payments to every person all the way back in 1797.

哲學家托馬斯・潘恩早在 1797 年時，就已經提倡給全民給付的概念

Martin Luther King Junior fought for a guaranteed income in the 1960s.

1960 年代，馬丁・路德・金恩也為了基本收入的保障進行奮鬥

And even free-market champion Milton Friedman endorsed the negative income tax,

就連擁護自由市場機制的經濟學大師米爾頓・傅利曼也支持負所得稅

similar to basic income, as a way to reduce welfare costs and bureaucracy.

和基本工資類似的概念，能夠降低社會福利支出和官僚體系的弊病

But lately tech titans in Silicon Valley, like Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg,

但是近年來，矽谷的科技巨頭，例如伊隆・馬斯克和馬克・祖克柏，

are some of the biggest advocates of the idea.

They argue a universal basic income could provide a cushion to an estimated millions of people

他們認為全民基本收入能讓預計數百萬人

who could lose their jobs if they're replaced by automation or by robots.

被自動化機器取代而失業後，仍有經濟著落

It's clear robots are already changing the future of work.

很明顯的，機器人已經開始改變未來的工作型態

Some in Silicon Valley say universal basic income could give workers

矽谷內有些人主張，全民基本收入能給予勞工

an opportunity to retrain for today's workforce.

再進修的機會，以符合市場需求

Other advocates say a basic income would alleviate poverty

其他倡議者表示，基本收入能夠紓解貧窮問題

and help address growing income inequality across the developed world.

並且減緩已開發國家持續加劇的所得不平等現象

It could give people freedom to start their own business, or flexibility to pursue creative interests.

它能讓人們得以獲得時間創業，或自由地培養興趣

The idea has support across the political spectrum,

這在整個政治光譜上也獲得一片支持

from libertarians who say it would simplify the existing social welfare state,

經濟自由主義者認為這能簡化當前福利國家的模式

to socialists who want to redistribute wealth toward the lower and middle class.

社會主義者也希望能將所得重分配至中下階級

Finland isn't the only country experimenting with universal basic income.

芬蘭不是唯一一個正在進行全民基本收入的國家

Other trials are underway in the Netherlands, Kenya, Canada and the United States.

荷蘭、肯亞、加拿大、美國也有在實驗

But not everyone is crazy about the idea.

Critics say universal basic income could actually disincentivize people like Leena

反對者認會，全民基本收入會讓像 Leena 這樣的失業者

from getting another job if they know they're getting paid not to work.

不再有誘因找工作，因為不用工作就有收入

And of course there's the big fat question of how to pay for universal basic income.

當然，更大的問題是，要怎麼籌措支付全民基本收入的資金

If every person here in Finland got that $650, it would cost the government more than $3.5 billion per month.

如果每個芬蘭國民都能拿到這 650 美元，該國政府每月要支出 35 億美元

That number would be in the trillions of dollars per year in the United States,

在美國，同樣的情形下，政府每年要斥資數兆美元

因為美國人口遠遠大於芬蘭人口

And labor economists argue basic income would need to be a lot more than $650 to have a meaningful impact.

勞動經濟學家也表示，基本收入要超過 650 美元才有實質意義

Research from the OECD shows that if the existing system of social and unemployment benefits

OECD 的研究顯示，如果取消或削弱現有的社福和失業給付制度

was eliminated or reduced to pay for a basic income, poverty could actually increase.

以支付基本收入，貧窮問題可能會更嚴重

Other critics say there's no reason that people who are already well-off

其他反對者也認為政府支付更多金錢給已經非常有錢的人

should be getting more cash from the government.

So it's not looking like free money is going to become the norm for everyone anytime soon.

所以看來無條件給付金錢給所有人在短期內仍無法被普遍接受

Hey everyone it's Elizabeth. Thanks so much for watching!

嗨，大家好，我是 Elizabeth。謝謝大家觀賞這部影片

You can check out more of our videos over here.

你可以在這邊看更多我們拍的影片

We're also taking your suggestions for future CNBC Explains,

我們也積極地採納你們對以後 CNBC Explains 該拍什麼的建議

so leave any of your ideas in the comments section.

所以有任何想法都可以在下面留言

And while you're at it, subscribe to our channel.

在這同時，也請訂閱我們的頻道